Avar language

Avar (магӏарул мацӏ, maǥarul macʼ [maʕarul mat͡sːʼ], "language of the mountains" or авар мацӏ, awar macʼ [ʔaˈwar mat͡sːʼ], "Avar language"), also known as Avaric,^[3][4] is a Northeast Caucasian language of the Avar–Andic subgroup that is spoken by Avars, primarily in Dagestan. In 2010, there were approximately one million speakers in Dagestan and elsewhere in Russia.

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Avar
Avaric, Awar
اوار ماض, авар мацӏ, avar maⱬ , ماعارۇل ماض, магӏарул мацӏ, maⱨarul maⱬ
Pronunciation	[ʔaˈwar mat͡sːʼ] [maʕarul mat͡sʼ]
Native to	North Caucasus, Azerbaijan
Ethnicity	Avars
Native speakers	1,200,000 (2021)[1]
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Avar–Andic Avar
Dialects	see below
Writing system	Cyrillic (current) Georgian, Arabic, Latin (formerly)
Official status
Official language in	Russia  Dagestan
Language codes
ISO 639-1	av – Avaric
ISO 639-2	ava – Avaric
ISO 639-3	Either: ava – Avaric oav – Old Avar
Linguist List	oav – Old Avar
Glottolog	avar1256
Avar
Avar is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[2]
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It is spoken mainly in the western and southern parts of the Russian Caucasus republic of Dagestan, and the Balaken, Zaqatala regions of north-western Azerbaijan.^[1] Some Avars live in other regions of Russia. There are also small communities of speakers living in the Russian republics of Chechnya and Kalmykia; in Georgia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Jordan, and the Marmara Sea region of Turkey. It is spoken by about 1,200,000 people worldwide. UNESCO classifies Avar as vulnerable to extinction.^[5]

It is one of six literary languages of Dagestan, where it is spoken not only by the Avar, but also serves as the language of communication between different ethnic and linguistic groups.

Glottolog lists 14 dialects of Avar, some of which correspond to the villages where they are spoken. The dialects are listed in alphabetical order based on their name in Glottolog:

• Ancux (Antsukh / Анцух)
• Andalal-Gxdatl
• Bacadin
• Batlux
• Hid
• Karax
• Kaxib
• Keleb
• Salatav
• Shulanin
• Untib
• Xunzax (Khunzakh / Xунзах)
• Zakataly
• Zaqatala

There are competing analyses of the distinction transcribed in the table with the length sign ⟨ː⟩. Length is part of the distinction, but so is articulatory strength, so they have been analyzed as fortis and lenis.^{[citation needed]} The fortis affricates are long in the fricative part of the contour, e.g. [tsː] (tss), not in the stop part as in geminate affricates in languages such as Japanese and Italian [tːs] (tts). Laver (1994) analyzes e.g. [t͡ɬː] as a two-segment affricate–fricative sequence [t͡ɬɬ] (/t𐞛ɬ/ = /t^ɬɬ/).^[7]

Avar has five phonemic vowels: /a e i o u/.

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2024)

Avar is an agglutinative language, of SOV order.

Adverbs do not inflect, outside of inflection for noun class in some adverbs of place: e.g. the /b/ in /ʒani-b/ "inside" and /t͡se-b-e/ "in front". Adverbs of place also distinguish locative, allative, and ablative forms suffixally, such as /ʒani-b/ "inside", /ʒani-b-e/ "to the inside", and /ʒani-sa/ "from the inside". /-go/ is an emphatic suffix taken by underived adjectives.

It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Avar alphabets. (Discuss) (June 2024)

There were some attempts to write the Avar language in the Georgian alphabet as early as the 14th century.^[8][9] The use of Arabic script for representing Avar in marginal glosses began in the 15th century. The use of Arabic, which is known as ajam, is still known today.^[9]

Peter von Uslar developed a Cyrillic-based alphabet, published in 1889, that also used some Georgian-based letters. Many of its letters have not been encoded in Unicode. The alphabet takes the following form:^[10] а б в г ӷ д е ж һ і ј к қ л м н о п ԛ р с ҫ т ҭ у х х̓ хّ ц ц̓ ꚑ ч ч̍ чّ /ч̓ ш ƞ ƞ̓ ɳّ ດ

As part of Soviet language re-education policies in 1928 the Ajam was replaced by a Latin alphabet, which in 1938 was in turn replaced by the current Cyrillic script. Essentially, it is the Russian alphabet plus one additional letter called palochka (stick, Ӏ). As that letter cannot be typed with common keyboard layouts, it is often replaced with a capital Latin letter i ( I ), small Latin letter L ( l ), or the numerical digit 1.

The literary language is based on the болмацӏ (bolmacʼ)^{[citation needed]}—bo = "army" or "country", and macʼ = "language"—the common language used between speakers of different dialects and languages. The bolmacʼ in turn was mainly derived from the dialect of Khunzakh, the capital and cultural centre of the Avar region, with some influence from the southern dialects. Nowadays the literary language is influencing the dialects, levelling out their differences.^{[citation needed]}

The most famous figure of modern Avar literature is Rasul Gamzatov (died November 3, 2003), the People's Poet of Dagestan. Translations of his works into Russian have gained him a wide audience all over the former Soviet Union.^{[citation needed]}

• Northeast Caucasian languages
• Languages of the Caucasus