巴勒斯坦人大逃亡
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巴勒斯坦人大逃亡發生在1948年巴勒斯坦戰爭期間,有70萬巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人(約佔戰前巴勒斯坦阿拉伯人口的一半)被逐出或逃離家園[1]。此次大逃亡被巴勒斯坦人稱之為「納克巴」(阿拉伯語:النكبة, al-Nakbah,意為「大災難」),這使得整個族群碎片化,人民喪失資產及土地和流離失所[2][3]。在「大災難」期間,四百至六百個巴勒斯坦村莊被以色列摧毀[4]。「大災難」也可泛指1948年第一次中東戰爭的整個時期以及至今巴勒斯坦人所持續遭受的迫害[5]。
因為其中大部分巴勒斯坦人定居在鄰國的難民營中,難民的確切人數存在爭議[6]。但可確定,在新成立的以色列領土上約80%的阿拉伯人居民在當時已經被驅逐或離開了故土[7][8]。1948年5月,在《以色列獨立宣言》發表之前,約有25萬至30萬巴勒斯坦人逃離或被驅逐,這一事實即為阿拉伯聯盟干涉該國的重要原因,從而引發了1948年阿拉伯-以色列戰爭。
歷史學家之間對大流亡的產生原因存在本質上的分歧。流亡的因素包括猶太人的軍事優勢、對阿拉伯村莊的摧毀、心理戰、在代爾亞辛村大屠殺之後對被猶太復國主義民兵再次屠殺的恐懼[9]:239–240,以上這些因素導致許多人在恐慌中逃離;另外還有以色列當局下達的直接驅逐令、較富裕階層人士的自動離開[10] ,巴勒斯坦領導層的瓦解和阿拉伯人的撤離疏散命令[11][12],以及不願在猶太人的控制下生活等等其他原因[13][14]。
後來,以色列第一屆政府通過了一系列法律來阻止已離開的阿拉伯人重返家園或聲明索要財產。他們及其許多後代亦未獲得居住國的國籍,故仍然是難民[15][16]。此後,一些歷史學家將對巴勒斯坦人的驅逐描述為「種族清洗」[17][18]:82[19],而另一些人則對此指控提出異議[20][21][22]。
難民的身份地位,尤其是以色列是否允許他們有權返回家園或給予賠償,是持續至今的巴以衝突中的關鍵問題之一。在巴勒斯坦領土和海外的巴勒斯坦人在每年的5月15日會紀念1948年的「大災難」,稱之為「大災難日」。
參見
[編輯]參考資料
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- ^ Stern, Yoav (13 May 2008). "Palestinian refugees, Israeli left-wingers mark Nakba" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Haaretz. Nakba 60 互聯網檔案館的存檔,存檔日期12 June 2008., BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights; Cleveland, William L. A History of the Modern Middle East, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004, p. 270. ISBN 978-0-8133-4047-0
- ^ Bardi, Ariel Sophia. The "Architectural Cleansing" of Palestine. American Anthropologist. March 2016, 118 (1): 165–171. doi:10.1111/aman.12520.
- ^ Honaida Ghanim, Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba, (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館) International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society March 2009 Vol. 22, No. 1 pp.23-39 pp.25-26.
- ^ Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie. The Consequences of Counterterrorist Policies in Israel. Crenshaw, Martha (編). The Consequences of Counterterrorism. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. 2010: 356 [2021-05-16]. ISBN 978-0-87154-073-7. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-17).
- ^ Masalha, Nur (1992). Expulsion of the Palestinians. Institute for Palestine Studies, this edition 2001, p. 175.
- ^ Rashid Khalidi. Palestinian identity: the construction of modern national consciousness. Columbia University Press. September 1998: 21– [2021-05-16]. ISBN 978-0-231-10515-6. (原始內容存檔於2012-03-02). "In 1948 half of Palestine's ... Arabs were uprooted from their homes and became refugees"
- ^ Morris, Benny. The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, Cambridge University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-521-81120-0
- ^ Schechtman, Joseph. The Arab Refugee Problem. New York: Philosophical Library. 1952: 4.
- ^ Pittsburgh Press. British Halt Jerusalem Battle. UP. May 1948 [17 December 2010]. (原始內容存檔於2021-06-01).
The British spokesman said that all 12 members of the Arab Higher Committee have left Palestine for neighboring Arab states… Walter Eyelan, the Jewish Agency spokesman, said the Arab leaders were victims of a "flight psychosis" which he said was sweeping Arabs throughout Palestine.
- ^ Blomeley, Kristen. The 'new historians' and the origins of the Arab/Israeli conflict. Australian Journal of Political Science. March 2005, 40 (1): 125–139. S2CID 143673606. doi:10.1080/10361140500049487.
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- ^ Kodmani-Darwish, p. 126; Féron, Féron, p. 94.
- ^ Overview. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA). [29 October 2011]. (原始內容存檔於2013-09-14).
- ^ Ian Black. Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return. The Guardian. 26 November 2010 [2021-05-16]. (原始內容存檔於2017-02-02).
- ^ Ilan Pappé, 2006
- ^ Shavit, Ari. "Survival of the Fittest? An Interview with Benny Morris" (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館). Logos. Winter 2004
- ^ David Matas. Aftershock: anti-zionism and anti-semitism. Dundurn Press Ltd. 2005: 555–558 [2021-05-16]. ISBN 978-1-55002-553-8. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-18).
- ^ Mêrôn Benvenis'tî. Sacred landscape: the buried history of the Holy Land since 1948. University of California Press. 2002: 124–127 [2021-05-16]. ISBN 978-0-520-23422-2. (原始內容存檔於2021-04-17).
- ^ Benny Morris (21 February 2008). "Benny Morris on fact, fiction, & propaganda about 1948". The Irish Times, reported by Jeff Weintraub (頁面存檔備份,存於互聯網檔案館)
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