亞馬遜河豚:修订间差异

删除的内容 添加的内容
无编辑摘要
 
(未显示20个用户的39个中间版本)
第1行:
{{Speciesbox
{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = 亞馬遜河豚
| status = DDEN
| trend = unknown
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>da Silva, V., Trujillo, F., Martin, A., Zerbini, A.N., Crespo, E., Aliaga-Rossel, E. & Reeves, R. 2018. Inia geoffrensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T10831A50358152. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T10831A50358152.en. Downloaded on 18 December 2018.</ref>
| image = Inia.jpg
| image = Boto-cor-de-rosa (Inia geoffrensis).jpg
| image_width = 250px
| image_caption = 亞馬遜河豚
| imagegenus = Inia.jpg
| regnum = [[動物界]] Animalia
[[es:Inia| species = geoffrensis]]
| phylum = [[脊索動物門]] Chordata
| classis = [[哺乳綱]] Mammalia
| ordo = [[鲸目]] Cetacea
| subordo = [[齒鯨亞目]] Odontoceti
| familia = '''亞馬遜河豚科 ''Iniidae'''''
| familia_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], [[1846年|1846]]
| genus = '''亞馬遜河豚屬 ''Inia'''''
| species = '''亞馬遜河豚 ''I. geoffrensis'''''
| binomial = ''Inia geoffrensis''
| binomial_authority = [[{{tsl|en|Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville||Blainville]]}}, [[1817年|1817]]
| range_map = cetacea_range_map_Amazon_River_Dolphin.PNG
| range_map_width = 200px
第24行 ⟶ 第16行:
}}
 
'''亞馬遜河豚'''(又作[[學名]]:''Inia geoffrensis'亞馬遜淡水豚'''、)通称 '''亞馬遜江豚''',也称 '''粉紅河豚'''、'''粉紅淡水豚''',英文俗稱 '''boto''',學名''Inia geoffrensis'')是[[亞馬遜河]]及[[奥里諾科河]]流域水系特有的物種,现存體形最大的[[淡水豚]]。
 
[[世界自然保護聯盟IUCN]]《濒危物种红色录》中又以''' Amazon Dolphin''', '''Boto Vermelho''', '''Boto Cor-de-Rosa''', '''Bouto''', '''Bufeo''', '''Dauphin de l'Amazone''', '''Inia''', '''Pink Dolphin''', '''Pink Freshwater Dolphin''', '''Pink Porpoise''', and '''Tonina''' 等別名來指稱該物種。
 
== 分類 ==
[[File:Inia.png|thumb|left|200px|1883 亞馬孫河豚的素描圖]]
[[1817年]][[,法國自然歷史學家{{tsl|en|Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville]]||Blainville}}首次對該物種做了典型樣本的描述。
 
[[1998年]]的《世界水生哺乳動物:分類與分佈》<ref>Rice, D.W. (1998). Marine Mammals of the World. Systematics and Distribution. Special Publication No.4. The Society for Marine Mammalogy.[{{cite web |url=http://www.crru.org.uk/education/factfiles/taxonomy.htm] |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2007-01-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204002925/http://www.crru.org.uk/education/factfiles/taxonomy.htm |archivedate=2007-02-04 }}</ref>將 ''I. geoffrensis'' 編列爲單獨的「[[種]]」,下分爲三個已知「[[亞種]]」:
 
:''I.g. geoffrensis'' - 亞馬孫盆地種群 (不包括Teotonio急流以上的[[玻利維亞]]境內的[[瑪代拉河]]流域)。
第40行 ⟶ 第32行:
一些早期的分類系統將 ''boliviensis''當成了另外一個種。
 
== 器質特徵 ==
亞馬孫河豚的體表顏色並不限於粉紅色一種,還可以是暗褐色、灰色、藍灰色或者乳白色[http://www.wdcs.org/dan/publishing.nsf/allweb/678080BD6107C067802569CB00538AD6]。成體的典型體長爲2.5米,體重爲150千克。其[[鰭]]狀前肢略向後彎曲,與驅幹相比顯得較大,無[[背鰭]],但是背部鈍三角形的脊狀隆起顯示了[[進化]]遺留的痕跡。喙部突出,旣長且尖,上下顎各有25到35枚牙齒,前部的牙齒呈立錐狀,後部較平並有細小的尖銳突起。兩種牙齒分擔不同的工作,前者用於攫取獵物,後者用於咀嚼。亞馬孫河豚通常在河底捕食[[蝦]]、[[蟹]]、小[[魚]],偶爾也能捕捉到體形較小的[[龜]]。
 
該種淡水豚通常是單個或成對生活,但有時也會爲了捕獵而組成多達20多頭的群體。不像其他的豚類,亞馬孫河豚的頸椎不是連成一體的,它的頭部可以靈活地轉動。儘管眼睛很小,它們的視力還是相當不錯的,只不過腫脹的下頜會住向下的視線,有時出於觀察的需要它們會將身體翻轉改泳姿爲仰泳。
 
== 保護 ==
在整體上處於危險境地的淡水豚中,亞馬孫河豚的狀況相對而言是最安全的。儘管如此,[[IUCN]]在[[1994年|1994]][[2000年]]發佈的[[世界自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄|紅色名錄]]中都將它歸入了「易危」(vulnerable)的級別中。與棲息地日益萎縮的[[恒河豚]]以及新近滅絕的[[白鱀豚]]相比,亞馬孫河豚的棲息地和種群規模長期以來保持得還算穩定。由於雨林的妨礙環境因素,全面的考查一直未得實現,據估測,亞馬孫河豚的總數量大約在1萬頭左右。
 
亞馬遜當地並沒有直接針對亞馬孫河豚的獵殺行為,但是漁民爲了防止漁業生產受到干擾,或是爲了保護漁具,偶爾也會殺死一些河豚。但尚不清楚這種「被動」的捕殺是否已對局部種群構成了危脅。從[[1988年]]開始[[巴西]]和[[玻利維亞]]以及[[秘魯]]、[[委内瑞拉]]和[[哥倫比亞]]的保護區已相繼立法禁止這種行為。
 
亞馬孫流域和奥里諾科盆地的人口膨脹已經引起了一些科學家的憂慮。{{Fact|長江流域的水利工程直接導致了[[白鱀豚]]的滅絕|time=2012-07-09T21:22:08+00:00}},而在此區域,相似的工程也正在緊鑼密鼓的籌劃中。[[環保人士]]人士們正在四方奔走以期能阻止這些方案的實施。
 
有報導說有些亞馬孫河豚因[[汞]][[中毒]]而死亡。這類死亡事件一般發生在[[金礦]]附近,因為在黃金開採中常以汞作為分離金和沙石的材料。
 
== 傳說有关神话传说 ==
在一個[[亞馬]]的故事中,亞馬孫河豚會在夜晚變成俊美的青年去迷惑少女使她們[[受孕]],而轉天清晨又會變回河豚的模樣。據猜測,這個[[神話]]產生的部分原因是由於該種河豚雄體的[[生殖器]][[人類]]的相似。
 
== 參考文獻 ==
第62行 ⟶ 第54行:
<references/>
 
== 外部連 ==
{{Wikispecies|Inia_geoffrensis}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/62.shtml BBC Nature Wildlife - Amazon river dolphin]
{{Commons and category}}
* [http://www.eco-animals.com/products.html Book: "粉紅色的海豚,河裏的朋友"]{{en icon}}{{es icon}}
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/wildfacts/factfiles/62.shtml BBC Nature Wildlife - Amazon river dolphin]{{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120728231614/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/life/Amazon_river_dolphin |date=2012-07-28 }}
* [http://www.projetoboto.com/ Projeto Boto] - a non-profit research project that is increasing knowledge, understanding and the conservation prospects of the Amazon's two endemic dolphins - the boto (''Inia geoffrensis'') and the tucuxi (''Sotalia fluviatilis''){{en icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930085925/http://www.eco-animals.com/products.html Book: "粉紅色的海豚,河裏的朋友"]{{en icon}}{{es icon}}
* ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Inia_geoffrensis/ 亞馬孫河豚的圖片和錄影 ''(Inia geoffrensis)'']{{en icon}}
* [http://www.projetoboto.com/ Projeto Boto]{{Wayback|url=http://www.projetoboto.com/ |date=20070526103254 }} - a non-profit research project that is increasing knowledge, understanding and the conservation prospects of the Amazon's two endemic dolphins - the boto (''Inia geoffrensis'') and the tucuxi (''Sotalia fluviatilis''){{en icon}}
* ''Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002–2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans.'' IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group 2003, Reeves et al. [http://www.iucn.org/bookstore/HTML-books/SSC-Dolphins-wales-porpoises/cover.html HTML copy of book-length report]{{en icon}}
* ARKive - [https://web.archive.org/web/20061218171026/http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Inia_geoffrensis/ 亞馬孫河豚的圖片和錄影 ''(Inia geoffrensis)'']{{en icon}}
* [http://www.cms.int/reports/small_cetaceans/data/I_geoffrensis/I_geoffrensis.htm Convention on Migratory Species page on the Amazon Dolphin]{{en icon}}
* ''Dolphins, Whales and Porpoises: 2002–2010 Conservation Action Plan for the World's Cetaceans.'' IUCN/SSC Cetacean Specialist Group 2003, Reeves et al. [httphttps://wwwweb.archive.org/web/20061213023202/http://iucn.org/bookstore/HTML-books/SSC-Dolphins-wales-porpoises/cover.html HTML copy of book-length report]{{en icon}}
* [http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/walkers_mammals_of_the_world/cetacea/cetacea.iniidae.inia.html Walker's Mammals of the World Online - Amazon Dolphins]{{en icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060106120643/http://www.animalinfocms.orgint/speciesreports/cetaceansmall_cetaceans/iniageofdata/I_geoffrensis/I_geoffrensis.htm Animal InfoConvention on Migratory Species page on the BotoAmazon Dolphin]{{en icon}}
* [http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/walkers_mammals_of_the_world/cetacea/cetacea.iniidae.inia.html Walker's Mammals of the World Online - Amazon Dolphins] {{Wayback|url=http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/walkers_mammals_of_the_world/cetacea/cetacea.iniidae.inia.html |date=20040808115929 }}{{en icon}}
* [http://web.archive.org/web/20050315093322/http://www.cetacea.org/boto.htm Cetacea.org page on the Boto] (From the Wayback Machine){{en icon}}
* [http://www.animalinfo.org/species/cetacean/iniageof.htm Animal Info page on the Boto]{{Wayback|url=http://www.animalinfo.org/species/cetacean/iniageof.htm |date=20160319031248 }}{{en icon}}
* [http://virtualexplorers.org/ARD/index.htm Virtual Explorers]{{en icon}}
* [httphttps://web.archive.org/web/20050315093322/http://www.cetacea.org/boto.htm Cetacea.org page on the Boto] (From the Wayback Machine){{en icon}}
* [http://virtualexplorers.org/ARD/index.htm Virtual Explorers] {{Wayback|url=http://virtualexplorers.org/ARD/index.htm |date=20061230062458 }}{{en icon}}
{{Cetacea}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q205329}}
 
[[Category:齒鯨亞目IUCN红色名录数据缺乏物种|IG]]
[[zh-yueCategory:亞馬遜河豚]]
{{Link GA|es}}
[[Category:秘魯哺乳動物]]
 
[[ca:Dofí de l'Amazones]]
[[cs:Delfínovec amazonský]]
[[de:Amazonasdelfin]]
[[en:Amazon river dolphin]]
[[es:Inia geoffrensis]]
[[eu:Inia geoffrensis]]
[[fa:دلفین رودخانه‌ای آمازون]]
[[fi:Amazonindelfiini]]
[[fr:Boto]]
[[he:דולפין האמזונאס]]
[[hr:Boto]]
[[it:Inia geoffrensis]]
[[ja:アマゾンカワイルカ]]
[[jv:Boto]]
[[ko:보토]]
[[lt:Amazonės delfinas]]
[[nl:Orinocodolfijn]]
[[nn:Amazonasdelfin]]
[[no:Amazonasdelfin]]
[[nv:Shádiʼááhdę́ę́ʼ tó hóyáanii]]
[[pl:Inia]]
[[pnb:ایمیزن ڈولفن]]
[[pt:Boto-vermelho]]
[[qu:Puhuyu]]
[[ru:Амазонский дельфин]]
[[sk:Inia]]
[[sr:Амазонски делфин]]
[[sv:Amazondelfin]]
[[tr:Amazon nehir yunusu]]
[[uk:Inia geoffrensis]]
[[vi:Cá heo sông Amazon]]
[[zh-min-nan:Amazonas Hô hái-ti]]
[[zh-yue:亞馬遜河豚]]