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Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods but Verify (Studies in Intelligence) 1st Edition
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- ISBN-100415452716
- ISBN-13978-0415452717
- Edition1st
- Publication dateJuly 10, 2007
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions6.14 x 0.78 x 9.21 inches
- Print length346 pages
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Product details
- Publisher : Routledge; 1st edition (July 10, 2007)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 346 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0415452716
- ISBN-13 : 978-0415452717
- Item Weight : 1.3 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.14 x 0.78 x 9.21 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #2,784,279 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #1,574 in Espionage True Accounts
- #2,567 in Intelligence & Espionage History
- #4,506 in Ancient Roman History (Books)
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About the authors
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Prof. Rose Mary Sheldon received her Ph.D. in ancient history from the University of Michigan. Her dissertation, on intelligence gathering in ancient Rome, won a National Intelligence Book Award in 1987. She is a Professor Emerita of History at The Virginia Military Institute, where she held the Burgwyn Chair in Military History. She was made a Fellow of the American Academy in Rome in 1980. Dr. Sheldon has been on the Editorial boards of the International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, The Journal of Military History, and Small Wars and Insurgencies. She has written seven books and more than three dozen articles on intelligence in the ancient world. Her books include Espionage in the Ancient World: An Annotated Bibliography (McFarland, 2003), Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome. Trust in the Gods, but Verify. (London: Frank Cass, 2005); Rome’s Wars in Parthia: Blood in the Sand, (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2010); Operation Messiah: St. Paul and Roman Intelligence, with Thijs Voskuilen, (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2008); Spies of the Bible, (London: Greenhill Books, 2007); Ambush! Surprise Attack in Ancient Greek Warfare, (London: Frontline Books, 2012), and Kill Caesar! Assassination in the Early Roman Empire, (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018).
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This book is clearly written, well organized, and packed with information. Of particular interest is the way in which the author takes well-trod events, such as the disaster at Carrhae and Caesar's invasion of Britain, and breaks it down in terms of how information flowed in an intelligence cycle. Perhaps the most interesting chapter in the entire book is the one dealing with the Roman signalling systems on the frontier, which ranged from foot messengers to semaphore. The only fault I found with the book was the ridiculous amounts of whitespace that only serves to inflate the pagecount, and the poor quality of some of the map graphics.
This book makes an outstanding companion to Austin and Rankov's 'Exploratio', and deserves to be on the shelf of anyone interested in Roman frontier studies, the legions, or has an interest in how the Romans kept their population under control and their enemies under surveillance.
Reviewed in the United States on June 21, 2009
This book is clearly written, well organized, and packed with information. Of particular interest is the way in which the author takes well-trod events, such as the disaster at Carrhae and Caesar's invasion of Britain, and breaks it down in terms of how information flowed in an intelligence cycle. Perhaps the most interesting chapter in the entire book is the one dealing with the Roman signalling systems on the frontier, which ranged from foot messengers to semaphore. The only fault I found with the book was the ridiculous amounts of whitespace that only serves to inflate the pagecount, and the poor quality of some of the map graphics.
This book makes an outstanding companion to Austin and Rankov's 'Exploratio', and deserves to be on the shelf of anyone interested in Roman frontier studies, the legions, or has an interest in how the Romans kept their population under control and their enemies under surveillance.
Despite being easy to read, this is an excellently researched book that pulls together the autor's own work (several dozens of specialised articles) and most - of not all - existing work in the field up to 2005 that most of us (starting with myself!) have probably never heard about. Particularly interesting are the chapters and pieces telling the story of Rome's major intelligence failures - during the Second Punic War against Hannibal, the intelligence failures of Caesar in Britain and the disasters of Crassus and Varus in particular.
Another quality of this book is to show how the self-centered senatorial aristocracy during the Republic tended to privilege the advancement of their own careers and how, from Augustus onwards, the Emperor privilegied his own personal security which was always threatened, regardless of whether the emperor in question has come down to us as being a "good" or a "bad" own. This is understandable, to the extent that the Roman elites were ultra-competitive, ruthless and murderous, and because some provinces (Judea being a prime example, although not the only one) were always ready to rebel. However, Sheldon contends that this concerns, however understantable and legitimate, could also distract from what was happening beyond the frontiers.
Sheldon is rather more circumspect as to whether Roman intelligence failed or was successful, and quite rightly so because an informed judgment seems rather impossible to make. This is partly because of the length of the period, during which they were obviously not only resounding failures, but also because, unlike these failures, you simply do not learn much - and mostly do not learn at all - about the successful operations.
A few issues could perhaps have been further discussed
One is the decision to end this book with Diocletian, claiming that with him, and as a result of the "crisis of third century", all had changed and that this was enhanced by the reforms that he introduced, which were geared at transforming the Empire into a vast logistical basis for the army. As always, things may not have been as clear-cut as they are made out tp be post fact. For instance, many of Diocletian reforms had their roots in previous attempts made by some of his less lucky predecessors. Also, these mostly pragmatic reforms were the outcomes of what we would call today "lessons learnt". The point here is that the is more continuity than what the author may be prepared to admit, including in the areas of intelligence, although I perfectly understand that, given the size that this book had already reached, telling the second half of the story would indeed require a second volume of the sale size.
A second is the tendancy that a number of historians have to portray Diocletian's regime as "totalitarian" and having killed what was left of the Republic's liberties, and Augustus' regime as being milder in comparison and having sought to preserve these liberties. Here, Sheldon gives short thrift to such oversimplifications, showing that few (the Senatorial families) really benefited from these liberties, and that Augustus preserved the appearances, but not the reality of such "liberties". However, at times, Sheldon can seem almost ambivalent. The agentes in rebus and the absolutist State are portrayed as "Bigh Brother is watching you" but, at the same time, she does acknowledge that statements about the end of the liberties inherited from the Republic are rather disingeneous. The Roman Empire under Augustus was just about as much a dictatorship based in military force than it was under Diocletian or Constantin. The differences, which she does point out, were the context - Rome's ennemies had grown stronger and the fact that the concentration of all powers was not so obvious under Augustus as it became under Diocletian and his successors. Although Sheldon emphasizes it, I am not entirely convinced by the idea that there was a balance of powers up to the third century and no such balance afterwards. If this alludes to Senatorial opposition, this existed throughout the history of Rome and almost right to the end. Even under Augustus, the "Princeps" was a dictator in the modern sense of the term, although Augustus chose to give the illusion of being only the "first", as oppposed to the only that Diocletian would become. Also, even if there was such a balance, it largely reflects the power of the Emperor himself: Augustus had no need to be seen as Jovian, a living God and the incarnation of Eternal Rome. By the time he came to the throne, Diocletian definitly felt such a need.
Another point which could be qualified and which might have needed further discussion is the statement that intelligence gathering is "the second oldest trade in the world". In addition from being a rather "easy" and "eye-catching" statement, this could be seen as being almost a truism. To the extent that relations between humans have been based on power and use of force for millenia, and because intelligence activities have been defined so widly by the author, intelligence gathering, or gathering information on rivals and ennemies, whether real ones or potential ones, is as old as the power relationships themselves.
Finally, assessing success or failure of intelligence activities, the existence of information and whether it is acted upon, or not, may only be part of the story. Such presentations may be somewhat "binary". Information gathering is unlikely to be ever "white" or "black", instead, it comes in various shades of grey. You rarely have all of the information that you would want to have. You may also not have all of the information you need. As for taking decisions on the basis of whatever information you may have, the choice is not only about doing nothing and taking action. It is also, and perhaps just importantly, about taking the appropriate action - chosing one option within a range of possibilities.