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無梗花櫟：修订间差异

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{{Speciesbox
{{taxobox
| colorgenus = lightgreenQuercus
| namespecies = 無梗花櫟petraea
| binomial_authorityauthority = （[[Mattuschka]]）[[Liebl.]]▼
| image = Quercus petraea 06.jpg
| image_caption = 德國[[埃布斯多爾費爾格倫德]]的一棵無梗花櫟
| status = LC
| regnum = [[植物界]] Plantae
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| unranked_divisio = [[被子植物]] Angiosperms
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Gorener, V. |author2=Khela, S. |author3=Barstow, M. |date=2017 |title=''Quercus petraea'' |volume=2017 |page=e.T62539A3116237 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T62539A3116237.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| unranked_classis = [[真雙子葉植物]] Eudicots
| binomialrange_map = ''Quercus petraea'' range.svg▼
| unranked_ordo = [[薔薇類植物]] Rosids
| range_map_caption =
| ordo = [[殼斗目]] Fagales
| synonyms_ref=<ref name=TPL>{{ThePlantList | accessdate = 2016}}</ref>
| familia = [[殼斗科]] Fagaceae
| synonyms=
| genus = [[栎属]] ''Quercus''
{{collapsible list|bullets = true
| sectio =
|''Quercus robur'' var. ''petraea'' <small>Matt.</small>
| species = '''無梗花櫟 ''Q. petraea'''''
|''Quercus brevipedunculata'' <small>Cariot & St.-Lag.</small>
▲| binomial = ''Quercus petraea''
|''Quercus calcarea'' <small>Troitsky</small>
▲| binomial_authority = （[[Mattuschka]]）[[Liebl.]]
| synonyms = * ''Quercus sessilifloracolumbaria'' <small>Vuk.</small>
|''Quercus coriacea'' <small>Bechst.</small>
|}}▼
|''Quercus coronensis'' <small>Schur</small>
|''Quercus decipiens'' <small>Behlen</small>
|''Quercus dispar'' <small>Raf.</small>
|''Quercus durinus'' <small>Raf.</small>
|''Quercus erythroneura'' <small>Vuk.</small>
|''Quercus esculus'' <small>L.</small>
|''Quercus longipetiolata'' <small>Schur</small>
|''Quercus mas'' <small>Thore</small>
|''Quercus mespilifolia'' <small>Wallr.</small>
|''Quercus peraffinis'' <small>Gand.</small>
|''Quercus petiolata'' <small>Schur</small>
|''Quercus regalis'' <small>Burnett ex Endl.</small>
|''Quercus sessiliflora'' <small>Salisb.</small>
|''Quercus sessilis'' <small>Ehrh. ex Schur</small>
|''Quercus spathulifolia'' <small>Vuk.</small>
|''Quercus sphaerocarpa'' <small>Vuk.</small>
|''Quercus sublobata'' <small>Kit.</small>
|''Quercus huguetiana'' <small>(Franco & G.López) Rivas Mart.</small>
|''Quercus colchica'' <small>Czeczott</small>
|''Quercus dshorochensis'' <small>K.Koch</small>
|''Quercus hypochrysa'' <small>Steven</small>
|''Quercus iberica'' <small>Steven ex M.Bieb.</small>
|''Quercus kochiana'' <small>O.Schwarz</small>
|''Quercus kozlowskyi'' <small>Woronow ex Grossh.</small>
|''Quercus lamprophyllos'' <small>K.Koch</small>
|''Quercus polycarpa'' <small>Schur</small>
|''Quercus sorocarpa'' <small>Woronow ex Maleev</small>
|''Quercus szowitzii'' <small>Wenz.</small>
|''Quercus abietum'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small>
|''Quercus cedrorum'' <small>Kotschy</small>
|''Quercus ibicis'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small>
|''Quercus pinnatiloba'' <small>K.Koch</small>
|''Quercus subalpina'' <small>Kotschy ex A.DC.</small>
|''Quercus tergestina'' <small>Wenz.</small>
▲|}}}}
 
'''無梗花櫟'''（[[學名]]：'''''Quercus petraea'''''）<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?30749|title=Quercus sessiliflora Salisb.|publisher=USDA GRIN Taxonomy for Plants|access-date=2013-02-23|archive-date=2015-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925132802/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?30749|dead-url=no}}</ref>，又稱'''岩生櫟'''，分佈於[[歐洲]]及[[安納托利亞]]。▼
[[Image:Quercus petraea 02.jpg|thumb|無梗花櫟的葉子和橡子]]▼
 
無梗花櫟是[[威愛爾士蘭]]的[[國徽|國樹]]，也是[[威爾士]]非官方的代表標誌，因此在威爾士亦稱'''威爾士橡樹'''（Welsh Oak），<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_west/3920051.stm "Tree trail with worldwide flavour"] {{Wayback|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_west/3920051.stm |date=20191018041510 }}, [[BBC News]], [2004-07-23]</ref>同時也被認為是[[康沃爾郡]]的[[郡]]樹，因此亦稱'''康沃爾橡樹'''（Cornish Oak）。<ref>James Minahan, The complete guide to national symbols and emblems , Volume 1, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.thisiscornwall.co.uk/native-trees-thrive-future/story-13244009-detail/story.html Will native trees thrive in the future?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609133621/http://www.thisiscornwall.co.uk/native-trees-thrive-future/story-13244009-detail/story.html |date=2013-06-09 }}, this is Cornwall, [2013-02-23]</ref>▼
▲'''無梗花櫟'''（[[學名]]：'''''Quercus petraea'''''）<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?30749|title=Quercus sessiliflora Salisb.|publisher=USDA GRIN Taxonomy for Plants}}</ref>，又稱'''岩生櫟'''，分佈於[[歐洲]]及[[安納托利亞]]。
 
▲無梗花櫟是[[威爾士]]的[[國徽|國樹]]，因此在威爾士亦稱'''威爾士橡樹'''（Welsh Oak），<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_west/3920051.stm "Tree trail with worldwide flavour"], [[BBC News]], [2004-07-23]</ref>同時也被認為是[[康沃爾郡]]的郡樹，因此亦稱'''康沃爾橡樹'''（Cornish Oak）。<ref>James Minahan, The complete guide to national symbols and emblems , Volume 1, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.thisiscornwall.co.uk/native-trees-thrive-future/story-13244009-detail/story.html Will native trees thrive in the future?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609133621/http://www.thisiscornwall.co.uk/native-trees-thrive-future/story-13244009-detail/story.html |date=2013-06-09 }}, this is Cornwall, [2013-02-23]</ref>
 
== 描述 ==
▲[[Image:Quercus petraea 02.jpg|thumb|左|無梗花櫟的葉子和橡子]]
無梗花櫟是一種大型[[落葉喬木]]，隨著緩慢的生長，其高度可達{{convert|25|-|40|m|ft}}。葉子長達{{convert|7|-|14|cm|in}}，寬達{{convert|4|-|8|cm|in}}。其[[橡子]]長達{{convert|2|-|3|cm|in}}，寬達{{convert|1|-|2|cm|in}}。<ref>[http://cancerplantsdatabase.com/q-quercuspetraea.php Quercus Petraea] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202170327/http://cancerplantsdatabase.com/q-quercuspetraea.php |date=2013-02-02 }}, Cnacer Plants Database, [2013-02-23]</ref>▼
 
▲無梗花櫟是一種大型[[落葉喬木]]，隨著緩慢的生長，其高度可達{{convert|25|-|40|m|ft}}。[[葉子]]長達{{convert|7|-|14|cm|in}}，寬達{{convert|4|-|8|cm|in}}。其[[橡子]]長達{{convert|2|-|3|cm|in}}，寬達{{convert|1|-|2|cm|in}}。<ref>[http://cancerplantsdatabase.com/q-quercuspetraea.php Quercus Petraea] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202170327/http://cancerplantsdatabase.com/q-quercuspetraea.php |date=2013-02-02 }}, Cnacer Plants Database, [2013-02-23]</ref>
 
無梗花櫟在四月至五月間開花，九月至十月間種子成熟。其花為[[花序|葇荑花序]]，且[[雌雄同株]]。無梗花櫟偏好生長在[[重粘土]]中，且在[[鹼性]]到高[[酸性]]的[[土壤]]中都可以生長。<ref name="use">[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+petraea Quercus petraea - (Mattuschaka.)Leibel] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Quercus+petraea |date=20210125015602 }}, Plants For A Future, [2013-02-23]</ref>
 
== 用途 ==
第33行 ⟶ 第69行：
=== 食用 ===
 
無梗花櫟的種子可以食用，例如將其磨成粉末做成[[增稠劑]]或者混入穀類[[麵包]]中。但是種子中有會產生苦味的[[鞣質]]，故需要用火烤或者水洗等方法將之除去。<ref>Hedrick. U. P. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World.</ref><ref name="Mabey. R.">Mabey. R. Food for Free</ref><ref>Ceres. Free for All</ref><ref name="Triska. Dr">Triska. Dr. Hamlyn Encyclopaedia of Plants.</ref>其烘烤過的[[種子]]可以做成[[咖啡]]代替品，<ref name="Lust. J.">Lust. J. The Herb Book.</ref><ref name="Usher. G. A">Usher. G. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. </ref>其樹皮中含有可食用的膠質。<ref>Kunkel. G. Plants for Human Consumption.</ref>
 
=== 藥用 ===
 
無梗花櫟有很長的的藥用歷史，它可以做成[[抗炎藥]]、[[抗菌劑]]、[[收斂劑]]、[[解充血藥]]、[[止血劑]]和[[補藥]]，<ref name="GrieveTriska. Dr"/><ref>Chiej name="Lust. RJ."/><ref Encyclopaedianame="Grieve"/><ref ofname="Chiej. Medicinal PlantsR.<"/ref><ref>Launert. E. Edible and Medicinal Plants.</ref><ref name="Triska. Dr"/><ref name="Lust. J."/><ref>Mills. S. Y. The Dictionary of Modern Herbalism.</ref>其中[[樹皮]]是最常用的一種成份，<ref name="Grieve">Grieve. A Modern Herbal.</ref> 有時也會使用其[[種子]]。<ref name="Chiej. R.">Chiej. R. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. </ref>用其樹皮煮的藥劑可以治療[[腹瀉|慢性腹瀉]]、[[痢疾]]、[[間歇熱]]和[[出血]]。<ref name="Grieve"/>。
 
=== 其他 ===
 
無梗花櫟的葉子上的物質可以使[[蛞蝓]]和[[蠐螬]]退卻，儘管這些生物並不[[寄生]]在無梗花櫟上。<ref>Riotte. L. Companion Planting for Successful Gardening.</ref><ref>Allardice.P. A - Z of Companion Planting.</ref>其[[栎瘿]]中可能會寄生各種[[昆蟲]]的幼體，當這些昆蟲化蛹之後，便可以使用這些栎瘿來生產[[鞣質]]、用作[[染料]]<ref name="Grieve"/>以及生產[[墨水]]。<ref name="ChiejTriska. R.Dr"/><ref name="TriskaChiej. DrR."/>其樹皮可以用作[[堆肥促進劑]]，<ref>Bruce. M. E. Commonsense Compost Making.</ref>木質部份則可以生產[[焦油]]、[[醋酸]]、[[木餾油]]和鞣質。<ref>Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15th edition.</ref>而且因其結實耐用，故而還可以用作建築材料、製作傢具等。<ref name="Grieve"/><ref name="Triska. Dr"/><ref name="Usher. G. A"/><ref name="Grieve"/>
 
== 參考資料 ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{en}}[http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Quercus&SPECIES_XREF=petraea&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= Flora Europaea: ''Quercus petraea''] {{Wayback|url=http://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/feout?FAMILY_XREF=&GENUS_XREF=Quercus&SPECIES_XREF=petraea&TAXON_NAME_XREF=&RANK= |date=20120206061147 }}
* Bean, W. J. (1976). ''Trees and shrubs hardy in the British Isles'' 8th ed., revised. John Murray.
* Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. HarperCollins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
* {{fr icon}}[http://jeanlouis.helardot.free.fr/page_chenes/quercus_petraea.htm Chênes: ''Quercus petraea''] {{Wayback|url=http://jeanlouis.helardot.free.fr/page_chenes/quercus_petraea.htm |date=20200126182813 }}
* [http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/faga/querc/querpetv.jpg Den virtuella floran - Distribution] {{Wayback|url=http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/faga/querc/querpetv.jpg |date=20051119175931 }}
{{refend}}
 
== 外部連結 ==
{{Commons category|Quercus petraea|position=left}}
{{Taxonbar}}
 
[[Category:櫟屬|W]]
[[Category:歐洲植物|W]]
[[Category:地中海植物洋性氣候樹種|W]]
[[Category:比利牛斯山植物地中海氣候樹種|W]]
[[Category:海洋性氣候樹種落葉植物|W]]
[[Category:地中海氣候樹種1777年描述的植物|W]]
[[Category:落葉植物]]
[[Category:1777年描述的植物]]
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/無梗花櫟”