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Verslawing

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Verslawing is 'n breinversteuring wat gekenmerk word deur kompulsiewe betrokkenheid by lonende stimuli ondanks nadelige gevolge.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Ondanks die betrokkenheid van 'n aantal psigososiale faktore, 'n biologiese proses — een wat veroorsaak word deur herhaalde blootstelling aan 'n verslawende stimulus — is die kern patologie wat die ontwikkeling en instandhouding van 'n verslawing dryf, volgens die "breinsiekte-model" van verslawing.[1] Baie geleerdes wat verslawing bestudeer, voer egter aan dat die breinsiekte-model onvolledig en misleidend is.[7][8][9][10][11][12]

Sien ook

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Verwysings

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898681
  2. ↑ "argiefkopie". Geargiveer vanaf die oorspronklike op 10 Mei 2019. Besoek op 1 September 2020.
  3. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6135257
  4. ↑ Angres DH, Bettinardi-Angres K (Oktober 2008). "The disease of addiction: origins, treatment, and recovery". Disease-A-Month. 54 (10): 696–721. doi:10.1016/j.disamonth.2008.07.002. PMID 18790142.
  5. ↑ Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 364–65, 375. ISBN 978-0-07-148127-4. "The defining feature of addiction is compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. ... compulsive eating, shopping, gambling, and sex – so-called "natural addictions" – Indeed, addiction to both drugs and behavioral rewards may arise from similar dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system."
  6. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3931688
  7. ↑ Hammer R, Dingel M, Ostergren J, Partridge B, McCormick J, Koenig BA (1 Julie 2013). "Addiction: Current Criticism of the Brain Disease Paradigm". AJOB Neuroscience. 4 (3): 27–32. doi:10.1080/21507740.2013.796328. PMC 3969751. PMID 24693488.
  8. ↑ Heather N, Best D, Kawalek A, Field M, Lewis M, Rotgers F, Wiers RW, Heim D (4 Julie 2018). "Challenging the brain disease model of addiction: European launch of the addiction theory network". Addiction Research & Theory (in Engels). 26 (4): 249–255. doi:10.1080/16066359.2017.1399659.
  9. ↑ Heather N (1 April 2017). "Q: Is Addiction a Brain Disease or a Moral Failing? A: Neither". Neuroethics. 10 (1): 115–124. doi:10.1007/s12152-016-9289-0. PMC 5486515. PMID 28725283.
  10. ↑ Satel S, Lilienfeld SO (2014). "Addiction and the brain-disease fallacy". Frontiers in Psychiatry (in English). 4: 141. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00141. PMC 3939769. PMID 24624096.{{cite journal}}: AS1-onderhoud: onerkende taal (link)
  11. ↑ Peele S (Desember 2016). "People Control Their Addictions: No matter how much the "chronic" brain disease model of addiction indicates otherwise, we know that people can quit addictions - with special reference to harm reduction and mindfulness". Addictive Behaviors Reports. 4: 97–101. doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2016.05.003. PMC 5836519. PMID 29511729.
  12. ↑ Henden E (2017). "Addiction, Compulsion, and Weakness of the Will: A Dual-Process Perspective.". In Heather N, Gabriel S (reds.). Addiction and Choice: Rethinking the Relationship. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 116–132. {{cite book}}: Onbekende parameter |name-list-format= geïgnoreer (hulp)

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