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ISSN 1682-3451 Higher Education Management and Policy Volume 18, No. 3 © OECD 2006 83 Twenty Practices of an Entrepreneurial University by Allan N. Gjerding, Aalborg University, Denmark Celeste PM Wilderom, University of Twente, the Netherlands Shona ...

Herpesviridae comprises over 120 viruses infecting a wide range of vertebrates including humans and livestock. Herpesvirus infections typically produce dermal lesions or immune cell destruction, but can also lead to oncogenesis, especially with KSHV (Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus). All herpesviruses are nuclear replicating viruses that subvert cellular processes such as nucleocytoplasmic transport for their advantage. For virus replication to take over the cell and produce lytic infection requires that virus gene expression outpace that of the host cell. KSHV ORF57 (open reading frame 57) appears to play a major role in this by (i) serving as a nuclear export receptor to carry intronless viral mRNAs out of the nucleus and (ii) inhibiting expression of intron-containing host mRNAs. As most of the virally encoded mRNAs are intronless compared with host cell mRNAs, these two mechanisms are critical to overcoming host gene expression.

We previously developed a method, known as quadruplex priming amplification (QPA), which permits isothermal amplification of DNA. The assay is based on a DNA quadruplex formed by the GGGTGGGTGGGTGGG (G3T) sequence. G3T has three unique properties that are fundamental for QPA; (i) G3T forms a quadruplex with significantly more favorable thermodynamics than the corresponding DNA duplexes; (ii) removal of guanines at the 3'-end inhibits quadruplex formation; and (iii) incorporated fluorescent nucleotides, such as 2-aminopurine (2AP) or 6-methylisoxanthopterin (6MI), which are quenched by neighboring nucleotides, regain maximum emission upon quadruplex formation. New model studies carried out here with primers missing one, two and three guanines reveal that the driving force for QPA comes from the difference in thermal stability between the primer/template and the product complexes. Primers missing one and two guanines are able to self-dissociate from the template upon elongation, whereas QPA is not observed when the primer lacks three 3'-nucleotides. QPA reaches its maximum rate at temperatures slightly higher than the T(m) of the primer/template complex and is more efficient in the presence of only dGTP. QPA-based assays also revealed that Taq is able to incorporate thymidines opposite template 2AP, while no significant incorporation was observed opposite template 6MI.

A study was undertaken to investigate the potential of visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to derive soil colour groups as a new methodology that might assist in soil type classification. A fibre-optic VIS–NIR spectrophotometer (306.5 – 1710.9 nm) was used to measure the light properties in reflectance mode of 342 dry soil samples collected from fields in Belgium and Northern France. The colour of soil samples was measured with the Munsell soil colour charts, dividing soil samples into two groups of 236 and 106 samples belonging to Hue 2.5Y and Hue 10YR, respectively. Factorial Discriminant Analysis (FDA) was performed separately on each Hue data using the first five Principal Components (PCs) of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) carried out on colour groups defined a priori. Considering the 2.5Y Hue group, soil samples were classified successfully into four colour groups with a correct classification (CC) of 87.3% and 81.8% for the calibration and validation spectra, respectively. Lower accuracy was observed for the 10YR Hue group for classification into three groups, since 79.6% and 75.0% of samples were correctly classified for calibration and validation sample sets, respectively. Establishing four colour groups by combining both Hue groups decreased the classification accuracy considerably. In order to improve the classification accuracy, the first 5 PCs and first 2 PCs of PCA performed on soil spectra and on the total carbon (Tot-C), extractable phosphorous (Ext-P) and texture index (Ti), respectively, were pooled (concatenated) into a signal matrix and analysed newly by the FDA. This led to improvement of the classification results of four Hue 2.5Y groups (CC of 82.1% and 89.1%) and three Hue 10YR groups (CC of 84.1% and 82.4%). However, best concatenation results of four groups for the combination of both Hue groups were obtained when only Tot-C and Ext-P were considered without Ti, obtaining a CC of 84.2% of the validation data sets. This suggests that the VIS-NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric tools has the potential of identifying different soil colour groups for a large geographical area.

HIV treatments and the skeleton: Do NRTIs directly effect bone cells? ... No abstract is available. To read the body of this article, please view the Full Text online. ... Visit SciVerse ScienceDirect to see if you have access via your institution. ... Advertisements on this site do not ...

A total of 30 Caesalpinia echinata (pernambuco) sticks were ranked based on their suitability for making high quality bows and were assigned to one of the three following categories: 0=very poor to poor, 1=good to very good, and 2=excellent. From the end of each stick a sample was cut for wood property and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis. Wood properties measured included air-dry density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness and wood color. NIR spectra were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and on the PC scores. Poor quality samples were discriminated from those of good to very good and excellent quality; however, samples from the two higher quality groups were mixed. Based on relationships observed between PC scores and wood properties, we suggest that, of the measured properties, density and stiffness were the most important in sample discrimination based on quality. Samples ranked in the excellent category had high average density (1119 kg m-...

A hypofunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Compelling evidence of altered NMDA receptor subunit expression in the schizophrenic brain has not, however, so far emerged. Rats reared in isolation exhibit several characteristics, including disturbed sensory gating, which resemble those seen in schizophrenia. To explore the possibility that NMDA receptor dysfunction may contribute to the behavioral and neurochemical consequences of rearing rats in isolation, we compared NMDA receptor subunit expression in brains of rats which were housed in isolation and which displayed a deficit in prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response with that of socially housed controls. An initial microarray analysis revealed a 1.26-fold increase in NR2A transcript in the prefrontal cortex, but not in the nucleus accumbens, of rats reared in isolation compared with those housed socially. In contrast, NR1, NR2B, NR2C, NR2D, NR3A, and NR3B subunit expression was unchanged in either brain area. In a second cohort of animals, in situ hybridization revealed increased NR2A mRNA expression in the medial prefrontal cortex, an observation that was substantiated by increased [(3)H]CGP39653 binding suggesting that NR2A receptor subunit protein expression was also elevated in the medial prefrontal cortex of the same animals. No changes in expression of NR1 or NR2B subunits were observed at both mRNA and protein level. Altered NR2A subunit expression in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats reared in isolation suggests that NMDA receptor dysfunction may contribute to the underlying pathophysiology of this preclinical model of aspects of schizophrenia.

Osteoclasts are multi-nucleated cells that have the unique ability to resorb calcified bone matrix. They derive from haematopoietic precursor cells, and can be generated in vitro by stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with the cytokines M-CSF and RANKL. In this chapter, we describe the method for generating human osteoclast from peripheral blood or buffy coats, as well as methods for studying both the differentiation and resorbing activity of these cells.

L'idee d'une universite entrepreneuriale s'est imposee rapidement des la publication par le sociologue americain Burton R. Clark d'une serie d'ouvrages sur l'esprit d’entreprise a l'universite (Creating Entrepreneurial Universities, 1998, Sustaining Changes in Universities, 2004). Inspires par la notion seduisante d'une universite entrepreneuriale et conscients de la baisse de niveau des financements publics, nous avons entrepris d'etudier quatre universites tres actives membres de l'ECIU (European Consortium of Innovative Universities, www.eciu.org). Pour evaluer et quantifier leur degre d’entrepreneuriat, nous avons releve dans les etudes de Burton Clark vingt pratiques au regard desquelles il est possible de mesurer l'esprit d’entreprise d'une universite. En fait, ces vingt pratiques ont constitue le fondement d'un audit de l'entrepreneuriat. Une serie d'entretiens a permis de deceler dans quelle mesure les personnes interrogees assimilaient les universites a des entreprises. Nous avons demontre que les pratiques n’ont ete adoptees qu’a des degres divers et de facon assez peu systematique. Il existe entre les universites d'importantes differences qui dans une certaine mesure sont fonction de l'ambition avec laquelle chaque universite a recours a telle ou telle pratique. On observe aussi d'importantes similitudes : il faut en particulier que l'esprit d’entreprise soit bien accueilli dans l’universite et son adoption facilitee selon une approche descendante, or, dans l’organisation proprement dite, il emerge et se developpe de bas en haut. Par consequent, insuffler un esprit d’entreprise dans les universites revient a stimuler une culture d'intrapreneuriat organique, et c'est dans cette optique que nous proposons des recommandations pratiques et des pistes de recherche.

Osteoclasts and their precursors have traditionally been considered difficult cells to transfect using standard approaches. Here, we describe several methods for transfection of mature osteoclasts and their precursors using the Amaxa™ Nucleofector system, lentiviruses, and adenoviruses.