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Brain Sciences
Volume 14
Issue 7
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Brain Sci., Volume 14, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 115 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): This study aimed to explore the degree of atrophy of the entorhinal area (ERICA) and the severity of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) symptoms, analyzing Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal gyrus and peri entorhinal cortex and the cerebellar tentorium and a neuropsychological and psychophysical assessment. The main results highlighted that in multidomain amnesic MCI with hyposmic symptomatology, ERICA scores were associated with the severity of anxiety symptomatology. One possible hypothesis to explain this observation is that anxiety may contribute to neurodegenerative processes by inducing chronic stress and inflammation. View this paper
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13 pages, 2605 KiB  
Article
Identifying the Shared and Dissociable Neural Bases between Self-Worth and Moral Ambivalence
by Jiwen Li, Shuai Wang, Tengfei Du, Jianchao Tang and Juan Yang
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070736 - 22 Jul 2024
Viewed by 945
Abstract
Self-ambivalence, a prevalent phenomenon in daily life, has been increasingly substantiated by research. It refers to conflicting self-views and evaluations, primarily concerning self-worth and morality. Previous behavioral research has distinguished self-worth and moral ambivalence, but it remains unclear whether they have separable neural [...] Read more.
Self-ambivalence, a prevalent phenomenon in daily life, has been increasingly substantiated by research. It refers to conflicting self-views and evaluations, primarily concerning self-worth and morality. Previous behavioral research has distinguished self-worth and moral ambivalence, but it remains unclear whether they have separable neural bases. The present study addressed this question by examining resting-state brain activity (i.e., the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations, fALFF) and connectivity (i.e., resting-state functional connectivity, RSFC) in 112 college students. The results found that self-worth ambivalence was positively related to the fALFF in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and left superior parietal lobule (SPL). The RSFC strength between the SPL and precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) was positively related to self-worth ambivalence. Moral ambivalence was positively associated with the fALFF in the left SPL (extending into the temporoparietal junction) and right SPL. The RSFC strengths between the left SPL/TPJ and OFC, as well as the RSFC strengths between the right SPL as a seed and the bilateral middle and inferior temporal gyrus, were associated with moral ambivalence. Overall, the neural bases of self-worth and moral ambivalence are associated with the SPL and OFC, involved in attentional alertness and value representation, respectively. Additionally, the neural basis of moral ambivalence is associated with the TPJ, responsible for mentalizing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurotechnology and Neuroimaging)
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29 pages, 451 KiB  
Article
An Unavoidable Mind-Set Reversal: Consciousness in Vision Science
by Liliana Albertazzi
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070735 - 22 Jul 2024
Viewed by 882
Abstract
In recent decades, the debate on consciousness has been conditioned by the idea of bottom-up emergence, which has influenced scientific research and raised a few obstacles to any attempt to bridge the explanatory gap. The analysis and explanation of vision conducted according to [...] Read more.
In recent decades, the debate on consciousness has been conditioned by the idea of bottom-up emergence, which has influenced scientific research and raised a few obstacles to any attempt to bridge the explanatory gap. The analysis and explanation of vision conducted according to the accredited methodologies of scientific research in terms of physical stimuli, objectivity, methods, and explanation has encountered the resistance of subjective experience. Moreover, original Gestalt research into vision has generally been merged with cognitive neuroscience. Experimental phenomenology, building on the legacy of Gestalt psychology, has obtained new results in the fields of amodal contours and color stratifications, light perception, figurality, space, so-called perceptual illusions, and subjective space and time. Notwithstanding the outcomes and the impulse given to neuroscientific analyses, the research carried out around these phenomena has never directly confronted the issue of what it means to be conscious or, in other words, the nature of consciousness as self-referentiality. Research has tended to focus on the percept. Therefore, explaining the non-detachability of parts in subjective experience risks becoming a sort of impossible achievement, similar to that of Baron Munchausen, who succeeds in escaping unharmed from this quicksand by pulling himself out by his hair. This paper addresses how to analyze seeing as an undivided whole by discussing several basic dimensions of phenomenal consciousness on an experimental basis and suggesting an alternative way of escaping this quicksand. This mind-set reversal also sheds light on the organization and dependence relationships between phenomenology, psychophysics, and neuroscience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Visual Perception to Consciousness)
12 pages, 1628 KiB  
Article
Emotional and Cognitive “Route” in Decision-Making Process: The Relationship between Executive Functions, Psychophysiological Correlates, Decisional Styles, and Personality
by Davide Crivelli, Carlotta Acconito and Michela Balconi
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070734 - 22 Jul 2024
Viewed by 4609
Abstract
Studies on decision-making have classically focused exclusively on its cognitive component. Recent research has shown that a further essential component of decisional processes is the emotional one. Indeed, the emotional route in decision-making plays a crucial role, especially in situations characterized by ambiguity, [...] Read more.
Studies on decision-making have classically focused exclusively on its cognitive component. Recent research has shown that a further essential component of decisional processes is the emotional one. Indeed, the emotional route in decision-making plays a crucial role, especially in situations characterized by ambiguity, uncertainty, and risk. Despite that, individual differences concerning such components and their associations with individual traits, decisional styles, and psychophysiological profiles are still understudied. This pilot study aimed at investigating the relationship between individual propensity toward using an emotional or cognitive information-processing route in decision-making, EEG and autonomic correlates of the decisional performance as collected via wearable non-invasive devices, and individual personality and decisional traits. Participants completed a novel task based on realistic decisional scenarios while their physiological activity (EEG and autonomic indices) was monitored. Self-report questionnaires were used to collect data on personality traits, individual differences, and decisional styles. Data analyses highlighted two main findings. Firstly, different personality traits and decisional styles showed significant and specific correlations, with an individual propensity toward either emotional or cognitive information processing for decision-making. Secondly, task-related EEG and autonomic measures presented a specific and distinct correlation pattern with different decisional styles, maximization traits, and personality traits, suggesting different latent profiles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive Social and Affective Neuroscience)
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22 pages, 2985 KiB  
Review
Dopamine Dysregulation in Reward and Autism Spectrum Disorder
by Kenneth Blum, Abdalla Bowirrat, Keerthy Sunder, Panayotis K. Thanos, Colin Hanna, Mark S. Gold, Catherine A. Dennen, Igor Elman, Kevin T. Murphy and Milan T. Makale
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070733 - 22 Jul 2024
Viewed by 2136
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is primarily characterized by core deficits in social skills, communication, and cognition and by repetitive stereotyped behaviors. These manifestations are variable between individuals, and ASD pathogenesis is complex, with over a thousand implicated genes, many epigenetic factors, and multiple [...] Read more.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is primarily characterized by core deficits in social skills, communication, and cognition and by repetitive stereotyped behaviors. These manifestations are variable between individuals, and ASD pathogenesis is complex, with over a thousand implicated genes, many epigenetic factors, and multiple environmental influences. The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) mediated brain reward system is held to play a key role, but the rapidly expanding literature reveals intricate, nuanced signaling involving a wide array of mesolimbic loci, neurotransmitters and receptor subtypes, and neuronal variants. How altered DA signaling may constitute a downstream convergence of the manifold causal origins of ASD is not well understood. A clear working framework of ASD pathogenesis may help delineate common stages and potential diagnostic and interventional opportunities. Hence, we summarize the known natural history of ASD in the context of emerging data and perspectives to update ASD reward signaling. Then, against this backdrop, we proffer a provisional framework that organizes ASD pathogenesis into successive levels, including (1) genetic and epigenetic changes, (2) disrupted mesolimbic reward signaling pathways, (3) dysregulated neurotransmitter/DA signaling, and finally, (4) altered neurocognitive and social behavior and possible antagonist/agonist based ASD interventions. This subdivision of ASD into a logical progression of potentially addressable parts may help facilitate the rational formulation of diagnostics and targeted treatments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric Diseases)
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10 pages, 241 KiB  
Article
Depression Is Associated with a Higher Risk of Mortality among Breast Cancer Survivors: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey–National Death Index Linked Study
by Jagdish Khubchandani, Srikanta Banerjee, Kavita Batra and May A. Beydoun
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070732 - 21 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3643
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) and depression are globally prevalent problems. Numerous reviews have indicated the high prevalence of depression among BC survivors. However, the long-term impact of depression on survival among BC survivors has not been well explored. For this investigation, we aimed to [...] Read more.
Breast cancer (BC) and depression are globally prevalent problems. Numerous reviews have indicated the high prevalence of depression among BC survivors. However, the long-term impact of depression on survival among BC survivors has not been well explored. For this investigation, we aimed to explore the relationship between BC, depression, and mortality from a national random sample of adult American women. Data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (years 2005–2010) were linked with mortality data from the National Death Index up to December 31st, 2019. A total of 4719 adult women (ages 45 years and older) were included in the study sample with 5.1% having breast cancer and more than a tenth (12.7%) having depression. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for all-cause mortality risk among those with BC was 1.50 (95% CI = 1.05–2.13) compared to those without BC. In the adjusted analysis, the risk of all-cause mortality was highest among women with both depression and BC (HR = 3.04; 95% CI = 1.15–8.05) compared to those without BC or depression. The relationship between BC and mortality was moderated by cardiovascular diseases, anemia, smoking, age, PIR, and marital status. Our analysis provides vital information on factors that could be helpful for interventions to reduce mortality risk among those with BC and depression. In addition, given the higher risk of mortality with co-occurring BC and depression, collaborative healthcare practices should help with widespread screening for and treatment of depression among BC survivors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Research on Mood Disorders: Opportunities and Challenges)
21 pages, 320 KiB  
Review
Video Gaming in Older People: What Are the Implications for Cognitive Functions?
by Liliana Dell’Osso, Benedetta Nardi, Leonardo Massoni, Simone Battaglini, Chiara De Felice, Chiara Bonelli, Stefano Pini, Ivan Mirko Cremone and Barbara Carpita
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 731; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070731 - 21 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1639
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment impacts a sizable segment of the older population, and often evolves into dementia within a few years. At this stage, subjects may benefit from non-pharmacological therapies that can delay or stop the progression of the mild cognitive impairment into dementia [...] Read more.
Mild cognitive impairment impacts a sizable segment of the older population, and often evolves into dementia within a few years. At this stage, subjects may benefit from non-pharmacological therapies that can delay or stop the progression of the mild cognitive impairment into dementia and are crucial for improvement in the subject’s quality of life, while also being easily accessible and safe for use. Many research studies have shown that a variety of exercises, including cognitive training, have the potential to enhance or optimize cognitive function and general well-being. Recently, many authors have suggested video games as a promising approach for cognitive training and neurorehabilitation in older people, thanks to their increasing motivation and training effects through immersion in stimulating environments. Under this premise, our narrative review’s objective is to discuss and summarize the body of existing material on the role of video games in improving cognitive performance, daily life activities, and depression symptoms in older individuals with different levels of cognitive decline. From the papers reviewed, it emerged that older subjects trained with video games showed a significant improvement in cognitive functions, sleep quality, and psychiatric symptoms, positioning video games as an intriguing and useful tool. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurodegenerative Diseases)
18 pages, 1847 KiB  
Article
Maximizing Participation in Olfactory Training in a Sample with Post-COVID-19 Olfactory Loss
by Alice Helena Delgado-Lima, Jaime Bouhaben and María Luisa Delgado-Losada
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 730; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070730 - 21 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1051
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to highlight the feasibility of an olfactory training program entirely monitored through online media in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Classic olfactory training was performed with a sample with olfactory loss due COVID-19 (n = 11). Participants were engaged on [...] Read more.
Purpose: This study aims to highlight the feasibility of an olfactory training program entirely monitored through online media in COVID-19 patients. Methods: Classic olfactory training was performed with a sample with olfactory loss due COVID-19 (n = 11). Participants were engaged on a weekly video call in order to improve adherence and collect information regarding the number of correct answers and the individuals’ perception of olfactory function. The olfactory status after training was compared to two groups, one composed of participants who contracted COVID-19 but did not report olfactory loss (n = 11) and a sample composed of healthy participants (n = 11). Results: The experimental group showed improvements throughout the training period (TDI score on week 0 was 20.3 (5.6) and 24.6 (4.3) for week 12, and on week 24 was 25.4 (6.2) (F = 5.115, df = 2, 20, p = 0.016), and post hoc tests showed that participants significantly improved their TDI score in W12 compared to W0 (SMD = 0.869, p = 0.041) and in W24 compared to W0 (SMD = 0.859, p = 0.041). The experimental group showed lower scores when compared with both groups, and the no OT COVID-19 group showed lower scores than the healthy control group, even though they did not report olfactory alterations. Conclusions: Findings suggest that the strategies applied to improve adherence were successful since 100% of the sample completed the training adherence, offering a valuable framework for future olfactory training studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)
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11 pages, 663 KiB  
Article
Sex Differences in the Association between Prolonged Sitting Time and Anxiety Prevalence among Korean Adults
by Eunsoo Kim, Chul-Hyun Park, Hyun-Seung Lee, Mi Yeon Lee and Sung Joon Cho
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070729 - 20 Jul 2024
Viewed by 2067
Abstract
Sex differences in the effect of prolonged sitting time on anxiety symptoms have not yet been explored. This study examined the sex-specific association between prolonged sitting time and anxiety prevalence in Korean adults. Community-dwelling adults aged >18 years who underwent a cross-sectional structured [...] Read more.
Sex differences in the effect of prolonged sitting time on anxiety symptoms have not yet been explored. This study examined the sex-specific association between prolonged sitting time and anxiety prevalence in Korean adults. Community-dwelling adults aged >18 years who underwent a cross-sectional structured study survey of physical activity and mental health tests were enrolled as part of the Kangbuk Samsung Hospital Cohort Study from 2012 to 2019. The prevalence of anxiety was evaluated using the Clinically Useful Anxiety Outcome Scale (CUXOS) questionnaire. The mean daily sitting time was 7.9 ± 3.4 h in men and 6.8 ± 3.6 h in women. After adjustments for possible confounding factors, the adjusted mean CUXOS score was the highest in participants sitting for ≥10 h, followed by 5–9 h, and <5 h, in that order. In the post-hoc Bonferroni analysis, there were significant differences in the adjusted mean CUXOS scores in group comparisons. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted after adjusting for potential confounding factors. A prolonged sitting time was positively associated with an increased prevalence of anxiety in both men and women, with stronger associations in women than in men. It is necessary to prevent anxiety by adjusting or reducing sitting time in adults, especially women. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Topics in Stress-Related Mental Health Disorders)
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11 pages, 1914 KiB  
Article
The Utilization of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses in Stroke Guidelines
by Sherief Ghozy, Hassan Kobeissi, Melika Amoukhteh, Ramanathan Kadirvel, Waleed Brinjikji, Alejandro A. Rabinstein, Christopher R. Carpenter and David F. Kallmes
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070728 - 20 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1085
Abstract
Background: Stroke guideline statements are important references for clinicians due to the rapidly evolving nature of treatments. Guideline statements should be informed by up-to-date systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) because they provide the highest level of evidence. To investigate the utilization of [...] Read more.
Background: Stroke guideline statements are important references for clinicians due to the rapidly evolving nature of treatments. Guideline statements should be informed by up-to-date systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses (MAs) because they provide the highest level of evidence. To investigate the utilization of SRs/MAs in stroke management guidelines, we conducted a literature review of guidelines and extracted relevant information regarding SRs/MAs. Methods: A literature review was conducted in PubMed with supplementation using the Trip medical database with the term “stroke” as the target population, followed by using the filter “guidelines”. We extracted the number of included SRs/MAs, the years of publication, the country of origin, and other characteristics of interest. Descriptive statistics were generated using the R software version 4.2.1. Results: We included 27 guideline statements. The median number of overall SRs or MAs within the guidelines was 4.0 (interquartile range [IQR] = 2–9). For MAs only, the median number included in the guidelines was 3.0 (IQR = 2.0–5.5). Canadian guidelines had the oldest citations, with a median gap of 12.0 (IQR = 5.2–18.0) years for the oldest citation, followed by European (median = 12; IQR = 9.5–13.5) and US (median = 10.0; IQR = 5.2–16) guidelines. Conclusions: Stroke guideline writing groups and issuing bodies should devote greater effort to the inclusion of up-to-date SRs/MAs in their guideline statements so that clinicians can reference recent data with the highest level of evidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurorehabilitation)
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18 pages, 4716 KiB  
Review
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Wilson’s Disease—Significance and Practical Aspects—A Narrative Review
by Tomasz Litwin, Barbara Rędzia-Ogrodnik, Agnieszka Antos, Adam Przybyłkowski, Anna Członkowska and Jan Paweł Bembenek
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 727; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070727 - 19 Jul 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1403
Abstract
Wilson’s disease (WD) is a genetic disorder of copper metabolism with pathological copper accumulation in many organs, resulting in clinical symptoms, mostly hepatic and neuropsychiatric. As copper accumulates in the brain during WD, and almost 50% of WD patients at diagnosis present with [...] Read more.
Wilson’s disease (WD) is a genetic disorder of copper metabolism with pathological copper accumulation in many organs, resulting in clinical symptoms, mostly hepatic and neuropsychiatric. As copper accumulates in the brain during WD, and almost 50% of WD patients at diagnosis present with neurological symptoms, neuroimaging studies (especially brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) are part of WD diagnosis. The classical sequences (T1, T2, and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery) were used to describe brain MRI; however, with the development of neuroradiology, several papers proposed the use of new MRI sequences and techniques like susceptibility-weighted images, T2*, diffusion MRI, tractography, volumetric assessment and post-processing brain MRI analysis of paramagnetic accumulation—quantitative susceptibility mapping. Based on these neuroradiological data in WD, currently, brain MRI semiquantitative scale and the pathognomonic neuroradiological brain MRI signs in WD were proposed. Further, the volumetric studies and brain iron accumulation MRI analysis suggested brain atrophy and iron accumulation as biomarkers of neurological WD disease severity. All these results highlight the significance of brain MRI examinations in WD. Due to the extreme progress of these studies, based on the available literature, the authors present the current state of knowledge about the significance, practical aspects, and future directions of brain MRI in WD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neurological Disorders)
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13 pages, 1946 KiB  
Article
Hyperacusis in Tinnitus Individuals Is Associated with Smaller Gray Matter Volumes in the Supplementary Motor Area Regardless of Hearing Levels
by Punitkumar Makani, Marc Thioux, Elouise A. Koops, Sonja J. Pyott and Pim van Dijk
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070726 - 19 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1151
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests a connection between hyperacusis and the motor system of the brain. For instance, our recent study reported that hyperacusis in participants with tinnitus and hearing loss is associated with smaller gray matter volumes in the supplementary motor area (SMA). Given [...] Read more.
Recent evidence suggests a connection between hyperacusis and the motor system of the brain. For instance, our recent study reported that hyperacusis in participants with tinnitus and hearing loss is associated with smaller gray matter volumes in the supplementary motor area (SMA). Given that hearing loss can affect gray matter changes in tinnitus, this study aimed to determine if the changes reported in our previous findings of smaller SMA gray matter volumes in hyperacusis persist in the absence of hearing loss. Data for this study were gathered from four prior studies conducted between 2004 and 2019 at the University Medical Centre Groningen (UMCG). A total of 101 participants with tinnitus and either clinically normal hearing (normal hearing with tinnitus or NHT, n = 35) or bilateral sensorineural hearing loss (hearing loss with tinnitus or HLT, n = 66) were included across four studies. Hyperacusis was determined by a score of ≥22 on the Hyperacusis Questionnaire (HQ). In the NHT group, 22 (63%) participants scored ≥22 on the HQ (NHT with hyperacusis: mean age 44.1 years, 12 females), while in the HLT group, 25 (38%) participants scored ≥22 on the HQ (HLT with hyperacusis: mean age 59.5 years, 10 females). The 2 × 2 between-group ANOVAs revealed that hyperacusis is associated with smaller SMA gray matter volumes, regardless of hearing levels. Notably, the smaller SMA gray matter volumes in hyperacusis were primarily influenced by the attentional subscales of the HQ. The association between hyperacusis and the motor system may indicate a constant alertness to sounds and a readiness for motor action. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Developments in Tinnitus and Heterogeneity)
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16 pages, 669 KiB  
Review
Multimorbidity in Severe Mental Illness as Part of the Neurodevelopmental Continuum: Physical Health-Related Endophenotypes of Schizophrenia—A Narrative Review
by Vadim Genkel, Elena Domozhirova and Elena Malinina
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070725 - 19 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1206
Abstract
Background. The majority of deaths in patients with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses (SMIs) are caused by natural causes, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The increased risk of CVD and other somatic diseases in SMIs cannot be fully explained by the contribution [...] Read more.
Background. The majority of deaths in patients with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses (SMIs) are caused by natural causes, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The increased risk of CVD and other somatic diseases in SMIs cannot be fully explained by the contribution of traditional risk factors, behavioral risk factors, patients’ lifestyle peculiarities, and the influence of antipsychotics. The present review has the following main objectives: (1) to aggregate evidence that neurodevelopmental disorders are the basis of SMIs; (2) to provide a review of studies that have addressed the shared genetic architecture of SMI and cardiovascular disease; and (3) to propose and substantiate the consideration of somatic diseases as independent endophenotypes of SMIs, which will make it possible to place the research of somatic diseases in SMIs within the framework of the concepts of the “neurodevelopmental continuum and gradient” and “endophenotype”. Methods. A comprehensive literature search was performed on 1 July 2024. The search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases up to June 2024. Results. The current literature reveals considerable overlap between the genetic susceptibility loci for SMIs and CVDs. We propose that somatic diseases observed in SMIs that have a shared genetic architecture with SMIs can be considered distinct physical health-related endophenotypes. Conclusions. In this narrative review, the results of recent studies of CVDs in SMIs are summarized. Reframing schizophrenia as a multisystem disease should contribute to the activation of new research on somatic diseases in SMIs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies)
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18 pages, 7993 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Acute Effects of Immersive Virtual Reality Biking on Self-Efficacy and Attention of Individuals in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: A Feasibility Study
by Evlalia Touloudi, Mary Hassandra, Vasileios T. Stavrou, Fotis Panagiotounis, Evangelos Galanis, Marios Goudas and Yannis Theodorakis
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070724 - 18 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1261
Abstract
Background: The role of exercise programs during substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is considered particularly supportive in fostering positive psychological and behavioral changes. The treatment of SUD is a challenging and demanding process. Therefore, it is crucial to discover innovative methods to enhance [...] Read more.
Background: The role of exercise programs during substance use disorder (SUD) treatment is considered particularly supportive in fostering positive psychological and behavioral changes. The treatment of SUD is a challenging and demanding process. Therefore, it is crucial to discover innovative methods to enhance and facilitate it. Integrating exercise into a virtual environment is an innovative approach for drug rehabilitation, offering multiple benefits to individuals undergoing treatment. The aim of this feasibility study was to explore the acute effects of cycling exercise in an immersive virtual reality (VR) environment on attentional control and self-efficacy expectations of individuals undergoing SUD treatment. Methods: A total of 20 individuals (mean age of 37.75 years) enrolled in a SUD treatment program participated in the study. They were instructed to complete a single session of cycling with a self-selected duration within the VR system. Results: Following the cycling session, pre-post measures indicated a statistically significant improvement in self-efficacy expectations and attentional control measured with the Stroop test. The results revealed that participants expressed high levels of intention for future use, interest/enjoyment, and positive attitudes toward the VR exercise system. Qualitative data indicated that participants found the VR exercise system enjoyable, expressed a strong intention to use it, and did not encounter technical difficulties or negative emotions. Conclusions: In conclusion, it seems that engaging in a brief period of self-selected exercise within a virtual environment can result in temporary activation of cognitive changes, heightened self-efficacy expectations, and a motivating approach to increasing physical activity participation among individuals with SUD, thus suggesting the feasibility of this approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic New Advances in Addiction Behavior)
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20 pages, 12447 KiB  
Article
In Search for a Pathogenesis of Major Depression and Suicide—A Joint Investigation of Dopamine and Fiber Tract Anatomy Focusing on the Human Ventral Mesencephalic Tegmentum: Description of a Workflow
by Jana M. Zielinski, Marco Reisert, Bastian E. A. Sajonz, Shi Jia Teo, Annette Thierauf-Emberger, Johanna Wessolleck, Maximilian Frosch, Björn Spittau, Jochen Leupold, Máté D. Döbrössy and Volker A. Coenen
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070723 - 18 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1132
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is prevalent with a high subjective and socio-economic burden. Despite the effectiveness of classical treatment methods, 20–30% of patients stay treatment-resistant. Deep Brain Stimulation of the superolateral branch of the medial forebrain bundle is emerging as a clinical treatment. [...] Read more.
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is prevalent with a high subjective and socio-economic burden. Despite the effectiveness of classical treatment methods, 20–30% of patients stay treatment-resistant. Deep Brain Stimulation of the superolateral branch of the medial forebrain bundle is emerging as a clinical treatment. The stimulation region (ventral tegmental area, VTA), supported by experimental data, points to the role of dopaminergic (DA) transmission in disease pathology. This work sets out to develop a workflow that will allow the performance of analyses on midbrain DA-ergic neurons and projections in subjects who have committed suicide. Human midbrains were retrieved during autopsy, formalin-fixed, and scanned in a Bruker MRI scanner (7T). Sections were sliced, stained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), digitized, and integrated into the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) brain space together with a high-resolution fiber tract atlas. Subnuclei of the VTA region were identified. TH-positive neurons and fibers were semi-quantitatively evaluated. The study established a rigorous protocol allowing for parallel histological assessments and fiber tractographic analysis in a common space. Semi-quantitative readings are feasible and allow the detection of cell loss in VTA subnuclei. This work describes the intricate workflow and first results of an investigation of DA anatomy in VTA subnuclei in a growing naturalistic database. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric Diseases)
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21 pages, 360 KiB  
Review
Psychiatric Disease as a Potential Risk Factor for Dementia: A Narrative Review
by Dawson W. Hedges, Morgan Chase, Thomas J. Farrer and Shawn D. Gale
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070722 - 18 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1569
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease is a major global health problem with 150 million people predicted to have dementia by 2050. Genetic factors, environmental factors, demographics, and some diseases have been associated with dementia. In addition to associations between diseases such as hypertension and cerebrovascular disease [...] Read more.
Neurodegenerative disease is a major global health problem with 150 million people predicted to have dementia by 2050. Genetic factors, environmental factors, demographics, and some diseases have been associated with dementia. In addition to associations between diseases such as hypertension and cerebrovascular disease and dementia, emerging findings associate some psychiatric disorders with incident dementia. Because of the high and increasing global prevalence of dementia and the high worldwide prevalence of psychiatric disorders, the primary objective of this narrative review was to evaluate published findings that evaluate the association between bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia and other psychosis syndromes, and personality disorders and personality traits and incident dementia. Here, we highlight findings indicating possible associations between these psychiatric disorders and subsequent dementia and suggest that some psychiatric disorders may be risk factors for incident dementia. Further research, including more large longitudinal studies and additional meta-analyses, however, is needed to better characterize the associations between psychiatric disorders and incident dementia, to identify possible mechanisms for these putative associations, and to identify risk factors within psychiatric disorders that predispose some people with a psychiatric disorder but not others to subsequent dementia. Additional important questions concern how the treatment of psychiatric disorders might affect the risk of incident dementia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Emerging Translational Research in Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases: From In Vitro to In Vivo Models, from Animals to Humans, from Qualitative to Quantitative Methods, 3rd Edition)
13 pages, 1498 KiB  
Article
Male Body Odor Affects Emotional State, LH, and Cortisol Secretion in Women of Different Age Groups
by Tatiana Laktionova, Ilya Kvasha and Vera Voznessenskaya
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070721 - 17 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1343
Abstract
Hormone changes across women’s menstrual cycles may lead to changes in their perceptions of chemical signals and their hormonal responses to these cues. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of menstrual cycle phase in the response to extracts [...] Read more.
Hormone changes across women’s menstrual cycles may lead to changes in their perceptions of chemical signals and their hormonal responses to these cues. The aim of the present study was to determine the role of menstrual cycle phase in the response to extracts of male axillary secretions (EMAS) in women. We tested healthy reproductive age and premenopausal women (n = 29). An EMAS/control solution was applied once every two hours during either the follicular or luteal phase, at which point saliva samples for luteinizing hormone (LH) and cortisol monitoring were collected. LH and cortisol concentrations were analyzed using the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) technique. Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) scores were used to assess the participants’ moods. For the first time, we showed that EMAS may produce opposite effects on LH secretion depending on the menstrual cycle phase of the recipient. We observed a significant increase in the number of LH peaks (p = 0.0447) and their amplitudes (p = 0.0469) when EMAS was applied during the follicular phase, while the same application in the luteal phase lowered the amplitudes of LH peaks (p = 0.0382). For the first time, we showed that EMAS application increased salivary cortisol levels in reproductive age women relative to premenopausal women (p = 0.0032). PANAS scores revealed changes in positive and negative affect after EMAS application. Our data indicate the significance of the menstrual cycle phase for EMAS’ effects on LH secretion and mood, but not on cortisol secretion in women. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)
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24 pages, 2410 KiB  
Article
Assessing Autistic Traits, Hikikomori Tendencies, Pathological Videogaming, and Eating Disorders in University Students: Are Pathological Videogaming and Eating Disorders Gender-Specific Manifestations of the Autism Spectrum?
by Barbara Carpita, Benedetta Nardi, Federico Giovannoni, Francesca Parri, Gianluca Cerofolini, Chiara Bonelli, Gabriele Massimetti, Enza Pellecchia, Stefano Pini, Ivan Mirko Cremone and Liliana Dell’Osso
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 720; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070720 - 17 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1153
Abstract
In the previous literature, specific attention has been paid to investigate autism spectrum symptoms and traits in university students. In this framework, we aimed to evaluate the presence and correlates of autistic traits, hikikomori tendencies, altered eating behaviors, and pathological videogaming in a [...] Read more.
In the previous literature, specific attention has been paid to investigate autism spectrum symptoms and traits in university students. In this framework, we aimed to evaluate the presence and correlates of autistic traits, hikikomori tendencies, altered eating behaviors, and pathological videogaming in a sample of Italian university students enrolled in bachelor’s degree courses. A total of 1192 students were recruited via an online survey and assessed with the Hikikomori Questionnaire-25, the Adult Autism Subthreshold Spectrum Questionnaire, the Eating Attitude test-26, and the Assessment of Internet and Computer Game Addiction. Our results highlighted significant differences in the prevalence of autistic traits, social withdrawal tendencies, altered eating habits, and pathological videogame use in university students based on gender, age, parents’ level of instruction, and field of study. A significant effect of the presence of autistic traits and gender on the scores obtained with the other questionnaires was reported. Our results not only support the role of autistic traits as a vulnerability factor for the development of a set of psychopathological conditions but also suggest that gender could modulate this vulnerability, supporting the hypothesis of gender-specific phenotypes in the autism spectrum. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric Diseases)
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17 pages, 1907 KiB  
Article
Hyperactivity in ADHD: Friend or Foe?
by Beverly-Ann Hoy, Michelle Bi, Matthew Lam, Gayuni Krishnasamy, Androu Abdalmalak and Barbara Fenesi
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070719 - 17 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1823
Abstract
Background: Hyperactivity may play a functional role in upregulating prefrontal cortical hypoarousal and executive functioning in ADHD. This study investigated the neurocognitive impact of movement during executive functioning on children with ADHD. Methods: Twenty-four children with and without ADHD completed a Stroop task [...] Read more.
Background: Hyperactivity may play a functional role in upregulating prefrontal cortical hypoarousal and executive functioning in ADHD. This study investigated the neurocognitive impact of movement during executive functioning on children with ADHD. Methods: Twenty-four children with and without ADHD completed a Stroop task and self-efficacy ratings while remaining stationary (Stationary condition) and while desk cycling (Movement condition). Simultaneous functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) recorded oxygenated and deoxygenated changes in hemoglobin within the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Results: Among children with ADHD, the Movement condition produced superior Stroop reaction time compared to the Stationary condition (p = 0.046, d = 1.00). Self-efficacy improved in the Movement condition (p = 0.033, d = 0.41), whereas it did not in the Stationary condition (p = 0.323). Seventy-eight percent of participants showed greater oxygenation in the left DLPFC during the Movement condition vs. the Stationary condition. Among children without ADHD, there were no differences in Stroop or self-efficacy outcomes between Stationary and Movement conditions (ps > 0.085, ts < 1.45); 60% of participants showed greater oxygenation in the left DLPFC during the Movement vs. the Stationary condition. Conclusions: This work provides supportive evidence that hyperactivity in ADHD may be a compensatory mechanism to upregulate PFC hypoarousal to support executive functioning and self-efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in ADHD—Second Edition)
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14 pages, 250 KiB  
Viewpoint
Relevance and Premises of Values-Based Practice for Decision Making in Brain Health
by Panagiotis Alexopoulos, Iracema Leroi, Irina Kinchin, Alison J. Canty, Jayashree Dasgupta, Joyla A. Furlano and Aline Nogueira Haas
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 718; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070718 - 17 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1185
Abstract
Brain health is a complex concept, shaped by a plethora of determinants related to physical health, healthy environments, safety and security, learning and social connection, as well as access to quality healthcare services. Decision-making in this complex field is characterized by diverse values, [...] Read more.
Brain health is a complex concept, shaped by a plethora of determinants related to physical health, healthy environments, safety and security, learning and social connection, as well as access to quality healthcare services. Decision-making in this complex field is characterized by diverse values, potentially conflicting interests, and asymmetrically influential stakeholders. Values-based practice (VBP) is a toolkit for balancing values in a democratic and inclusive way, so that every stakeholder feels a sense of ownership over the decision made. In VBP, the emphasis is on good process rather than on pre-determined ‘correct’ outcomes. Based on two case vignettes, we highlight the relevance of the ten principles of VBP for balancing different values to the satisfaction of those directly concerned, in a given decision-making process. In addition, we argue that the successful implementation of VBP in the complex area of brain health, as well as in other fields, is premised on higher order values (meta-values), beyond mutual respect and the legal, regulatory, and bioethical framework. These include mutual regard, reciprocity, autonomy, and an egalitarian attitude towards VBP procedures and involved stakeholders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive Social and Affective Neuroscience)
10 pages, 217 KiB  
Case Report
Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy for Misophonia: A Single-Case Study
by Eleonora Natalini, Alessandra Fioretti, Rebecca Eibenstein and Alberto Eibenstein
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 717; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070717 - 17 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1285
Abstract
Background: Misophonia is a chronic condition in which the exposure to specific sounds increases the arousal and recurrence of specific intense negative emotions. We hypothesized that misophonia may be strongly related to maladaptive interpersonal schemas that create difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Subjects with [...] Read more.
Background: Misophonia is a chronic condition in which the exposure to specific sounds increases the arousal and recurrence of specific intense negative emotions. We hypothesized that misophonia may be strongly related to maladaptive interpersonal schemas that create difficulties in interpersonal relationships. Subjects with maladaptive interpersonal schemas think that other people try to subjugate, criticize, dominate, exploit, deceive, disregard, and humiliate them. Furthermore, these patients typically endorse a representation of self as mistreated, constricted, harmed, damaged, humiliated, impotent, inadequate, or fragile. Methods: We describe the course of a treatment of Metacognitive Interpersonal Therapy (MIT) in a young man presenting misophonia and co-occurrent obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and avoidant personality disorder (AvPD), with narcissistic traits and normal hearing. We collected qualitative and quantitative data at the beginning of the intervention and at 2 years follow-up. Results: The therapy aimed at increasing awareness of maladaptive interpersonal schemas and promoting a healthy self. The results reported a significant decrease in misophonia; behavioural experiments were used to increase the quality of social relationships and tolerance to the trigger sounds. Conclusions: MIT can be an effective therapy for the treatment of misophonia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Systems Neuroscience)
14 pages, 498 KiB  
Review
Experiences of Domestic Violence in Adult Patients with Brain Injury: A Select Overview of Screening, Reporting, and Next Steps
by Jessie P. Chan, Kristen A. Harris, Arielle Berkowitz, Ally Ferber, Brian D. Greenwald and Eve M. Valera
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 716; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070716 - 17 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1241
Abstract
This select overview examines the important intersection of adult domestic violence, including intimate partner violence and elder abuse, with brain injury. Despite the high prevalence of domestic violence amongst brain injury patients, there is a notable gap in screening and management training for [...] Read more.
This select overview examines the important intersection of adult domestic violence, including intimate partner violence and elder abuse, with brain injury. Despite the high prevalence of domestic violence amongst brain injury patients, there is a notable gap in screening and management training for providers. To provide optimal patient care, brain injury medicine clinicians must screen, recognize, and treat patients who have experienced domestic violence. This select overview highlights barriers to screening, validated screening tools from other medical disciplines, and management considerations for the brain injury clinician. A suggested protocol for domestic violence screening and management, as well as recommended resources for providers and patients, is summarized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shedding Light on the Hidden Epidemic of Violence and Brain Injury)
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12 pages, 1426 KiB  
Article
Maintaining Cognitive Performance at the Expense of Gait Speed for Asymptomatic Concussed Athletes: A Novel Dual-Task and Post-Exercise Assessment
by Gabriel Lavoie, Mathieu Bolduc, Veronik Sicard, Franco Lepore and Dave Ellemberg
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070715 - 17 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1085
Abstract
Our goal was to evaluate persisting deficits in gait and executive functioning in asymptomatic athletes with a history of concussion using a novel approach combining a dual-task paradigm and post-exercise exertion. Thirty-eight athletes aged 17 to 25 years old participated in the study, [...] Read more.
Our goal was to evaluate persisting deficits in gait and executive functioning in asymptomatic athletes with a history of concussion using a novel approach combining a dual-task paradigm and post-exercise exertion. Thirty-eight athletes aged 17 to 25 years old participated in the study, including 18 with a history of concussion. The dual-task paradigm required walking continuously at a predetermined self-paced target speed of 6.5 km/h while executing a complex switch task. Athletes completed two conditions, each on separate days: (1) dual task alone and (2) dual task following 20 min of running on a non-motorized treadmill. The statistical analyses revealed a significant reduction in gait speed exclusively for athletes with a history of concussion and only following the post-exercise condition (p = 0.008). These findings suggest that although asymptomatic concussed athletes maintain a cognitive performance comparable to non-concussed athletes, this appears to be achieved at the expense of gait speed. Our results underscore the importance of incorporating gait assessments and post-exercise exertion into concussion evaluation protocols in both research and clinical settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropsychological Evaluation and Rehabilitation of Traumatic Brain Injury)
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16 pages, 5561 KiB  
Article
Behavioral, Functional Imaging, and Neurophysiological Outcomes of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Speech-Language Therapy in an Individual with Aphasia
by Sameer A. Ashaie, Julio C. Hernandez-Pavon, Evan Houldin and Leora R. Cherney
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 714; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070714 - 16 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1238
Abstract
Speech-language therapy (SLT) is the most effective technique to improve language performance in persons with aphasia. However, residual language impairments remain even after intensive SLT. Recent studies suggest that combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with SLT may improve language performance in persons [...] Read more.
Speech-language therapy (SLT) is the most effective technique to improve language performance in persons with aphasia. However, residual language impairments remain even after intensive SLT. Recent studies suggest that combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with SLT may improve language performance in persons with aphasia. However, our understanding of how tDCS and SLT impact brain and behavioral relation in aphasia is poorly understood. We investigated the impact of tDCS and SLT on a behavioral measure of scripted conversation and on functional connectivity assessed with multiple methods, both resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs–fMRI) and resting-state electroencephalography (rs–EEG). An individual with aphasia received 15 sessions of 20-min cathodal tDCS to the right angular gyrus concurrent with 40 min of SLT. Performance during scripted conversation was measured three times at baseline, twice immediately post-treatment, and at 4- and 8-weeks post-treatment. rs–fMRI was measured pre-and post-3-weeks of treatment. rs–EEG was measured on treatment days 1, 5, 10, and 15. Results show that both communication performance and left hemisphere functional connectivity may improve after concurrent tDCS and SLT. Results are in line with aphasia models of language recovery that posit a beneficial role of left hemisphere perilesional areas in language recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurological Changes after Brain Stimulation)
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19 pages, 2137 KiB  
Article
Self-Regulation of the Posterior–Frontal Brain Activity with Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback to Influence Perceptual Discrimination
by Sunjung Kim, Josue Luiz Dalboni da Rocha, Niels Birbaumer and Ranganatha Sitaram
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 713; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070713 - 16 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1151
Abstract
The Global Neuronal Workspace (GNW) hypothesis states that the visual percept is available to conscious awareness only if recurrent long-distance interactions among distributed brain regions activate neural circuitry extending from the posterior areas to prefrontal regions above a certain excitation threshold. To directly [...] Read more.
The Global Neuronal Workspace (GNW) hypothesis states that the visual percept is available to conscious awareness only if recurrent long-distance interactions among distributed brain regions activate neural circuitry extending from the posterior areas to prefrontal regions above a certain excitation threshold. To directly test this hypothesis, we trained 14 human participants to increase blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals with real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (rtfMRI)-based neurofeedback simultaneously in four specific regions of the occipital, temporal, insular and prefrontal parts of the brain. Specifically, we hypothesized that the up-regulation of the mean BOLD activity in the posterior–frontal brain regions lowers the perceptual threshold for visual stimuli, while down-regulation raises the threshold. Our results showed that participants could perform up-regulation (Wilcoxon test, session 1: p = 0.022; session 4: p = 0.041) of the posterior–frontal brain activity, but not down-regulation. Furthermore, the up-regulation training led to a significant reduction in the visual perceptual threshold, but no substantial change in perceptual threshold was observed after the down-regulation training. These findings show that the up-regulation of the posterior–frontal regions improves the perceptual discrimination of the stimuli. However, further questions as to whether the posterior–frontal regions can be down-regulated at all, and whether down-regulation raises the perceptual threshold, remain unanswered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)
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17 pages, 776 KiB  
Article
The Enduring Challenge of Literacy Issues in Adulthood: Investigating Spelling Deficits among Dyslexic Italian University Students
by Francesca Vizzi, Marika Iaia, Maria Diletta Carlino, Chiara Valeria Marinelli, Marco Turi and Paola Angelelli
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 712; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070712 - 15 Jul 2024
Viewed by 934
Abstract
The issue of literacy challenges among dyslexic adults remains a significant concern. This study investigates spelling deficits among highly educated adults with dyslexia learning a transparent orthography. Thirty-eight Italian dyslexic university students were examined and compared to a group of age- and education-matched [...] Read more.
The issue of literacy challenges among dyslexic adults remains a significant concern. This study investigates spelling deficits among highly educated adults with dyslexia learning a transparent orthography. Thirty-eight Italian dyslexic university students were examined and compared to a group of age- and education-matched typical readers. Firstly, we analyzed spelling performance using a Passage Dictation Test. Additionally, lists of words varying in length and word frequency were dictated under two experimental conditions: a normal condition (NC) and an articulatory suppression condition (ASC). The ASC assessed the participants’ ability to spell with interference to the phonological (sublexical) spelling procedure, i.e., the most likely compensated spelling strategy of Italian dyslexic spellers. The results clearly indicated that, in spelling the meaningful passage, dyslexic participants underperformed compared to the controls, with a prevalence of lexical errors, despite the comparison with the normative reference data showing only mild spelling difficulties. In spelling isolated words in normal conditions, dyslexic participants performed within the reference norms and as accurately as control participants across all stimuli (short words, high- and low-frequency words), except for long words, where their spelling difficulties were evident. Articulatory suppression significantly impaired dyslexics’ performance on short stimuli, reducing the usual sublexical advantage associated with them, and exacerbated misspellings on long words. Additionally, articulatory suppression disproportionately affected dyslexics’ performance on high-frequency words, diminishing the typical lexical advantage associated with these words. Results are discussed in terms of their theoretical, clinical, and educational implications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neuropsychology of Reading)
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11 pages, 257 KiB  
Article
Adapting Minds: Exploring Cognition to Threatened Stimuli in the Post-COVID-19 Landscape Comparing Old and New Concerns about Pandemic
by Giuseppe Forte, Francesca Favieri, Ilaria Corbo, Giovanna Troisi, Giulia Marselli, Barbara Blasutto, Renato Ponce, Enrico Di Pace, Viviana Langher, Renata Tambelli and Maria Casagrande
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070711 - 15 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1084
Abstract
The global population has been significantly affected by the pandemic in terms of physical and mental health. According to transactional theory, individuals have undergone an adaptation process influenced by cognitive control abilities. Emotional responses to COVID-19-related stimuli may interfere with top-down attentional processes, [...] Read more.
The global population has been significantly affected by the pandemic in terms of physical and mental health. According to transactional theory, individuals have undergone an adaptation process influenced by cognitive control abilities. Emotional responses to COVID-19-related stimuli may interfere with top-down attentional processes, thereby hindering adaptation. This study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19-related stimuli on attentional processing and to determine whether psychological factors could modulate these effects. A sample of 96 healthy undergraduate students participated in an emotional Stroop task in which they were presented with a series of stimuli, including both neutral and negative COVID-19-related as well as non-COVID-19 stimuli. COVID-19-related PTSD, as an index of distress (PTSS), and trait anxiety were evaluated. Results showed that participants were more accurate in identifying COVID-19-related stimuli compared to non-COVID-19 stimuli. Being female and having higher retrospective PTSS scores related to COVID-19 were predictive of faster reaction times for both neutral and negative COVID-19-related stimuli. This heightened attentional bias toward COVID-19-related stimuli suggests that individuals may be more sensitive to stimuli associated with the pandemic. The results suggest that the association between COVID-19 stimuli and attentional biases extends beyond emotional valence, being retrospectively influenced by mental health, suggesting potential pathways to future mental health challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Multifaceted Efforts from Basic Research to Clinical Practice in Controlling COVID-19 Disease)
15 pages, 1471 KiB  
Article
Effects of Adapted Physical Activity on White Matter Integrity in Patients with Schizophrenia
by Elise Leroux, Laura Masson, Maxime Tréhout and Sonia Dollfus
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070710 - 15 Jul 2024
Viewed by 912
Abstract
Schizophrenia is associated with changes in white matter (WM) integrity and with reduced life expectancy, in part because of the cardiometabolic side effects of antipsychotics. Physical activity (PA) has emerged as a candidate lifestyle intervention that is safe and effective. The study aimed [...] Read more.
Schizophrenia is associated with changes in white matter (WM) integrity and with reduced life expectancy, in part because of the cardiometabolic side effects of antipsychotics. Physical activity (PA) has emerged as a candidate lifestyle intervention that is safe and effective. The study aimed to assess how an adapted PA program delivered remotely by web (e-APA) improved WM integrity in patients with schizophrenia (SZPs) and healthy controls (HCs) and to evaluate associations among WM integrity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and symptom severity. This longitudinal study was conducted over 16 weeks with 31 participants (18 SZPs and 13 HCs). Diffusion tensor imaging and tract-based spatial statistics were employed to assess WM integrity. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and assessments for clinical symptoms included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Self-evaluation of Negative Symptoms and the Brief Negative Syndrome Scale (BNSS). Only the SZPs had significantly increased WM integrity after the e-APA program, with increased fractional anisotropy and decreased radial diffusivity in fasciculi involved in motor functions and language process. Furthermore, decreased negative symptoms assessed with BNSS were associated with greater WM integrity following the program. These findings suggest that e-APA may improve WM integrity abnormalities and support e-APA as a promising therapeutic strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric Diseases)
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10 pages, 227 KiB  
Case Report
Role of Alternative and Augmentative Communication in Three Cases of Severe Acquired Brain Injury: A Neurorehabilitative Approach
by Caterina Formica, Maria Cristina De Cola, Francesco Corallo and Viviana Lo Buono
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070709 - 15 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1020
Abstract
Background: Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) improved communicative skills in adults with post-stroke aphasia demonstrating the effectiveness in speech disorders and consequent improvement of patients’ communication skills. This study aimed to report the efficacy of AAC in the rehabilitation of cognitive disorders and [...] Read more.
Background: Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) improved communicative skills in adults with post-stroke aphasia demonstrating the effectiveness in speech disorders and consequent improvement of patients’ communication skills. This study aimed to report the efficacy of AAC in the rehabilitation of cognitive disorders and to estimate how the changes in cognitive and communicative functions could enhance the quality of life in patients affected by severe acquired brain injury. Methods: Three patients with pontine cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and meningioma expressed in the posterior cranial fossa, respectively, were submitted to rehabilitative training with AAC for 6 months. Patients underwent to neuropsychological and mood evaluations at the beginning of AAC treatment (T0) and after rehabilitative training (T1). Results: The results support the efficacy of AAC in the improvement of cognitive functions, particularly in memory, attention, and language domains. In addition, we described also an improvement in the quality of life and a decrease in depressive symptoms. Conclusions: The AAC seems to be an important rehabilitative technique for the recovery of cognitive functions with a consequent effect in improvement of psychological aspects and quality of life in patients with Acquired Brain Injury (ABI). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Neurorehabilitation)
6 pages, 201 KiB  
Editorial
The Advantages of Combining Therapies in Treating Psychiatric Patients
by Ravi Philip Rajkumar
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070708 - 15 Jul 2024
Viewed by 979
Abstract
Mental illnesses are among the leading causes of morbidity and disability worldwide, and the burden associated with these disorders has increased steadily over the past three decades [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advantages of Combining Therapies in Treating Psychiatric Patients)
18 pages, 1133 KiB  
Review
Mechanisms Underlying Sex Differences in Temporomandibular Disorders and Their Comorbidity with Migraine
by Adnan Khan, Sufang Liu and Feng Tao
Brain Sci. 2024, 14(7), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14070707 - 15 Jul 2024
Viewed by 1586
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and their comorbidity with migraine are important phenomena observed in clinics. TMDs are the most prevalent orofacial pain conditions with jaw joint and masseter muscle dysfunction. Migraine is the predominant headache commonly associated with TMDs. Women much [...] Read more.
Sexual dimorphism in temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and their comorbidity with migraine are important phenomena observed in clinics. TMDs are the most prevalent orofacial pain conditions with jaw joint and masseter muscle dysfunction. Migraine is the predominant headache commonly associated with TMDs. Women much more often suffer from this orofacial pain than men. However, currently, there is no gender-specific therapy for such pain conditions. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms behind sex differences in TMDs as well as their comorbidity with migraines is essential for developing novel approaches for gender-specific treatment of TMDs and related orofacial pain comorbidity. In this review, we summarize recent research progress regarding sex differences in TMDs, focusing on the underlying mechanisms including craniofacial anatomy, hormonal regulation, and roles of opioids, transient receptor potential channels, and endocannabinoid systems. We also discuss the mechanisms of comorbid TMDs and migraine. The information covered in this review will provide mechanistic insights into sex differences in TMDs and their comorbidity with migraine, which could aid in developing effective treatment strategies for the overlapping orofacial pain condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neural Circuits for Pain Modulation)
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