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Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods but Verify (Studies in Intelligence) 1st Edition

4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 14 ratings

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Professor Sheldon uses the modern concept of the intelligence cycle to trace intelligence activities in Rome whether they were done by private citizens, the government, or the military. Examining a broad range of activities the book looks at the many types of espionage tradecraft that have left their traces in the ancient sources: * intelligence and counterintelligence gathering* covert action* clandestine operations* the use of codes and ciphers Dispelling the myth that such activities are a modern invention, Professor Sheldon explores how these ancient spy stories have modern echoes as well. What is the role of an intelligence service in a free republic? When do the security needs of the state outweigh the rights of the citizen? If we cannot trust our own security services, how safe can we be? Although protected by the Praetorian Guard, seventy-five percent of Roman emperors died by assassination or under attack by pretenders to his throne. Who was guarding the guardians? For students of Rome, and modern social studies too - this will provide a fascinating read.

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Editorial Reviews

About the Author

Rose Mary Sheldon has been a Professor at the Virginia Military Institute since 2000. She received a PhD from the University of Michigan in ancient history in 1987 and has published widely on ancient history.

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Routledge; 1st edition (July 10, 2007)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Paperback ‏ : ‎ 346 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0415452716
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0415452717
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.3 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.14 x 0.78 x 9.21 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 14 ratings

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Customer reviews

4.4 out of 5 stars
14 global ratings
Tinker, Tailor, Caesar, Spy
5 out of 5 stars
Tinker, Tailor, Caesar, Spy
To some extent this is a massive expansion of the second chapter in Dvornik's classic 'The Origins of Intelligence Services', but it also benefits greatly from renewed interest in how the Romans organized and operated their foreign and internal security in actual practice. Although the Romans did not have any organization we can now point to and call "the Roman KGB" or "Roman NSA" they did have spies, scouts, and conduct what we now call "human intelligence" to some degree of success -- as evidenced by the fact that their empire was kept reasonably well informed of internal troublemakers and foreign enemies.This book is clearly written, well organized, and packed with information. Of particular interest is the way in which the author takes well-trod events, such as the disaster at Carrhae and Caesar's invasion of Britain, and breaks it down in terms of how information flowed in an intelligence cycle. Perhaps the most interesting chapter in the entire book is the one dealing with the Roman signalling systems on the frontier, which ranged from foot messengers to semaphore. The only fault I found with the book was the ridiculous amounts of whitespace that only serves to inflate the pagecount, and the poor quality of some of the map graphics.This book makes an outstanding companion to Austin and Rankov's 'Exploratio', and deserves to be on the shelf of anyone interested in Roman frontier studies, the legions, or has an interest in how the Romans kept their population under control and their enemies under surveillance.
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Top reviews from the United States

Reviewed in the United States on June 21, 2009
To some extent this is a massive expansion of the second chapter in Dvornik's classic 'The Origins of Intelligence Services', but it also benefits greatly from renewed interest in how the Romans organized and operated their foreign and internal security in actual practice. Although the Romans did not have any organization we can now point to and call "the Roman KGB" or "Roman NSA" they did have spies, scouts, and conduct what we now call "human intelligence" to some degree of success -- as evidenced by the fact that their empire was kept reasonably well informed of internal troublemakers and foreign enemies.

This book is clearly written, well organized, and packed with information. Of particular interest is the way in which the author takes well-trod events, such as the disaster at Carrhae and Caesar's invasion of Britain, and breaks it down in terms of how information flowed in an intelligence cycle. Perhaps the most interesting chapter in the entire book is the one dealing with the Roman signalling systems on the frontier, which ranged from foot messengers to semaphore. The only fault I found with the book was the ridiculous amounts of whitespace that only serves to inflate the pagecount, and the poor quality of some of the map graphics.

This book makes an outstanding companion to Austin and Rankov's 'Exploratio', and deserves to be on the shelf of anyone interested in Roman frontier studies, the legions, or has an interest in how the Romans kept their population under control and their enemies under surveillance.
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5.0 out of 5 stars Tinker, Tailor, Caesar, Spy
Reviewed in the United States on June 21, 2009
To some extent this is a massive expansion of the second chapter in Dvornik's classic 'The Origins of Intelligence Services', but it also benefits greatly from renewed interest in how the Romans organized and operated their foreign and internal security in actual practice. Although the Romans did not have any organization we can now point to and call "the Roman KGB" or "Roman NSA" they did have spies, scouts, and conduct what we now call "human intelligence" to some degree of success -- as evidenced by the fact that their empire was kept reasonably well informed of internal troublemakers and foreign enemies.

This book is clearly written, well organized, and packed with information. Of particular interest is the way in which the author takes well-trod events, such as the disaster at Carrhae and Caesar's invasion of Britain, and breaks it down in terms of how information flowed in an intelligence cycle. Perhaps the most interesting chapter in the entire book is the one dealing with the Roman signalling systems on the frontier, which ranged from foot messengers to semaphore. The only fault I found with the book was the ridiculous amounts of whitespace that only serves to inflate the pagecount, and the poor quality of some of the map graphics.

This book makes an outstanding companion to Austin and Rankov's 'Exploratio', and deserves to be on the shelf of anyone interested in Roman frontier studies, the legions, or has an interest in how the Romans kept their population under control and their enemies under surveillance.
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Reviewed in the United States on July 6, 2021
The author's expertise really shines through here. I was primarily interested in the chapter about Hannibal's military and intelligence activities, which comes early in the book. Considering that tradecraft itself would generally not be documented, she's done an amazing job of piecing together material from the surviving accounts and creating a very readable, insightful narrative. Each chapter has extensive endnotes for further research.
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Reviewed in the United States on April 7, 2013
Sheldon's in-depth analysis of ancient Roman intelligence gathering, its uses, and its successes and failures is highly illuminating. In addition, Sheldon examines how information was transmitted between commanders, forts, and armies in the field and Rome. She combines new information from her own and others' research with previously known data to formulate a more thorough picture of Roman intelligence activities. This is a highly recommended book for anyone interested in ancient Rome, ancient warfare, or the history of intelligence gathering and transmission.
2 people found this helpful
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Reviewed in the United States on July 24, 2015
RM Sheldon has created an expansive and detailed study of classical military and civil intelligence techniques; an all too often under-researched and undervalued facet of the comprehensive study of Roman Imperial times (and also includes other eras and regions, such as Parthia). I absolutely love this book.
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Reviewed in the United States on June 23, 2012
This is a book written by colonel Rose Mary Sheldon, a historian of intelligence activities through the Ages. It focuses on Roman intelligence from the Early days of the Republic to the reign of Diocletien (AD 284-305). It is targeted at a general audience and at students in intelligence activities, hence a number of parallels and comparisons with modern intelligence and security services that traditional historians might find sometimes a bit excessive and annoying. However, the author is very careful NOT to push such comparisons too far and does stress throughout her book that the Romans had nothing really equivalent to the modern FBI or CIA. Moreover, she also shows the extent to which Roman intelligence developed - or rather evolved - over time, with a host of private intelligence networks during the times of the Republic, when each major Senatorial House had its own and used it to get an edge on the other competing families.

Despite being easy to read, this is an excellently researched book that pulls together the autor's own work (several dozens of specialised articles) and most - of not all - existing work in the field up to 2005 that most of us (starting with myself!) have probably never heard about. Particularly interesting are the chapters and pieces telling the story of Rome's major intelligence failures - during the Second Punic War against Hannibal, the intelligence failures of Caesar in Britain and the disasters of Crassus and Varus in particular.

Another quality of this book is to show how the self-centered senatorial aristocracy during the Republic tended to privilege the advancement of their own careers and how, from Augustus onwards, the Emperor privilegied his own personal security which was always threatened, regardless of whether the emperor in question has come down to us as being a "good" or a "bad" own. This is understandable, to the extent that the Roman elites were ultra-competitive, ruthless and murderous, and because some provinces (Judea being a prime example, although not the only one) were always ready to rebel. However, Sheldon contends that this concerns, however understantable and legitimate, could also distract from what was happening beyond the frontiers.

Sheldon is rather more circumspect as to whether Roman intelligence failed or was successful, and quite rightly so because an informed judgment seems rather impossible to make. This is partly because of the length of the period, during which they were obviously not only resounding failures, but also because, unlike these failures, you simply do not learn much - and mostly do not learn at all - about the successful operations.

A few issues could perhaps have been further discussed

One is the decision to end this book with Diocletian, claiming that with him, and as a result of the "crisis of third century", all had changed and that this was enhanced by the reforms that he introduced, which were geared at transforming the Empire into a vast logistical basis for the army. As always, things may not have been as clear-cut as they are made out tp be post fact. For instance, many of Diocletian reforms had their roots in previous attempts made by some of his less lucky predecessors. Also, these mostly pragmatic reforms were the outcomes of what we would call today "lessons learnt". The point here is that the is more continuity than what the author may be prepared to admit, including in the areas of intelligence, although I perfectly understand that, given the size that this book had already reached, telling the second half of the story would indeed require a second volume of the sale size.

A second is the tendancy that a number of historians have to portray Diocletian's regime as "totalitarian" and having killed what was left of the Republic's liberties, and Augustus' regime as being milder in comparison and having sought to preserve these liberties. Here, Sheldon gives short thrift to such oversimplifications, showing that few (the Senatorial families) really benefited from these liberties, and that Augustus preserved the appearances, but not the reality of such "liberties". However, at times, Sheldon can seem almost ambivalent. The agentes in rebus and the absolutist State are portrayed as "Bigh Brother is watching you" but, at the same time, she does acknowledge that statements about the end of the liberties inherited from the Republic are rather disingeneous. The Roman Empire under Augustus was just about as much a dictatorship based in military force than it was under Diocletian or Constantin. The differences, which she does point out, were the context - Rome's ennemies had grown stronger and the fact that the concentration of all powers was not so obvious under Augustus as it became under Diocletian and his successors. Although Sheldon emphasizes it, I am not entirely convinced by the idea that there was a balance of powers up to the third century and no such balance afterwards. If this alludes to Senatorial opposition, this existed throughout the history of Rome and almost right to the end. Even under Augustus, the "Princeps" was a dictator in the modern sense of the term, although Augustus chose to give the illusion of being only the "first", as oppposed to the only that Diocletian would become. Also, even if there was such a balance, it largely reflects the power of the Emperor himself: Augustus had no need to be seen as Jovian, a living God and the incarnation of Eternal Rome. By the time he came to the throne, Diocletian definitly felt such a need.

Another point which could be qualified and which might have needed further discussion is the statement that intelligence gathering is "the second oldest trade in the world". In addition from being a rather "easy" and "eye-catching" statement, this could be seen as being almost a truism. To the extent that relations between humans have been based on power and use of force for millenia, and because intelligence activities have been defined so widly by the author, intelligence gathering, or gathering information on rivals and ennemies, whether real ones or potential ones, is as old as the power relationships themselves.

Finally, assessing success or failure of intelligence activities, the existence of information and whether it is acted upon, or not, may only be part of the story. Such presentations may be somewhat "binary". Information gathering is unlikely to be ever "white" or "black", instead, it comes in various shades of grey. You rarely have all of the information that you would want to have. You may also not have all of the information you need. As for taking decisions on the basis of whatever information you may have, the choice is not only about doing nothing and taking action. It is also, and perhaps just importantly, about taking the appropriate action - chosing one option within a range of possibilities.
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Top reviews from other countries

N. Brown
5.0 out of 5 stars superb
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on September 25, 2011
A superb study. Accessible and authoritative, this book provides incisive conclusions and numerous examples in each section. The conclusions drawn are logical and insightful and RM Sheldon does an excellent job of connecting military intelligence in Roman times to other historical eras and the modern world. The text is also backed up by thorough academic technique and very useful notes and bibliography.