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Amto–Musan is a language family of two closely related but mutually unintelligible Papuan languages, Amto and Siawi, spoken along the Samaia River of Sandaun Province of Papua New Guinea.
| Amto–Musan | |
|---|---|
| Samaia River | |
| Geographic distribution | Samaia River, Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea |
| Linguistic classification | Arai–Samaia or independent language family
|
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | amto1249 |
Languages
Foley (2018) and Usher (2020) agree that the family consists of two languages.[1][2]
- Amto–Musan / Samaia River family
External relationships
Amto–Musan was left unclassified by Ross (2005) (see Papuan languages#Ross (2005)) due to lack of data; Wurm (1975) had posited it as an independent family. The family has typological similarities with the Busa language isolate, but these do not appear to demonstrate a genetic relationship.
Timothy Usher links the Amto–Musan languages to their neighbors, the Arai languages and the Pyu language in as Arai–Samaia stock.[3]
Foley (2018) classifies them separately as an independent language family.[1] Foley also notes that due to heavy contact and trade with Left May languages, Amto–Musan languages have borrowed much cultural vocabulary from Left May.[1]
Cognates
Amto-Musan family cognates listed by Foley (2018):[1]
| gloss | Amto | Musan |
|---|---|---|
| ‘bad’ | supuware | pioware |
| ‘bird’ | ai | ʔai |
| ‘black’ | towan | tewane |
| ‘breast’ | ne | ne |
| ‘ear’ | ye | ʔe |
| ‘eye’ | mo | mene |
| ‘fire’ | mari | mari |
| ‘leaf’ | he | sɛʔ |
| ‘liver’ | tei | teʔ |
| ‘louse’ | nanu | nanu |
| ‘man’ | kyu | yɛnokono |
| ‘mother’ | ena | inaʔ |
| ‘nape’ | tipiyari | tibiare |
| ‘older brother’ | apɔ | aboʔ |
| ‘road’ | mo | mono |
| ‘sago’ | tɔ | tawe |
| ‘tongue’ | həne | hanɛ |
| ‘tooth’ | i | ʔi |
| ‘tree’ | ami | ameʔ |
| ‘water’ | wi | wi |
Possible cognates between the Amto-Musan and Left May families:[1]
Possible loanwords reflecting the close trade relationship between Amto-Musan and Left May speakers:[1]
Vocabulary comparison
The following basic vocabulary words are from Conrad & Dye (1975),[4] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database:[5]
The words cited constitute translation equivalents, whether they are cognate (e.g. tipeki, ʌbɛki for “stone”) or not (e.g. twæ, nani for “head”).
| gloss | Amto | Siawi |
|---|---|---|
| head | twæ | nani |
| hair | (twæ) iwɔ | nanigi |
| ear | ye | eʔ |
| eye | mo | mene |
| nose | ni | Ǐimʌ |
| tooth | i | ʔi |
| tongue | hæne; hʌne | hanɛ |
| louse | nanu | nani |
| dog | hɔ | soː |
| pig | ma | kinʌdiʔ |
| bird | ai | ʔai |
| egg | aiː | iǏɔ |
| blood | nʌkei | hařʔ |
| bone | hae | hařʔ |
| skin | ka | ʔaoko |
| breast | ne | ne |
| tree | amɩ | ameʔ |
| man | kyu | yɛnokono |
| woman | hama | ʔeǏo |
| water | wiː | wi |
| fire | maři | maǏi |
| stone | tipeki | tʌbɛki |
| road, path | mo | mono |
| eat | meːne | pe |
| one | ohu | sʌmo |
| two | kiyaA | himolo |
References
External links
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