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The Evolution and Future Prospects of Combustion Engines for Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "I2: Energy and Combustion Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2025 | Viewed by 2347

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Vikas Sharma

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Architecture Technology and Engineering, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4G, UK
Interests: biofuel; biodiesel production; fuel characterisation; biomass pyrolysis; engine combustion; advanced LTC combustion/dual fuel combustion RCCI; HCCI; PCCI; nano-additives and emulsified fuel combustion; hydrogen and ammonia combustion
Dr. Justin Jacob Thomas

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Vehicle Centre of Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
Interests: engine combustion and emissions; low temperature combustion; low carbon fuels; alternative fuels; biodiesel; bio alcohols; hydrogen combustion in IC engines; combustion analysis; HCCI; RCCI; PCCI combustion technology; prechamber and turbulent ignition for IC engines
Dr. Valter Bruno Silva

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
Interests: biofuel; biodiesel production; fuel characterisation; biomass pyrolysis; engine combustion; advanced LTC combustion/dual fuel combustion RCCI; HCCI; PCCI; nano-additives and emulsified fuel combustion; hydrogen and ammonia combustion

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to delve into the forefront of research surrounding sustainable internal combustion (IC) engines. It will gather original research articles and reviews to showcase innovative solutions for reducing engine emissions while maintaining efficiency. Given the escalating energy costs due to fuel scarcity and the introduction of Euro 7 emission norms, the focus is on advancing combustion technologies and their application in IC to address this challenge.

The objective is to foster the exchange of ideas, experiences, and research findings across various combustion science and technology domains. This includes exploring the physical and chemical aspects of both traditional and emerging fuel sources; understanding combustion kinetics, emissions, and particulate matter; and investigating novel combustion technologies such as dual-fuel systems and the use of alternative fuels like hydrogen, ammonia, biomethane, biofuels, and e-fuels.

Additionally, this Special Issue will explore the effects of additives such as nanoparticles and emulsified fuels, as well as advancements in fuel spray and combustion modelling for IC engines. By addressing these research themes, we aim to bridge existing knowledge gaps and pave the way for the redesign of sustainable combustion engines for power generation.

Dr. Vikas Sharma
Dr. Justin Jacob Thomas
Dr. Valter Bruno Silva
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • alternative fuels
  • carbon free fuel
  • combustion technology
  • fuel spray
  • CFD modeling

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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24 pages, 3704 KiB  
Article
Performance Analysis of a Compressor Rotor Dedicated to Low-Power Drive Systems
by Natalia Kapela, Karolina Wyżkiewicz and Andrzej Frąckowiak
Energies 2025, 18(1), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010123 - 31 Dec 2024
Viewed by 265
Abstract
This study investigates the efficiency evaluation of a compressor rotor designed for drive units requiring compressors with a power demand of less than 30 kW. The primary aim of the research presented in this article is to assess the feasibility of utilizing axial [...] Read more.
This study investigates the efficiency evaluation of a compressor rotor designed for drive units requiring compressors with a power demand of less than 30 kW. The primary aim of the research presented in this article is to assess the feasibility of utilizing axial compressors to maintain high efficiency across a broad range of rotor speeds. A critical challenge in the considered power range is the occurrence of low Reynolds numbers, specifically those below 250,000. This research seeks to identify the underlying causes of efficiency degradation at low Reynolds numbers and determine the rotor’s geometric parameters which most significantly influence the localized efficiency drop. Compressor efficiency was evaluated through numerical simulations. The numerical model was validated using experimental data and subjected to a grid independence study. Simulations were conducted for nine geometric configurations of the axial compressor rotor, with modifications to parameters such as the blade angle, blade thickness, blade solidity, and hub-to-tip ratio. For each configuration, a series of simulations was performed at rotor speeds ranging from 400 RPM to 2400 RPM. The simulation results indicated that the blade angle solidity was the most influential parameter affecting efficiency. A reduction in the blade angle led to approximately a 20% decrease in efficiency, primarily due to localized flow separation near the blade tip. Additionally, altering the number of blades caused a 20% efficiency reduction attributed to hub corner separation. The findings enabled the identification of optimal parameters, which will serve as a foundation for efficiency testing in the multistage configuration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution and Future Prospects of Combustion Engines for Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact)
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20 pages, 4418 KiB  
Article
Vibroacoustic Study of a Miniature Jet Engine Under Blade-Casing Rubbing Condition
by Bartłomiej Cywka, Wojciech Prokopowicz, Bartosz Ciupek, Grzegorz M. Szymański, Daniel Mokrzan and Andrzej Frąckowiak
Energies 2025, 18(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010027 - 25 Dec 2024
Viewed by 403
Abstract
Turbine engines are currently one of the most important and expensive aircraft components. Both for economic and safety reasons, high engine reliability is required. Therefore, sophisticated methods are needed to determine their current condition. Diagnostics of turbine engines allow for the detection of [...] Read more.
Turbine engines are currently one of the most important and expensive aircraft components. Both for economic and safety reasons, high engine reliability is required. Therefore, sophisticated methods are needed to determine their current condition. Diagnostics of turbine engines allow for the detection of faults before they lead to damage. The article presents methods and results of vibroacoustic diagnostics of a miniature GTM400 jet engine adapted to kerosene and hydrogen fuel supply. During thermal and vibroacoustic tests of engine parameters powered by hydrogen fuel supply, the engine seized up in the initial start-up phase due to improper control and rapid thermal changes in the gas line. The cause of the undesirable technical condition of the engine was a significantly higher temperature of gases (exhaust gases) affecting the working elements of the engine (turbine shaft, rotor, and blades), which consequently led to engine damage. This phenomenon and the results obtained from the unexpected technical condition constitute a valuable premise for considering the issue of proper operation of the turbojet engine during fuel changes, especially following current trends related to the decarbonization of the aviation sector. The obtained research results and the resulting observations and conclusions make it necessary to perform technical analyses and pre-implementation tests each time before allowing the use of a conventional engine if it undergoes the process of reconstruction in terms of using a new fuel (especially if its technical parameters are different from the originally used one). The presented method of conducting tests allows for a detailed determination of the causes of damage to the cooperating elements of the engine structure under the influence of changes in operating parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution and Future Prospects of Combustion Engines for Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact)
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18 pages, 3995 KiB  
Article
An Assessment of the Performance and Emissions of an Otto Power Generator Group Operating with Wet Ethanol at a High Volumetric Compression Ratio
by Vinícius Guerra Moreira, Sérgio de Morais Hanriot, Tales Nazareno, Bruno Eustáquio Pires Ferreira, Rafael Motter Juliatti, Hairton Júnior José da Silveira and Cristiana Brasil Maia
Energies 2024, 17(23), 6187; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236187 - 8 Dec 2024
Viewed by 461
Abstract
This work presents an experimental study of the performance and emissions of an internal combustion engine operating in the Otto cycle with a high volumetric compression ratio (17:1). The engine was initially fueled with the standard ethanol used in Brazil, with 7% distilled [...] Read more.
This work presents an experimental study of the performance and emissions of an internal combustion engine operating in the Otto cycle with a high volumetric compression ratio (17:1). The engine was initially fueled with the standard ethanol used in Brazil, with 7% distilled water (E93W07); we then studied the effects of using different ethanol-in-water mixtures, or ‘wet ethanol’, with 17%, 27%, 37%, and 47% distilled water concentrations. The tests were carried out with power loads of 5.0–25.0 kW at 5.0 kW intervals and with power loads of 27.5–35.0 kW at 2.5 kW intervals, whether by adding up the loads or by taking them away. The ignition timing was changed to evaluate each load imposed on the engine to avoid knocking. Specific fuel consumption (SFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and total hydrocarbon content (THC), as well as the internal pressure in the cylinder and the heat release rate, were measured, and the results are compared. The results show a reduction in CO and NOx and an increase in THC emissions. However, there were no significant changes in CO2 emissions when the distilled water percentage in ethanol increased. Regarding the brake thermal efficiency, it was observed that it remained approximately constant for all blends, with the same load being applied to the engine shaft, reaching a maximum value of 35%. The results obtained confirm the technical feasibility of operating an internal combustion engine in the Otto cycle with a high volumetric compression ratio using ethanol with up to 47% distilled water without significant loss of performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution and Future Prospects of Combustion Engines for Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact)
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Review

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29 pages, 5595 KiB  
Review
A Review of Ammonia Combustion and Emissions Characteristics in Spark-Ignition Engines and Future Road Map
by Vikas Sharma, Angad Panesar, Guillaume de Sercey and Steven Begg
Energies 2025, 18(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010041 - 26 Dec 2024
Viewed by 382
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is gaining recognition as a viable “green” transportation fuel due to its zero-carbon characteristic, its high energy density and its widespread availability. However, NH3 has a high auto-ignition temperature, resulting in potential emissions of NOx and unburned [...] Read more.
Ammonia (NH3) is gaining recognition as a viable “green” transportation fuel due to its zero-carbon characteristic, its high energy density and its widespread availability. However, NH3 has a high auto-ignition temperature, resulting in potential emissions of NOx and unburned NH3. Addressing combustion challenges requires innovative solutions, such as the application of combustion promoters to enhance NH3 combustibility. This review article focuses on the compatibility of NH3 as a fuel for spark-ignition (SI) engines, examining its combustion under various modes including pure NH3 combustion, gasoline blends, NH3/hydrogen (H2) blends, and NH3/natural gas blends in single or dual-fuel configurations. The formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and slip-NH3 is explored to understand emissions species such as NO and N2O. Additionally, the article highlights the limitations of NH3 as a fuel for SI combustion. The comprehensive discussion provided in this review aims to fill a critical gap in the literature regarding NH3’s feasibility as a zero-carbon fuel for SI engines, particularly in the maritime sector. By offering insights into NH3 combustion characteristics and emissions profiles, the article seeks to provide a roadmap for leveraging NH3 as a suitable non-carbon fuel to decarbonize the marine sector and advance global sustainability goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution and Future Prospects of Combustion Engines for Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact)
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