水印：修订间差异

'''水印'''（watermark）是一种容易能讓人识别、被夹于[[纸]]内上圖案的技术，能够透過當光线穿过從而照射紙張時，紙張上會显现出各种不同阴影，這些陰影組成的技术。圖案就是水印有时也会在反射强光时或者在暗色背景上方时被看到。此种现象是由于纸张厚度或者纸张的密度变化所引起的<ref>{{cite book |last1= Biermann|first1= Christopher J. |title= Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking |url= https://archive.org/details/handbookpulpingp00bier|edition= 2 |year=1996 |publisher= Academic Press|location= San Diego, California, USA|language= |isbn= 0-12-097362-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookpulpingp00bier/page/171 171] |pages= |chapter= 7}}</ref>。生产带有水印的纸张主要有两种方法，''分別為压胶辊工艺''和''圆网印花工艺''。

水印是通过盖一个被沾水覆盖的金属戳或者压胶辊工艺在纸的制造过程中制作出来的。前者第一次于1282年在[[意大利]]的[[法布里亚诺]]第一次被展示<ref name="meggs58">{{Cite book | last = Meggs | first = Philip B. | authorlink = Philip B. Meggs | title = A History of Graphic Design | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofgraphic0000megg | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | year = 1998 | location = | edition = Third | pages = [https://archive.org/details/historyofgraphic0000megg/page/58 58] | isbn = 978-0-471-29198-5}}</ref>。而压胶辊工艺则由英格蘭一个位叫[[约翰·马歇尔]]的人在1826年被发明。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dartfordarchive.org.uk/technology/paper_marshall.shtml|title=John Marshall, Inventor of the dandy roll| website= dartfordarchive.org.uk }}</ref>压胶辊工艺革命性地改变了制造水印的方式，也让将水印效果加入到纸张当中加入水印效果变得更容易。

* [http://www.ksbm.oeaw.ac.at/wz/wzma2.htm Watermarks of the Middle Ages (in German)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ksbm.oeaw.ac.at/wz/wzma2.htm |date=20101125051349 }}

* [http://www.ksbm.oeaw.ac.at/_scripts/php/BR.php Briquet online (in French)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ksbm.oeaw.ac.at/_scripts/php/BR.php |date=20170904194501 }}

* [http://www.piccard-online.de/struktur.php?anzeigeKlassi=&klassi=&sprache=en Piccard online (English)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.piccard-online.de/struktur.php?anzeigeKlassi=&klassi=&sprache=en |date=20170709050807 }}

* [http://www.wm-portal.net/niki/index.php Watermark Database of the Dutch University Institute for Art History] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wm-portal.net/niki/index.php |date=20100110103721 }}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170806003757/http://www.memoryofpaper.eu:8080/BernsteinPortal/appl_start.disp Bernstein The Memory of Paper, Watermark Database]

* [http://www.watermarks.info/catalogi.htm Watermarks 1850-date] {{Wayback|url=http://www.watermarks.info/catalogi.htm |date=20170817202213 }}

* [http://www.hobbizine.com/page0023.html ''Finding Watermarks on Stamps''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hobbizine.com/page0023.html |date=20170828131733 }}: Hobbizine article

* [https://softwareschmiede.org/en/history-watermark.html ''History of watermark''] {{Wayback|url=https://softwareschmiede.org/en/history-watermark.html |date=20170828144758 }}

* [http://www.gravell.org/ Thomas L. Gravell Watermark Archive] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gravell.org/ |date=20170921223910 }}

* [http://abacus.bates.edu/wmarchive Archive of Papers and Watermarks in Greek Manuscripts] {{Wayback|url=http://abacus.bates.edu/wmarchive |date=20150411043245 }}

[[Category:防伪技集邮术语]]