Fig. 1  Spatial distribution of cropland abandonment at county level in China

Fig. 2  Spatial distribution of cropland abandonment at county level in China in each stage

Fig. 3  Frequencies of the main determinants of cropland abandonment

Fig. 4  Spatial distribution of the main drivers of cropland abandonment in China

Tab. 1  Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita (10³ yuan) of each province in the T-shaped area of cropland abandonment in China

Tab. 2  Percentage of agricultural employees against total population of each province within the T-shaped area of cropland abandonment in China (%)

Tab. 3  Grain sown area of each province within the T-shaped area of cropland abandonment in China (10³ hm²)

Fig. 1  Trends in global GDP and manufacturing trade from 1995 to 2015

Fig. 1  Location and elevation of Qihe river basin

Tab. 1  The determination of elastic parameters of land use types under different scenarios

Tab. 2  Carbon density of different land use types (t/hm²)

Tab. 3  Results of Logistic regression for different land use types of Qihe river basin in 2005

Tab. 4  Land use conversion matrix in Qihe river basin during 2005-2015 (hm²)

Fig. 2  Land use maps of 2005 and as well as simulation maps of 2015 in Qihe river basin

Fig. 3  The simulated results of land use under different scenarios of Qihe river basin in 2025

Fig. 4  Scenario comparison of land use change in the Qihe river basin during 2010-2030

Fig. 5  Carbon storage and carbon density under different scenarios of 2005, 2015, and 2025, and the change of carbon density with the increase of altitude in Qihe river basin

Fig. 6  Spatial distribution of carbon density and their changes under different scenarios of 2005, 2015 and 2025 in Qihe river basin

Tab. 5  Statistics on carbon density changes during 2005-2015 and 2015-2025 under different scenarios

Fig. 5  Influencing factors of autumn phenology at 26 weather stations