Voiceless retroflex fricative
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʂ⟩ in IPA From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʂ⟩ in IPA From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʂ⟩ which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of ⟨s⟩ (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.
Voiceless retroflex fricative | |||
---|---|---|---|
ʂ | |||
IPA number | 136 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ʂ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0282 | ||
X-SAMPA | s` | ||
Braille | |||
|
Some scholars also posit the voiceless retroflex approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ɻ̊⟩.
Features of the voiceless retroflex fricative:
In the following transcriptions, diacritics may be used to distinguish between apical [ʂ̺] and laminal [ʂ̻].
The commonality of [ʂ] cross-linguistically is 6% in a phonological analysis of 2155 languages.[1]
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abkhaz | амш/amš | [amʂ] | 'day' | See Abkhaz phonology | |
Adyghe | пшъашъэ/pšáša | ⓘ | 'girl' | Laminal. | |
Chinese | Mandarin | 石/shí | [ʂ̺ɻ̩˧˥] | 'stone' | Apical. See Mandarin phonology |
Emilian-Romagnol | Romagnol | sé | [ˈʂĕ] | 'yes' | Apical; may be [s̺ʲ] or [ʃ] instead. |
Faroese | fýrs | [fʊʂ] | 'eighty' | ||
bert | [pɛɻ̊ʈ] | 'only' | Devoiced approximant allophone of /r/.[2] See Faroese phonology | ||
Hindustani | Hindi | कष्ट/kašť | [ˈkəʂʈ] | 'trouble' | See Hindi phonology |
Kannada | ಕಷ್ಟ/kašťa | [kɐʂʈɐ] | 'difficult' | Only in loanwords. See Kannada phonology. | |
Kazakh | шағын, şağın | [ʂɑɣɯn] | 'small, compact' | See Kazakh phonology | |
Khanty | Most northern dialects | шаш/šaš | [ʂɑʂ] | 'knee' | Corresponds to a voiceless retroflex affricate /ʈ͡ʂ/ in the southern and eastern dialects. |
Lower Sorbian[3][4] | glažk | [ˈɡläʂk] | 'glass' | ||
Malayalam | കഷ്ടം/kaštam | [kɐʂʈɐm] | 'difficult' | Only occurs in loanwords. | |
Mapudungun[5] | trukur | [ʈ͡ʂʊ̝ˈkʊʂ] | 'fog' | Possible allophone of /ʐ/ in post-nuclear position.[5] | |
Marathi | ऋषी/reši | [r̩ʂiː] | 'sage' | See Marathi phonology | |
Nepali | षष्ठी/sóšthi | [sʌʂʈʰi] | 'Shashthi (day)' | Allophone of /s/ in neighbourhood of retroflex consonants.
See Nepali phonology | |
Norwegian | norsk | [nɔʂk] | 'Norwegian' | Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ in many dialects, including Urban East Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology | |
Oʼodham | Cuk-Ṣon | [tʃʊk ʂɔn] | Tucson | ||
Pashto | Southern dialect | ښودل/šodël | [ʂodəl] | 'to show' | |
Polish | Standard[6] | szum | ⓘ | 'rustle' | After voiceless consonants it is also represented by ⟨rz⟩. When written so, it can be instead pronounced as the voiceless raised alveolar non-sonorant trill by few speakers.[7] It is transcribed /ʃ/ by most Polish scholars. See Polish phonology |
Southeastern Cuyavian dialects[8] | schowali | [ʂxɔˈväli] | 'they hid' | Some speakers. It's a result of hypercorrecting the more popular merger of /ʂ/ and /s/ into [s] (see szadzenie). | |
Suwałki dialect[9] | |||||
Romanian | Moldavian dialects[10] | șură | ['ʂurə] | 'barn' | Apical.[10] See Romanian phonology |
Transylvanian dialects[10] | |||||
Russian[6] | шут/šut | [ʂut̪] | 'jester' | See Russian phonology | |
Serbo-Croatian[11][12] | шал / šal | [ʂȃ̠l] | 'scarf' | Typically transcribed as /ʃ/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
Slovak[13] | šatka | [ˈʂätkä] | 'kerchief' | ||
Swedish | fors | [fɔʂ] | 'rapids' | Allophone of the sequence /rs/ in many dialects, including Central Standard Swedish. See Swedish phonology | |
Tamil | கஷ்டம்/kaštham | [kɐʂʈɐm] | 'difficult' | Only occurs in loanwords, often replaced with /s/. See Tamil phonology | |
Telugu | కష్టం/kaštam | Only occurs in loanwords. See Telugu phonology | |||
Toda[14] | [pɔʂ] | '(clan name)' | Subapical, contrasts /θ s̪ s̠ ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ/.[15] | ||
Torwali[16] | šeš/ݜیݜ | [ʂeʂ] | 'thin rope' | ||
Ubykh | [ʂ̺a] | 'head' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
Ukrainian | шахи/šahy | [ˈʂɑxɪ] | 'chess' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Upper Sorbian | Some dialects[17][18] | [example needed] | — | — | Used in dialects spoken in villages north of Hoyerswerda; corresponds to [ʃ] in standard language.[3] |
Vietnamese | Southern dialects[19] | sữa | [ʂɨə˧ˀ˥] | 'milk' | See Vietnamese phonology |
Yi | ꏂ/shy | [ʂ̺ɹ̩˧] | 'gold' | ||
Yurok[20] | segep | [ʂɛɣep] | 'coyote' | ||
Zapotec | Tilquiapan[21] | [example needed] | — | — | Allophone of /ʃ/ before [a] and [u]. |
Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative | |
---|---|
ɻ̝̊ | |
ɻ̊˔ | |
ʈ˕ | |
IPA number | 152 402B 429 |
Encoding | |
X-SAMPA | r\`_0_r |
Voiceless retroflex approximant | |
---|---|
ɻ̊ | |
IPA number | 152 402A |
Encoding | |
X-SAMPA | r\`_0 |
Features of the voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative:
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