International Relations

A large informal sector street vending is a prevailing and distinctive part of the economy of Bangladesh. A research was conducted to obtain insight into entrepreneurship development, employment and poverty reduction by the vendors of Dinajpur district. Different parameters like Survey Area, Age of vendor, Householder Size (HHS), Religion and Gender Residential Status, Monthly Schooling, Cost for Children, Monthly Health Cost, Capital Investment, Monthly Income, Monthly Savings and Availing loan Status etc, were taken under and analyzed using Microsoft Office Exel software. During conducting the research it was found that most of the vendors could not complete their primary education. They had to come to this business due to meet up the demand of the family. In addition, they do not have to give any levy by the municipality or others. Women vendors enter this business due to the family pressure. But education does not impact on their business. If any financial support is provided they will change or expand their business. Their income decreases during weakened because of reducing the working people. This has been providing goods in cheaper price to urban poor. This paper examines the determinants of the street vender’s income.
Key Words: Street Vendors, Economy, Dinajpur, Bangladesh.

United Nations is an organization, formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security through enacting numerous treaties and conventions. In the last century the term “Convention” was employed for bilateral agreements, now it is used for formal multilateral treaties with a variety of parties. Environments is the sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural forces and other living things. Development is a process of growing, developing and progressing, where the process of environment development is related to sustainable development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, in 1992, provided the fundamental principles for achieving sustainable development. Bangladesh is endowed with rich and diverse genetic resources of flora and fauna and we strongly reaffirm our commitment to the Rio principles by providing article 18 (A) in The Constitution of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh. Implementation of United Nations conventions on environment and development in Bangladesh may fail due to financial crisis, bindings of development partners, lack of appropriate policies, and lack of expertness. The study will be undertaken to identify the barriers responsible for poor implementation of UN Conventions and to recommend policy options to speed up national and international action in terms of funding and adopting environment and development mechanisms. The report will be presented in a descriptive pattern with some statistical analysis. This paper will introduce the importance of the implementation of the United Nations Conventions on Environment and Development in Bangladesh by referring institutional and procedural setbacks.
KEY WORDS: UN Conventions, Environment, Development, Sustainable Development, Climate Change Impact, implementation, Consequences, Bangladesh

Climate change is a worldwide concerned issue for developing countries like Bangladesh. Although, Bangladesh is a low carbon emitting country, it is facing adverse impacts of climate change. Climate change is destroying the food chain for variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. Studies disclosed that rise of sea level, increasing of temperature and frequent natural disasters may become the causes of suffering for million people. Bangladesh government has taken a number of strategies and policies to ensure safe environment and danger free biodiversity. However, all these programs of government have often failed to mitigate the impacts of climate change on environment and biodiversity. This study has conducted by reviewing literatures on climate change and focusing on its effects on environment and biodiversity in Bangladesh; to identify the barriers responsible for poor implementation of government policies and to recommend policy options to speed up national actions in terms of adopting environmental and biodiversity mechanisms. The study has provided suggestions to formulate more effective policy in decision making, enforcement of environmental laws, strengthening institutional capacity and increasing public awareness for protecting the environment and biodiversity.
KEY WORDS: Climate Change Impact, Environment, Biodiversity, Environmental Governance, Policy Implementation, Suggestions.

Certainly, ‘Globalization’ has been transformed the globe massively in the last few centuries. The world is in a united umbrella having diversified notions and visions. Thus, globalization has multiple dimensions and issues to discuss all over the world. This paper has found out the driving forces of globalization and has discussed popular concepts of it. Consequently, it finds that social, political, cultural, technological, and military issues are connected with globalization intimately. This study has been conducted based on qualitative methods depending on secondary data. The descriptive pattern of writing has been incorporated in this paper and very smoothly described possible driving forces of globalization. The study has found that many factors work for the procedures of globalizing as well as de-globalizing world societies. However, this study will be helpful for the researchers, teachers, and students of social sciences especially, sociology, political science, International Relations etc.

Although the country is approaching to become a middle-income country, it is still considered as one of the poorest countries in the world due to various reasons such as poverty, illiteracy, corruption, political instability and so on. Despite commendable economic growth and a notable reduction of poverty in the last two decades, a lion proportion of the people of the country live still under the poverty line and inequality, on the other hand, is also increasing. To overcome these multifarious problems, education is one of the strong and effective tools, among others, that can lead the country towards achieving the sustainable development goals set by the UN by 2030. However, it is evident that there has been noticeable progress in the education sector in terms of enrollment at primary level, increasing of female students at different levels, increasing the rate of passing in the public examinations, providing a scholarship to female students, providing textbooks to students free of cost, and increasing the number of educational institutions at different levels. Despite such progress, the quality of education at all levels is criticized, particularly at the tertiary level in Bangladesh. It is also revealed in annual reports of the University Grants Commission (UGC) of Bangladesh, the apex body and responsible to look after all activities of both the public and private universities in the country. Therefore, it is very imperative to ensure quality education at the tertiary level for skilled human resource that would contribute better and quality production, leading towards sustainable development in Bangladesh.

The world is in the age of dramatic social change due to the rapid transformation of capital, finance, technologies, ideas, and information through cross-national boundaries (Holton, 2000). The international trade and commerce, human migration, technological exchange, expansion of religion, and military hegemony are massively integrated and interdependent across the globe now. Whereas, the cultural consequences of globalization are interlinked with a varied and intricate culture around the world. Therefore, this study will explore the cultural perspectives of globalization, find out the cultural consequences of globalization, and evaluate the illusion of cultural globalization critically.

Keywords: Globalization, Culture, Consequences, Standardization, Polarization, Hybridization

The research will explore the role of the family to establish social sustainability and justice in South Asian countries especially in Bangladesh. It is also interrelated to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) sixteen. The core purpose of the research is finding out the historical role of marriage as a primary factor of establishing family through which social sustainability and social justice have been ensured in South Asian countries. The research will be followed a qualitative approach for finding out the answers to the research questions.  To collect data, respondents will be selected purposively from eight districts of eight divisions in Bangladesh.  The study has also plans for conducting focus group discussion and KII to obtain in-depth information about the role of family in establishing social sustainability and justice. The data analysis and management will be arranged based on a number of appropriate application software. The research has assumed that the role of family in building social sustainability and justice has an outstanding role in South Asian countries like Bangladesh in comparison to Western societies. The research has projected that the role of marriage and family is changing in this era of global village and the changing pattern of marriage and family structures are getting impacts negatively in social sustainability and justice.  So that it has become essential to conduct research for finding out the role of family in building social sustainability and justice in Bangladesh. Finally, it is supposed that, if the study becomes successful in finding out the core role of family in social sustainability and justice then it will certainly make the scope for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 16 in Bangladesh.

This paper states the complications for implementing development plans and programs due to the nexus of corruption in developing countries, especially in Bangladesh. According to the annual report of TIB, Bangladesh is facing the challenge of corruption. Although, the government is willing to establish a corruption-free nation and aims for building a developed country, the history reveals that almost each of the development projects and programs fails for the involvement of corruption in developing countries. Bangladesh, as a developing nation, is not out of this black shadow. Consequently, finding out the key factors for the "corruption-development-nexus" is the main purpose of the research. However, this paper has been followed the observational method of research inquiry, while secondary data have also been considered for some cases to enhance understanding. The data have been analysed aligning with the pitfalls of the development projects. This study has revealed that the basic factors of "corruption-development-nexus" are nepotism, moral degradation, abuse of power, lack of checks and balances, and unconsciousness among the people. It is noteworthy, based on the result, to take actions on controlling corruption will be contributing to the Vision 2021, SDGs 2030 and Vision 2041 for establishing an economically prosperous country.

The heinous attack on September 11, 2001, in America has changed the world security dimensions tremendously. Hence, the globalization (Hosen 2020) of terrorism begins with that ferocious attack on the World Trade Center (Achcar and Chomsky 2008). The USA and its alliance launched the global war on terror against Islamic terrorists all over the world, especially in the Middle East. Besides, the global war on terror was also against the global supporters and financers of the terrorist groups. However, in the aftermath of the Cold War, the unipolar world order had established with the supremacy of the USA. Thus, Fukuyama gave the thought of "End of History" (Fukuyama 1992) as democratic countries were not going to fight against each other. Although, the "Clash of Civilization" (Huntington 1993) thesis projected that the next conflict might be based on religion among the nations but the global war on terror was between Islamic terrorism versus western societies. The consequences of the global war on terror have both benefits and limitations from different perspectives. The realist thinkers predict international conflict from a different perspective which is also true for both Neorealists and the Subaltern Realists. The qualitative study has engaged, Neo-Realism and Subaltern Realism, two renowned theories in identifying the benefits and limitations of the global war on terror. This study has discussed the global war on terror from the perspective of the Iraq war. The findings of the study have contributed to the existing literature on the global war on terror from the theoretical viewpoint and perspectives.

The heinous attack on September 11, 2001, in America has changed the world security dimensions tremendously. Hence, the globalization (Hosen 2020) of terrorism begins with that ferocious attack on the World Trade Center (Achcar and Chomsky 2008). The USA and its alliance launched the global war on terror against Islamic terrorists all over the world, especially in the Middle East. Besides, the global war on terror was also against the global supporters and financers of the terrorist groups. However, in the aftermath of the Cold War, the unipolar world order had established with the supremacy of the USA. Thus, Fukuyama gave the thought of "End of History" (Fukuyama 1992) as democratic countries were not going to fight against each other. Although, the "Clash of Civilization" (Huntington 1993) thesis projected that the next conflict might be based on religion among the nations but the global war on terror was between Islamic terrorism versus western societies. The consequences of the global war on terror have both benefits and limitations from different perspectives. The realist thinkers predict international conflict from a different perspective which is also true for both Neorealists and the Subaltern Realists. The qualitative study has engaged, Neo-Realism and Subaltern Realism, two renowned theories in identifying the benefits and limitations of the global war on terror. This study has discussed the global war on terror from the perspective of the Iraq war. The findings of the study have contributed to the existing literature on the global war on terror from the theoretical viewpoint and perspectives.

Sustainability has immensely become a widespread buzzword with a contested meaning in the last century. Different scholars have portrayed the concept from different backgrounds and magnitudes. This paper aims to discuss various standpoints of the concept of sustainability. The notion has been defined as the procedures of maintaining a suitable environment for the growing consciousness, for instance, environmental dilapidation, resource diminution, and socioeconomic discrimination.

The purpose of this study was to investigate Fayol's principles, practices, uses, and application as an effective management tool in public administration; to determine the relationship between Fayol principles and effective management in public administration; to measure or assess the impact of Fayol principles on effective management in public administration; and to make policy recommendations. A quantitative research technique is utilized with a structured questionnaire survey instrument and scale variables to capture all of the study goals. In this study, person correlation using regression analysis is used to assess the research model and assumptions. Finally, factor analysis is used to discover key elements from the 14 Fayol's principles. Three elements are discovered, two of which have a substantial impact on efficient public administration management. Nine independent variables have a positive and substantial impact on good public administration management in the first regression model with 14 principles. Positive and significant (p.000) 22.1 percent and 20.9 percent of total variance explained on successful management in public administration are demonstrated to be code of conduct and harmonious connection. As a result, for successful management components in public administration, policymakers should think about those factors more accurately. In the future, qualitative research techniques may be used to broaden the sample scope.