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Search Results (131,119)

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Keywords = chemistry

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3 pages, 1044 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Maksymowicz et al. The Use of Endo-Cellulase and Endo-Xylanase for the Extraction of Apple Pectins as Factors Modifying Their Anticancer Properties and Affecting Their Synergy with the Active Form of Irinotecan. Pharmaceuticals 2022, 15, 732
by Jerzy Maksymowicz, Anna Palko-Łabuz, Beata Sobieszczańska, Mateusz Chmielarz, Mirosława Ferens-Sieczkowska, Magdalena Skonieczna, Agnieszka Wikiera, Olga Wesołowska and Kamila Środa-Pomianek
Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18020152 (registering DOI) - 24 Jan 2025
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
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25 pages, 1826 KiB  
Review
Harnessing Nanotechnology to Enhance Essential Oil Applications
by Hossein Omidian, Luigi X. Cubeddu and Erma J. Gill
Molecules 2025, 30(3), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030520 (registering DOI) - 24 Jan 2025
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) are versatile natural compounds with significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, and therapeutic properties, making them valuable in industries such as food preservation, agriculture, and healthcare. However, their inherent volatility, low water solubility, and susceptibility to environmental degradation limit their direct applications. [...] Read more.
Essential oils (EOs) are versatile natural compounds with significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, antifungal, and therapeutic properties, making them valuable in industries such as food preservation, agriculture, and healthcare. However, their inherent volatility, low water solubility, and susceptibility to environmental degradation limit their direct applications. Nanotechnology offers transformative solutions to these challenges, enhancing the stability, bioavailability, and efficacy of EOs through innovative nano systems such as nano emulsions, encapsulations, and nanocomposites. This study explores the integration of nanotechnology with essential oils, emphasizing advanced preparation techniques, physicochemical properties, and diverse applications. It highlights sustainable approaches, including eco-friendly synthesis and biodegradable carriers, which align with global trends toward green chemistry. By addressing key challenges and proposing future directions, this research underscores the potential of EO nano systems to deliver multifunctional and environmentally conscious solutions for global challenges such as food security, antimicrobial resistance, and sustainable agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesized and Functionalized Nanoparticles in Natural Compounds)
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21 pages, 797 KiB  
Article
The Novel Imipramine–Magnesium Complex Exerts Antidepressant-Like Activity in Mice Subjected to the Forced Swim Test and the Tail Suspension Test
by Anna Serefko, Joanna Lachowicz-Radulska, Aleksandra Szopa, Mariola Herbet, Agnieszka Czylkowska, Katarzyna Ignatiuk, Anna Dołoto, Bernadeta Szewczyk, Sylwia Wośko, Andrzej Wróbel, Jarosław Szponar, Piotr Wlaź, Piotr Skałecki, Jan Wróbel, Weronika Słotwińska and Ewa Poleszak
Molecules 2025, 30(3), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030519 - 23 Jan 2025
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the antidepressant efficacy of a novel imipramine–magnesium (IMI–Mg) complex in comparison to the administration of imipramine and magnesium individually. The study utilized adult male albino Swiss mice. Behavioral assessments were conducted using the forced swim [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to assess the antidepressant efficacy of a novel imipramine–magnesium (IMI–Mg) complex in comparison to the administration of imipramine and magnesium individually. The study utilized adult male albino Swiss mice. Behavioral assessments were conducted using the forced swim test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST). A locomotor activity test was conducted to exclude false positive results in the FST and TST. Moreover, the study assessed oxidative stress levels in the mice subjected to acute environmental stress by measuring glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, total oxidant status, and total antioxidant status. The administration of the IMI–Mg complex at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg resulted in a reduction in immobility time in both behavioral tests, thereby indicating the antidepressant-like potential of the tested complex, which was similar to the one observed after the administration of these two compounds as separate drug forms. The efficacy of the novel IMI–Mg complex represents a significant advancement and provides a foundation for future research. This innovative agent has the potential to enhance the safety profile of the therapy, streamline the treatment protocol, improve patient satisfaction, and promote adherence to the therapeutic regimen. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Compounds in the Treatment of the CNS Disorders, 2nd Edition)
25 pages, 3750 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Profile of Volatile Compounds During the Growing Season in Leaves of Aesculus Trees Differing in Susceptibility to Horse Chestnut Leaf Miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimić)
by Maja Paterska, Hanna Bandurska, Mariusz Dziadas, Bogna Zawieja and Tamara Chadzinikolau
Molecules 2025, 30(3), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030518 - 23 Jan 2025
Abstract
The invasive pest Cameraria ohridella annually colonizes trees of the genus Aesculus across Europe, causing dark brown damage called mines that gradually cover the leaf surface. This study aimed to compare the VOC profiles emitted by chestnut tree leaves with varying susceptibility to [...] Read more.
The invasive pest Cameraria ohridella annually colonizes trees of the genus Aesculus across Europe, causing dark brown damage called mines that gradually cover the leaf surface. This study aimed to compare the VOC profiles emitted by chestnut tree leaves with varying susceptibility to the pest and assess whether these profiles change due to larval feeding. The research involved a susceptible tree (Ae. turbinata) and resistant trees (Ae. glabra and Ae. parviflora). Over three growing seasons (2014, 2015, 2016), leaf damage and the profile of VOCs were analyzed biweekly from May to September. Leaf damage increased progressively in Ae. turbinata during all seasons. The VOC profiles differed both qualitatively and quantitatively among the trees and across years. More VOCs were identified in 2014 and 2015 than in 2016. The susceptible Ae. turbinata exhibited the highest VOC diversity in 2014, aligning with severe leaf damage—profiles of VOCs in Ae. turbinata were different from resistant trees. Statistical analysis revealed that in 2014 and 2015, differences in the profile of VOCs between susceptible and resistant trees were apparent near pest-feeding dates. In 2016, VOCs significantly distinguished the profile of susceptible trees that were present before the appearance of the first generation of the pest. Full article
15 pages, 4154 KiB  
Article
Bioinformatic Selection of Mannose-Specific Lectins from Allium genus as SARS-CoV-2 Inhibitors Analysing Protein–Protein Interaction
by Stefan Isaković, Milan Senćanski, Vladimir Perović, Kristina Stevanović and Ivana Prodić
Abstract
Mannose-specific lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins known for their antiviral potential. This study uses a bioinformatic approach to investigate the possibility of lectins from Allium sativum (garlic) and Allium ursinum (wild garlic) as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 entry. The information spectrum method (ISM) identified key [...] Read more.
Mannose-specific lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins known for their antiviral potential. This study uses a bioinformatic approach to investigate the possibility of lectins from Allium sativum (garlic) and Allium ursinum (wild garlic) as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 entry. The information spectrum method (ISM) identified key interaction frequencies between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and these lectins, explicitly targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and glycosylated asparagine residues, including N234. Lectins from Allium species showed a high affinity for oligomannose-type glycans on the spike protein, potentially blocking virus entry by preventing the spike-ACE2 receptor interaction. We propose that Allium lectins are promising candidates for further experimental validation as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors, offering potential therapeutic applications in managing viral infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology)
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12 pages, 2149 KiB  
Article
ABA and Pre-Harvest Sprouting Differences in Knockout Lines of OsPHS3 Encoding Carotenoid Isomerase via CRISPR/Cas9 in Rice
by Yu-Jin Jung, Jiyun Go, Jin-Young Kim, Hyo-Ju Lee, Jong-Hee Kim, Hye-Mi Lee, Yong-Gu Cho and Kwon-Kyoo Kang
Abstract
We generated and characterized knockout mutant lines of the OsPHS3 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The knockout lines of the OsPHS3 gene showed that 1 bp and 7 bp deletion, early termination codons were used for protein production. Agronomic characteristics of knock-out lines [...] Read more.
We generated and characterized knockout mutant lines of the OsPHS3 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The knockout lines of the OsPHS3 gene showed that 1 bp and 7 bp deletion, early termination codons were used for protein production. Agronomic characteristics of knock-out lines were reduced in plant height, culm diameter, panicle length, seed size and weight, except for the number of tillers. In addition, we analyzed the expression levels of carotenoid biosynthesis genes by qRT-PCR. Among the genes encoding carotenoid metabolic pathway enzymes, the level of transcripts of PSY1, PSY2, PSY3, PDS and ZDS were higher in the KO lines than in the WT line. In contrast, transcription of the ε-LCY, β-LCY and ZEP1 genes were downregulated in the KO lines compared to the WT line. Also, the KO lines decreased carotenoid content and ABA amount compared to WT, while preharvest sprouts increased. These results suggested that they would certainly help explain the molecular mechanisms of PHS in other crops, such as wheat and barley, which are susceptible to PHS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)
12 pages, 1670 KiB  
Article
A Simple Technique for Studying the Interaction of Polypropylene-Based Microplastics with Adherent Mammalian Cells Using a Holder
by Magdalena Obłoza, Magdalena Ścibor, Marta Kaczor-Kamińska and Kamil Kamiński
Molecules 2025, 30(3), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030516 - 23 Jan 2025
Abstract
Microplastics pose a great challenge to human health and could prove to be the most dangerous environmental contaminant of the 21st century. The study presented here is an attempt at proposing a new methodology for studying the interaction of microplastics with adherent mammalian [...] Read more.
Microplastics pose a great challenge to human health and could prove to be the most dangerous environmental contaminant of the 21st century. The study presented here is an attempt at proposing a new methodology for studying the interaction of microplastics with adherent mammalian cells using aides. The disposable holders proposed here provide direct contact between microplastics (with a density lower than that of water) and cells in the course of culturing, which is necessary as we postulate the existence of an interaction. Using several microscopic methods (confocal fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)), we have observed that this interaction causes a non-destructive penetration of the cell monolayer and adhesion of microplastics to the cell surface. The Caco-2 cells were used for the experiments. The said cells are the approximation of the digestive system, which, due to the presence of plastics in drinking water, is particularly vulnerable to direct interactions with these contaminants. Model microplastics were obtained by grinding pellets of chemically pure polypropylene. The imaging of cells in both space and on the surface was supplemented by an assay to determine the cell welfare in the studied microplastic-exposed models, which did not show the occurrence of apoptosis or necrosis after a 24 h exposure. Full article
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23 pages, 1262 KiB  
Article
Design, Synthesis, and Anti-Tyrosinase, Anti-Melanogenic, and Antioxidant Activities of Novel (Z)-3-Benzyl-5-Benzylidene-2-Thioxothiazolidin-4-One Analogs
by Hyeon Seo Park, Hee Jin Jung, Hye Soo Park, Hye Jin Kim, Yujin Park, Pusoon Chun, Hae Young Chung and Hyung Ryong Moon
Molecules 2025, 30(3), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030517 - 23 Jan 2025
Abstract
To discover novel anti-melanogenic compounds with tyrosinase inhibitory activity, (Z)-3-benzyl-5-benzylidene-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one ((Z)-BBTT) analogs 112, designed based on the hybrid structure of a β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl motif and a 3-benzyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one scaffold, were synthesized as novel tyrosinase inhibitors. Of the 12 [...] Read more.
To discover novel anti-melanogenic compounds with tyrosinase inhibitory activity, (Z)-3-benzyl-5-benzylidene-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one ((Z)-BBTT) analogs 112, designed based on the hybrid structure of a β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl motif and a 3-benzyl-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one scaffold, were synthesized as novel tyrosinase inhibitors. Of the 12 analogs, 2 (6 and 8) showed mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity similar to that of kojic acid, a representative tyrosinase inhibitor, and 3 analogs (13) exhibited mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity that was more potent than that of kojic acid. In particular, analog 3 revealed highly potent inhibition with an IC50 value of 90 nM, which was 214 times lower than that of kojic acid (IC50 value = 19.22 μM). A kinetic study using mushroom tyrosinase and analogs 13 and 6 demonstrated that these analogs were competitive inhibitors, which was further supported by in silico studies. Analogs 1 and 3 have strong anti-melanogenic potency in B16F10 mammalian cells owing to their anti-tyrosinase activity without perceptible cytotoxicity in melanoma cells (B16F10) and the main epidermal cells (HaCaT). Moreover, analog 3 exhibited strong antioxidant capacity, scavenging reactive oxygen species, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical, partially contributing to its anti-melanogenic effect. (Z)-BBTT analogs, including analog 3, may be promising candidates for inhibiting melanin production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heterocyclic Compounds for Drug Design and Drug Discovery)
17 pages, 706 KiB  
Review
Photocatalytic Degradation of Mycotoxins by Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
by Yawei Huang, Muyue Li and Jing Liu
Catalysts 2025, 15(2), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15020112 - 23 Jan 2025
Abstract
Mycotoxins are highly toxic secondary metabolites that can pose a serious threat to food safety, human health, and the environment. As a promising detoxification method, photocatalysis has shown great potential for mycotoxin degradation due to its high efficiency, low cost, and green advantages. [...] Read more.
Mycotoxins are highly toxic secondary metabolites that can pose a serious threat to food safety, human health, and the environment. As a promising detoxification method, photocatalysis has shown great potential for mycotoxin degradation due to its high efficiency, low cost, and green advantages. Heterogeneous photocatalysis using a semiconductor as a mediator is now regarded as an effective approach for mycotoxin degradation. The aim of this study was to review the recent developments, mainly in the photocatalytic degradation of mycotoxin (e.g., AFB1, FB1, DON, and ZEN). The principle, feasibility, and main semiconducting catalysts of mycotoxin photodegradation are introduced and discussed, including metal oxides (transition, noble, and rare earth metals), carbons (graphene, carbon nitride, and biochar) and other composites (MOFs and LDHs). This review will contribute to the development of semiconductor photocatalysts and photocatalytic degradation for mycotoxins decontamination. Full article
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14 pages, 1860 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Quinoxaline-Fused Cyclopenta[cd]azulene
by Tomohiro Oda, Yuina Onishi, Akihito Konishi and Makoto Yasuda
Abstract
Azulene-based polycyclic hydrocarbons have garnered much attention as potential materials for organic optoelectronic devices and as molecular models for graphene nanosheets with structural defects. Although various methods for ring fusions to an azulene core have been established for ring fusions to an azulene [...] Read more.
Azulene-based polycyclic hydrocarbons have garnered much attention as potential materials for organic optoelectronic devices and as molecular models for graphene nanosheets with structural defects. Although various methods for ring fusions to an azulene core have been established for ring fusions to an azulene core, efficient synthetic methodologies for ortho- and peri-fusion to an azulene core are still lacking, which hinders the investigation of the effect of the ortho- and peri-fusion on the electronic properties of the embedded azulene core. Herein, we describe the synthesis and characterization of quinoxaline-fused cyclopenta[cd]azulene 4 as a new ortho- and peri-fused azulene derivative. The target molecule 4 was successfully synthesized in four steps from 4-methylazulene. The ring annulation decreased the lowest excitation energy compared with that of azulene and its structural isomer 5 and led to multiple reversible reduction processes. Characterization of the molecular geometry and optoelectronic properties of 4 revealed that the embedded azulene core preserves its original aromaticity, while the fused quinoxaline acts as a nucleophilic and basic site. These features suggest that 4 could serve as a metal ligand, a near-infrared absorber, and a component in organic functional devices. Full article
16 pages, 1160 KiB  
Article
Thermal Degradation of Polymer Composites Based on Unsaturated-Polyester-Resin- and Vinyl-Ester-Resin- Filled Kraft Lignin
by Nadiia V. Siharova, Przemysław Pączkowski, Yuriy I. Sementsov, Serhiy V. Zhuravsky, Mykola V. Borysenko, Andriy D. Terets, Olexandr V. Mischanchuk, Mariia I. Terets, Yulia V. Hrebelna and Barbara Gawdzik
Materials 2025, 18(3), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18030524 - 23 Jan 2025
Abstract
The creation of heat-resistant polymers represents one of the most significant challenges and priorities in contemporary scientific research. The incorporation of a filler of analogous nature and content into disparate types of resins will facilitate the identification of the relationship between properties and [...] Read more.
The creation of heat-resistant polymers represents one of the most significant challenges and priorities in contemporary scientific research. The incorporation of a filler of analogous nature and content into disparate types of resins will facilitate the identification of the relationship between properties and the structure of macromolecular chains in synthetic resins that function as composite matrices. The objective of this study was to ascertain the impact of lignin at 5 and 15% by weight on the thermal degradation of two resin-based composites with disparate structural compositions. The thermal decomposition products of the composites were determined by the method of temperature-programmed desorption mass spectroscopy (TPD MS). The thermal oxidative degradation patterns of polymer composites were investigated through derivatography (Q–1500D). It was demonstrated that the incorporation of lignin in modest quantities has a negligible impact on the thermal stability of the composites. Notably, the temperature at which the composites undergo thermal decomposition during thermal oxidation degradation exhibits a variation of over 10 °C, suggesting that the utilisation of lignin holds promise for the development of environmentally benign and cost-effective materials for diverse industrial applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Polymers and Nanocomposites)
16 pages, 1859 KiB  
Article
Post-Industrial Recycled Polypropylene for Automotive Application: Mechanical Properties After Thermal Ageing
by Matilde Arese, Ilaria Bolliri, Gabriele Ciaccio and Valentina Brunella
Processes 2025, 13(2), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020315 - 23 Jan 2025
Abstract
The transport sector’s impact on climate change and energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has raised significant concerns, prompting the automotive industry to transition towards greener solutions. This includes producing lighter vehicles with sustainable materials, like recycled plastics. Understanding the behavior of these new [...] Read more.
The transport sector’s impact on climate change and energy-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has raised significant concerns, prompting the automotive industry to transition towards greener solutions. This includes producing lighter vehicles with sustainable materials, like recycled plastics. Understanding the behavior of these new recycled compounds is crucial, especially regarding their response to ageing and stress conditions throughout a vehicle’s lifecycle. This study aims to investigate the mechanical property variations of virgin and recycled talc-filled polypropylene (PP) compounds used in the automotive industry, emphasizing the effects of thermal ageing after recycling. Polypropylene samples with different talc concentrations and post-industrial recycled content percentages are examined. Thermal (TGA and DSC) and spectral (FT-IR) analysis reveal structural changes due to recycling-induced thermo-mechanical degradation. A multi-axial impact test shows varied ductile and brittle behaviors between virgin and recycled PP, influenced by filler content. Impact strength, tensile, and flexural properties are assessed, highlighting differences between virgin and recycled PP, but maintaining properties over ageing time. Despite thermo-oxidative degradation from recycling and thermal ageing, the mechanical performance of recycled polypropylene materials remains unaffected, making them a viable sustainable alternative for the automotive industry. Full article
27 pages, 3957 KiB  
Article
Simarouba berteroana Krug & Urb. Extracts and Fractions Possess Anthelmintic Activity Against Eggs and Larvae of Multidrug-Resistant Haemonchus contortus
by Marcos Javier Espino Ureña, Albert Katchborian-Neto, José Ribamar Garcez Neto, Francisco Flávio da Silva Lopes, Selene Maia de Morais, Vitor Eduardo Narciso dos Reis, Carmen Lúcia Cardoso, Lorena Mayana Beserra de Oliveira, Claudio Viegas Jr., Marcos José Marques and Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro
Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(2), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12020090 - 23 Jan 2025
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematode infections significantly impact small ruminant production, causing substantial economic losses worldwide. The rising resistance to anthelmintics has led to the search for alternative treatments, including phytotherapeutic approaches. This study investigates the chemical composition and anthelmintic activity of crude extracts and fractions [...] Read more.
Gastrointestinal nematode infections significantly impact small ruminant production, causing substantial economic losses worldwide. The rising resistance to anthelmintics has led to the search for alternative treatments, including phytotherapeutic approaches. This study investigates the chemical composition and anthelmintic activity of crude extracts and fractions from Simarouba berteroana, an endemic plant from Hispaniola, against a multidrug-resistant isolate of Haemonchus contortus. Chemical analyses revealed high contents of phenolic compounds, tannins, and flavonoids and confirmed the presence of 22 quassinoids, 5 phytosterol lipids, 3 terpenoid quinones, 3 alkaloids, and 1 naphthoquinone. The hydroalcoholic and iso-butanol fractions showed the strongest egg hatching inhibition (IC50 = 0.93 and 1.21 mg/mL, respectively), while hexane fractions were less effective (p < 0.05). Fluorescence microscopy showed that the extracts and fractions adhered to eggshells, causing evisceration and cuticle detachment in hatched larvae. All extracts, except for hexane fractions, inhibited larval exsheathment at 0.3 mg/mL, with phenolic compounds being responsible for this effect. These results provide the first evidence of the ovicidal and larval exsheathment inhibition activities of S. berteroana extracts and fractions against H. contortus, highlighting their potential in managing gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm these findings. Full article
15 pages, 2866 KiB  
Article
Prophylactically Feeding Manganese to Drosophila Confers Sex-Specific Protection from Acute Ionizing Radiation Independent of MnSOD2 Levels
by Robert P. Volpe, Aditya Sen, Ajay Sharma, Venkatesan Kathiresan, Brian M. Hoffman and Rachel T. Cox
Antioxidants 2025, 14(2), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14020134 - 23 Jan 2025
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is a health threat to many, including warfighters, radiological emergency responders, radiotherapy patients, and astronauts. Despite this, no FDA-approved prophylactic medical countermeasures exist to attenuate the symptoms that occur from radiation exposure. Manganese has recently been shown to be critical for [...] Read more.
Ionizing radiation is a health threat to many, including warfighters, radiological emergency responders, radiotherapy patients, and astronauts. Despite this, no FDA-approved prophylactic medical countermeasures exist to attenuate the symptoms that occur from radiation exposure. Manganese has recently been shown to be critical for radioresistance in a wide range of organisms. In this study, we designed a stringent feeding method to test the prophylactic effects of dietary manganese on Drosophila’s lifespan before exposure to acute irradiation. We found that male flies have substantially lower radioresistance than females, but feeding with low doses of MnCl2 before acute irradiation exposure extends male survival to that of females. Whole animal electron paramagnetic resonance analyses showed males have lower amounts of high-symmetry manganese-metabolite antioxidant complexes (H-Mn) than females, but manganese supplementation increases H-Mn to female levels. Levels of mitochondrial free-radical scavenger manganese-superoxide-dismutase 2 (MnSOD2) did not increase after acute irradiation, nor did loss of MnSOD2 sensitize larvae to acute irradiation exposure. These data support that prophylactic manganese feeding is sufficient to increase survivorship in males subjected to acute irradiation, independent of MnSOD2 levels, indicating a role of antioxidant manganese-metabolite H-Mn complexes for radioprotection. Furthermore, this Drosophila feeding method could be used to identify additional radiation countermeasures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radioprotective Effects of Antioxidants)
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28 pages, 3925 KiB  
Review
CO2 to Methanol Conversion: A Bibliometric Analysis with Insights into Reaction Mechanisms, and Recent Advances in Catalytic Conversion
by Shahdev Sajnani, Mazhar Ahmed Memon, Shabir Ahmed Memon, Akash Kumar, Darakhshan Mehvish, Somavia Ameen, Mukarama, Wei Zhou and Yuan Liu
Processes 2025, 13(2), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13020314 (registering DOI) - 23 Jan 2025
Abstract
The rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) necessitate urgent and effective strategies for its capture and utilization. Among the various CO2 valorization pathways, the conversion of CO2 into methanol has gained considerable attention due to its dual role [...] Read more.
The rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) necessitate urgent and effective strategies for its capture and utilization. Among the various CO2 valorization pathways, the conversion of CO2 into methanol has gained considerable attention due to its dual role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and serving as a renewable fuel and chemical feedstock. This review uniquely combines bibliometric analysis of 13,289 peer-reviewed publications (2012–2023) with an evaluation of Cu-based catalyst advancements, addressing critical gaps in the literature. A bibliometric analysis highlights the key trends, collaborations, and research gaps in the field. Among the catalytic systems, noble metals, though highly active, are uneconomical for large-scale applications, while non-noble metals, such as nickel, exhibit limited activity due to undesired reaction pathways. In comparison, Cu-based catalysts overcome these challenges by offering a balance of activity, selectivity, and cost-effectiveness. Special emphasis is placed on the CO2 to methanol conversion pathways, with insights into thermodynamic constraints, emerging solutions, and potential directions for future research. By consolidating the current state of knowledge, this review identifies significant opportunities for advancing CO2 conversion technologies, particularly in methanol synthesis, positioning it as a promising strategy for sustainable carbon management and energy production. Full article
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