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Volume 17
Issue 24
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Materials, Volume 17, Issue 24 (December-2 2024) – 281 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The phase evolution of Li-rich Li-Mn-Ni-(Al)-O cathode materials upon heat treatments was studied by X-ray and neutron powder diffraction. For two-phase mixtures containing a monoclinic Li2MnO3 type phase M and a rhombohedral LiMn0.5Ni0.5O2 type phase R, the structures, compositions, and phase fractions change with heat treatment time, realized by the substitution mechanism 3Ni2+ ↔ 2Li+ + 1Mn4+. Sample peak broadening is dominated by strain broadening. The X-ray domain sizes of M and R increase with heat treatment time and are larger than the sizes observed by electron microscopy. The domain size is smaller for R than for M and decreases with increasing Al doping. View this paper
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25 pages, 13857 KiB  
Article
Unit Load of Abrasive Grains in the Machining Zone During Microfinishing with Abrasive Films
by Katarzyna Tandecka, Wojciech Kacalak, Filip Szafraniec and Thomas G. Mathia
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6305; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246305 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 471
Abstract
This work investigates the contact between abrasive particles and workpieces in microfinishing processes with special consideration given to the determination of unit force, unit pressure, and grain, the forces exerted by individual abrasive grains. A detailed methodology was established for measuring the contact [...] Read more.
This work investigates the contact between abrasive particles and workpieces in microfinishing processes with special consideration given to the determination of unit force, unit pressure, and grain, the forces exerted by individual abrasive grains. A detailed methodology was established for measuring the contact area, penetration depth, and circumferences of grain imprints at depths corresponding to multiples of the total height of the abrasive film, represented by the parameter Sz. The following depths were analyzed: 0.05 Sz, 0.15 Sz, 0.25 Sz, and 0.35 Sz. Results show that the areas closer to the central microfinishing zone bear the highest unit pressures and forces and, thus, contribute dominantly to material removal. It was further found that near the edges of the contact zone, the pressure and force have been reduced to lower material removal efficiency. The non-uniform geometry of abrasive particles was found to significantly affect contact mechanics, more at shallow depths of penetration, whereas the shape of the apex defines the nature of the interaction. A parabolic force and pressure distribution were evident for the irregular load distribution of the microfinishing area. The result brings out the need for further refinement in the design of the abrasive film and pressure distribution in order to achieve improvement in uniformity and efficiency during microfinishing. It would bring out valuable insights on how to improve the effectiveness of an abrasive film and ways of optimizing the process conditions. The results provide a founding stone for further advancement of knowledge in the grain–workpiece interaction, enabling better surface quality and more reliable microfinishing processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of the Surface Topography, Abrasive Processing, and Precision Machining Technology and Applications)
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16 pages, 6537 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Behavior of Hardened Printed Concrete and the Effect of Cold Joints: An Experimental Investigation
by Theresa Glotz, Inken Jette Rasehorn and Yuri Petryna
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6304; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246304 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 454
Abstract
The adaptation of 3D printing techniques within the construction industry has opened new possibilities for designing and constructing cementitious materials efficiently and flexibly. The layered nature of extrusion-based concrete printing introduces challenges, such as interlayer weaknesses, that compromise structural integrity and mechanical performance. [...] Read more.
The adaptation of 3D printing techniques within the construction industry has opened new possibilities for designing and constructing cementitious materials efficiently and flexibly. The layered nature of extrusion-based concrete printing introduces challenges, such as interlayer weaknesses, that compromise structural integrity and mechanical performance. This experimental study investigates the influence of interlayer orientation and the presence of cold joints (CJ) on mechanical properties, such as stiffness and strength. Three-point bending tests (3PBT) and optical measurement techniques are employed to correlate these properties with the structural response of hardened printed concrete. The analysis determines key properties like Young’s modulus and flexural tensile strength and evaluates them statistically. The investigation examines crack development and failure mechanisms, relating them to the material properties. The findings reveal a strong dependency of material properties and crack formation on layer orientation. Specimens with interlayers aligned parallel to the loading direction exhibit significantly inferior mechanical properties compared with other orientations. The presence of CJ considerably influences the progression of crack formation. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the structural performance of printed concrete. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing Techniques in Construction Materials)
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15 pages, 11668 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Properties of Anticorrosion Systems Used for Structural Component Protection in Truck Trailers
by Wojciech Skotnicki and Dariusz Jędrzejczyk
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6303; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246303 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 461
Abstract
The article compares the properties of coatings (cataphoretic, hot-dip zinc, and thermo-diffusion zinc) applied to steel components used in the automotive industry. The research focused on the analysis of corrosion resistance, hardness measurements, and tribological properties conducted on steel guides used in trailer [...] Read more.
The article compares the properties of coatings (cataphoretic, hot-dip zinc, and thermo-diffusion zinc) applied to steel components used in the automotive industry. The research focused on the analysis of corrosion resistance, hardness measurements, and tribological properties conducted on steel guides used in trailer and truck body structures as well as fasteners (M12 × 40 bolts). The base surfaces were cleaned chemically. Corrosion resistance was tested in a salt chamber, while coating thickness was measured using the magnetic induction method. Coating hardness (HV 0.02) was assessed with a microhardness tester, and tribological properties were tested under dry friction conditions. The results showed that the zinc coatings demonstrated corrosion resistance far superior to paint coatings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Coatings for Wear and Corrosion Applications (Second Edition))
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27 pages, 17020 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Wear of Ni 200 Alloy After Long-Term Carbon Capture in Molten Salts Process
by Piotr Palimąka, Stanisław Pietrzyk, Maciej Balcerzak, Krzysztof Żaba, Beata Leszczyńska-Madej and Justyna Jaskowska-Lemańska
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6302; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246302 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 406
Abstract
Reducing CO2 emissions is one of the major challenges facing the modern world. The overall goal is to limit global warming and prevent catastrophic climate change. One of the many methods for reducing carbon dioxide emissions involves capturing, utilizing, and storing it [...] Read more.
Reducing CO2 emissions is one of the major challenges facing the modern world. The overall goal is to limit global warming and prevent catastrophic climate change. One of the many methods for reducing carbon dioxide emissions involves capturing, utilizing, and storing it at the source. The Carbon Capture in Molten Salts (CCMS) technique is considered potentially attractive and promising, although it has so far only been tested at the laboratory scale. This study evaluates the wear of the main structural components of a prototype for CO2 capture in molten salts—a device designed and tested in the laboratories of AGH University of Kraków. The evaluation focused on a gas barbotage lance and a reactor chamber (made from Nickel 200 Alloy), which were in continuous, long-term (800 h) contact with molten salts CaCl2-CaF2-CaO-CaCO3 at temperatures of 700–940 °C in an atmosphere of N2-CO2. The research used light microscopy, SEM, X-ray, computed tomography (CT), and 3D scanning. The results indicate the greatest wear on the part of the lance submerged in the molten salts (3.9 mm/year). The most likely wear mechanism involves grain growth and intergranular corrosion. Nickel reactions with the aggressive salt environment and its components cannot be ruled out. Additionally, the applied research methods enabled the identification of material discontinuities in the reactor chamber (mainly in welded areas), pitting on its surface, and uneven wear in different zones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Materials and Components)
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19 pages, 7394 KiB  
Article
Application of a Gyroid Structure for Thermal Insulation in Building Construction
by Beata Anwajler, Jerzy Szołomicki and Paweł Noszczyk
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6301; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246301 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 414
Abstract
This paper concerns research into the use of 3D-printed gyroid structures as a modern thermal insulation material in construction. The study focuses on the analysis of open-cell gyroid structures and their effectiveness in insulating external building envelopes. Gyroid composite samples produced using DLP [...] Read more.
This paper concerns research into the use of 3D-printed gyroid structures as a modern thermal insulation material in construction. The study focuses on the analysis of open-cell gyroid structures and their effectiveness in insulating external building envelopes. Gyroid composite samples produced using DLP 3D-printing technology were tested to determine key parameters such as thermal conductivity (λ), thermal resistance (R) and heat transfer coefficient (U) according to ISO 9869-1:2014. In addition, the authors carried out a comprehensive analysis of the annual energy balance of four different residential buildings, including older and modern structures, using Arcadia software v9.0. The results showed that 100 mm-thick multi-layer gyroid structures achieve exceptionally low thermal conductivity (approximately 0.023 W/(m·K)), significantly outperforming traditional materials such as mineral wool or polystyrene foam in terms of insulation efficiency. These structures also have high mechanical strength and low density, making them both lightweight and highly durable. As a result of these properties, the structures studied represent a promising solution for designing energy-efficient buildings, effectively reducing heating energy demand and improv the overall energy balance of buildings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)
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31 pages, 22480 KiB  
Article
Durability of Wood–Cement Composites with Modified Composition by Limestone and Stabilised Spruce Chips
by Tomáš Melichar, Amos Dufka, Karel Dvořák, Patrik Bayer, Silvestr Vasas, Iveta Novakova, Ivana Schwarzova and Jiří Bydžovský
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246300 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 359
Abstract
Limestone (LS) and stabilised secondary spruce chips (SCs) utilisation in wood–cement composites is still an unexplored area. Therefore, the main objective of the research presented here is the assessment of the long-term behaviour of cement-bonded particleboards (CBPs) modified by LS and SCs. Cement [...] Read more.
Limestone (LS) and stabilised secondary spruce chips (SCs) utilisation in wood–cement composites is still an unexplored area. Therefore, the main objective of the research presented here is the assessment of the long-term behaviour of cement-bonded particleboards (CBPs) modified by LS and SCs. Cement (CE) was replaced by 10% of LS, and spruce chips by 7% of SCs. The test specimens were stored in a laboratory and exterior environment (Middle Europe) for up to 2 years. The density, strength, and modulus of elasticity were evaluated after 28 days, and then in 6-month periods. The hygroscopicity was analysed separately. The mineralogical composition and microstructure were analysed due to possible LS participation during hydration. SC synergic behaviour in CBPs was also studied. After 2 years, the microstructure of the CBP was more compact, and denser. Strong carbonatation contributes to the improvement of CBP properties. The products of carbonatation were present in both the matrix and wood chips. The hydration of the matrix was almost finished. LS has a positive effect on the matrix microstructure development. LS acts both as an active component participating in the formation of the cement matrix structure and as an inert microfiller, synergic with hydration products. SCs have a positive effect on the hygroscopic behaviour of CBPs and slightly negative effect on the tensile strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wood-Based Composites from Alternative Lignocellulosic Raw Materials)
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22 pages, 7879 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties of Concrete Mixes with Selectively Crushed Wind Turbine Blade: Comparison with Raw-Crushing
by Víctor Revilla-Cuesta, Ana B. Espinosa, Roberto Serrano-López, Marta Skaf and Juan M. Manso
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6299; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246299 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 409
Abstract
The glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) materials of wind turbine blades can be recovered and recycled by crushing, thereby solving one of the most perplexing problems facing the wind energy sector. This process yields selectively crushed wind turbine blade (SCWTB), a novel waste that [...] Read more.
The glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) materials of wind turbine blades can be recovered and recycled by crushing, thereby solving one of the most perplexing problems facing the wind energy sector. This process yields selectively crushed wind turbine blade (SCWTB), a novel waste that is almost exclusively composed of GFRP composite fibers that can be revalued in terms of their use as a raw material in concrete production. In this research, the fresh and mechanical performance of concrete made with 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, and 6.0% SCWTB is studied. Once incorporated into concrete mixes, SCWTB waste slightly reduced slumps due to the large specific surface area of the fibers, and the stitching effect of the fibers on mechanical behavior was generally adequate, as scanning electron microscopy demonstrated good fiber adhesion within the cementitious matrix. Thus, despite the increase in the content of water and plasticizers when adding this waste to preserve workability, the compressive strength only decreased in the long term with the addition of 6.0% SCWTB, a value of 45 MPa always being reached at 28 days; Poisson’s coefficient remained constant from 3.0% SCWTB; splitting tensile strength was maintained at around 4.7 MPa up to additions of 3.0% SCWTB; and the flexural strength of mixes containing 6.0% and 1.5% SCWTB was statistically equal, with a value near 6.1 MPa. Furthermore, all mechanical properties of the concrete except for flexural strength were improved with additions of SCWTB compared to raw crushed wind turbine blade, which apart from GFRP composite fibers contains approximately spherical polymer and balsa wood particles. Flexural strength was conditioned by the proportion of fibers, their dimensions, and their strength, which were almost identical for both waste types. SCWTB would be preferable for applications in which compression stresses predominate. Full article
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20 pages, 6253 KiB  
Article
Study on Slipform Paving of Concrete Containing Alkali-Free Accelerators on Roadway Floor
by Yongjing Deng, Guanguo Ma, Zhenjiao Sun, Kang Gao, Hui Ma, Tingting Song and Wenfeng Jia
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6298; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246298 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 427
Abstract
Aiming at the problems of collapse, deformation, and displacement in the concrete paving of roadway floors, this paper adopts the way of adding alkali-free accelerators to the concrete on both sides, through mechanical analysis, single factor experiment, orthogonal experiment, and polynomial fitting method, [...] Read more.
Aiming at the problems of collapse, deformation, and displacement in the concrete paving of roadway floors, this paper adopts the way of adding alkali-free accelerators to the concrete on both sides, through mechanical analysis, single factor experiment, orthogonal experiment, and polynomial fitting method, and determines the relevant parameters of concrete and accelerators in the sliding form paving of roadway floor from two aspects of paving material and size. The results show that the FSA-AF alkali-free liquid accelerator is more suitable for roadway floor paving than the J85 powder accelerator. When the FSA-AF accelerator dosage reaches 8%, the decreasing trend of initial setting time curve tends to be flat. The deformation resistance of concrete containing accelerator is positively correlated with the dosage of the accelerator. Concrete side pressure is positively correlated with pavement paving height. The FSA-AF accelerator can reduce the compressive strength of concrete; the compressive strength and retention rate of concrete at all ages are the highest when the dosage of FSA-AF is 7%. A water–cement ratio of 0.4 and a 9% dosage of accelerator are the optimal combination to meet the four evaluation indexes. According to the width estimation formula, the width of the side concrete should be set to 14 cm. Full article
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19 pages, 7376 KiB  
Article
New Insight into Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Activity of Ag-Loaded and Oxygen Vacancy-Containing BiOBr(OV)/BiOI0.08 Microspheres
by Xiaobin Hu, Mingxing Zhao and Rongfei Zhang
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6297; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246297 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 462
Abstract
A series of Ag-loaded and oxygen vacancy (OV)-containing BiOBr(OV)/BiOI0.08 (Ag/BiOBr(OV)/BiOI0.08) photocatalysts with varying Ag loading levels were synthesized via the solvothermal–photocatalytic reduction method. As confirmed via optical, photoelectrochemical, and 4-chlorophenol photodegradation experiments, a low Ag loading [...] Read more.
A series of Ag-loaded and oxygen vacancy (OV)-containing BiOBr(OV)/BiOI0.08 (Ag/BiOBr(OV)/BiOI0.08) photocatalysts with varying Ag loading levels were synthesized via the solvothermal–photocatalytic reduction method. As confirmed via optical, photoelectrochemical, and 4-chlorophenol photodegradation experiments, a low Ag loading level significantly enhanced the photogenerated charge carrier (PCC) transfer on the BiOBr(OV)/BiOI0.08 semiconductor surface and the performance of Ag/BiOBr(OV)/BiOI0.08 photocatalysts, which was attributable to the synergism between the effect of OVs and the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Ag nanoparticles. Additionally, BiOBr(OV)/BiOI heterojunctions facilitated efficient visible-light harvesting and PCC separation. As indicated by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the electric field intensity in the “hot spots” generated at the interface between the BiOBr(OV)/BiOI0.08 semiconductor and Ag nanoparticles increased by more than eight times, and the presence of OVs and Ag atomic clusters introduced impurity energy levels in the semiconductor bandgap, improving PCC separation and Ag/BiOBr(OV)/BiOI0.08 photocatalytic efficiency. However, an increase in silver loading renders the composite metallic, suggesting a reduction in its photocatalytic performance. This work provides new insights for designing highly active visible light catalysts and contributes to the development of more efficient plasmonic catalysts. Full article
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24 pages, 5796 KiB  
Article
Dynamic In-Plane Compression and Fracture Growth in a Quasi-Isotropic Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite
by Yogesh Kumar, Mohammad Rezasefat, Zahra Zaiemyekeh, Haoyang Li, Patricia Dolez and James Hogan
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6296; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246296 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 402
Abstract
This study presents an experimental investigation of the quasi-static and dynamic behavior of a quasi-isotropic carbon-fiber-reinforced composite subjected to in-plane compressive loading. The experiments were performed at strain rates ranging from 4×10−5 to ∼1200 s−1 to quantifythe [...] Read more.
This study presents an experimental investigation of the quasi-static and dynamic behavior of a quasi-isotropic carbon-fiber-reinforced composite subjected to in-plane compressive loading. The experiments were performed at strain rates ranging from 4×10−5 to ∼1200 s−1 to quantifythe strain-rate-dependent response, failure propagation, and damage morphology using advanced camera systems. Fiber bridging, kink band formation, dominance of interlaminar failure, and inter-fiber failure fracture planes are evidenced through post-mortem analysis. The evolution of the in-plane compressive strength, failure strength, and stiffness are quantified across the strain rates considered in this study. For an in-depth understanding of the failure propagation, crack speeds were determined in two subsets; (i) primary and secondary cracking, and (ii) the interfaces participating in the crack propagation. Lastly, a modified Zhu–Wang–Tang viscoelastic constitutive model was used to characterize the dynamic stress-strain and compressive behavior of the quasi-isotropic composite under in-plane compression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Thermal, Electrical and Mechanical Aspects of Carbon-Based Composites)
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15 pages, 6531 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Performance Study of Novel Foam Vegetation Concrete
by Teng Zhang, Tianbin Li, Hua Xu, Mengyun Wang and Lingling Lu
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246295 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 615
Abstract
Vegetation concrete is one of the most widely used substrates in ecological slope protection, but its practical application often limits the growth and nutrient uptake of plant roots due to consolidation problems, which affects the effectiveness of slope protection. This paper proposed the [...] Read more.
Vegetation concrete is one of the most widely used substrates in ecological slope protection, but its practical application often limits the growth and nutrient uptake of plant roots due to consolidation problems, which affects the effectiveness of slope protection. This paper proposed the use of a plant protein foaming agent as a porous modifier to create a porous, lightweight treatment for vegetation concrete. Physical performance tests, direct shear tests, plant growth tests, and scanning electron microscopy experiments were conducted to compare and analyze the physical, mechanical, microscopic characteristics, and phyto-capabilities of differently treated vegetation concrete. The results showed that the higher the foam content, the more significant the porous and lightweight properties of the vegetation concrete. When the foam volume was 50%, the porosity increased by 106.05% compared to the untreated sample, while the volume weight decreased by 20.53%. The shear strength, cohesion, and internal friction angle of vegetation concrete all showed a decreasing trend with increasing foaming agent content. Festuca arundinacea grew best under the 30% foaming agent treatment, with germinative energy, germinative percentage, plant height, root length, and underground biomass increasing by 6.31%, 13.22%, 8.57%, 18.71%, and 34.62%, respectively, compared to the untreated sample. The scanning electron microscope observation showed that the pore structure of vegetation concrete was optimized after foam incorporation. Adding plant protein foaming agents to modify the pore structure of vegetation concrete is appropriate, with an optimal foam volume ratio of 20–30%. This study provides new insights and references for slope ecological restoration engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Cement-Based Composites for Civil Engineering (Volume II))
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14 pages, 58552 KiB  
Article
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Property of Metastable β Titanium Alloy
by Jiafeng Tang, Hengjun Luo, Biliu Wu, Wenhao Liu, Yu Rong, Danyang Chen, Yulin Qin, Ning Zhang, Fang Hao, Hao Deng, Longqing Chen, Jun Zhu and Ming Yin
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246294 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 302
Abstract
TB18 is a newly developed high-strength metastable β-titanium alloy, commonly used in aerospace structural materials, which demands high mechanical performance. By altering the alloy’s microstructure, heat treatment can affect its mechanical characteristics. The alloy was solution treated for one to four hours at [...] Read more.
TB18 is a newly developed high-strength metastable β-titanium alloy, commonly used in aerospace structural materials, which demands high mechanical performance. By altering the alloy’s microstructure, heat treatment can affect its mechanical characteristics. The alloy was solution treated for one to four hours at 870 °C in order to examine the impact of solution treatment duration. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the effects of solution treatment time on the β-phase grain size and its effect on stress distribution during tensile testing were examined. The findings showed that stress concentration during the tensile process was successfully decreased by refining the β-phase grain size. Sample solutions treated for two hours at 870 °C were then aged at various temperatures (510 °C, 520 °C, 530 °C, and 540 °C) to examine the impact of aging temperature. While the mass proportion of the α-phase first climbed and subsequently declined, reaching its maximum at 530 °C, the size of the α-phase increased monotonically as the aging temperature increased. The varies of mass fraction is associated with how the aging temperature affects α-phase nucleation. Tensile studies on TB18 alloy aged at various temperatures showed that while the alloy’s ductility reduced, its strength increased as the aging temperature rose. The Hall-Petch relationship explains this tendency. Full article
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22 pages, 12075 KiB  
Article
Influence of Structural Optimization on the Physical Properties of an Innovative FDM 3D Printed Thermal Barrier
by Beata Anwajler, Jacek Iwko, Anna Piwowar, Roman Wróblewski and Piotr Szulc
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6293; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246293 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 698
Abstract
This article describes an innovative thermal insulation barrier in the form of a sandwich panel manufactured using 3D FDM printing technology. The internal structure (core structure) of the barrier is based on the Kelvin foam model. This paper presents the influence of the [...] Read more.
This article describes an innovative thermal insulation barrier in the form of a sandwich panel manufactured using 3D FDM printing technology. The internal structure (core structure) of the barrier is based on the Kelvin foam model. This paper presents the influence of the parameters (the height h and the porosity P of a single core cell) of the barrier on its properties (thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, compressive strength, and quasi-static indentation strength). The dominant influence of the porosity of the structure on the determined physical properties of the fabricated samples was demonstrated. The best insulation results were obtained for single-layer composites with a cell height of 4 mm and a porosity of 90%, where the thermal conductivity coefficient was 0.038 W/(m·K) and the thermal resistance 0.537 (m2·K)/W. In contrast, the best compressive strength properties were obtained for the 50% porosity samples and amounted to about 350 MPa, while the moduli for the 90% porosity samples were 14 times lower and amounted to about 26 MPa. The porosity (P) of the composite structure also had a significant effect on the punch shear strength of the samples produced, and the values obtained for the 90% porosity samples did not exceed 1 MPa. In conclusion, the test showed that the resulting 3D cellular composites offer an innovative and environmentally friendly approach to thermal insulation. Full article
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13 pages, 8877 KiB  
Article
The Influence of the Strain Rate on Texture Formation During the Plane Strain Compression of AZ80 Magnesium Alloy
by Yebeen Ji, Jimin Yun, Kibeom Kim, Tae Hee Lee and Kwonhoo Kim
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246292 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 306
Abstract
Controlling microstructure and texture development is a key approach to improving the formability of magnesium alloys. In this study, the effects of the strain rate and initial texture on the texture evolution of magnesium alloys during high-temperature processing are investigated. The plane strain [...] Read more.
Controlling microstructure and texture development is a key approach to improving the formability of magnesium alloys. In this study, the effects of the strain rate and initial texture on the texture evolution of magnesium alloys during high-temperature processing are investigated. The plane strain compression of three types of AZ80 magnesium alloys with different initial textures was assessed at 723 K and a train rate of 0.0005 s−1. Work softening was consistently observed in the stress–strain curves of all samples. However, the peak stress varied depending on the initial texture, with lower peak stress observed under conditions favoring prismatic slip. Under these conditions, the activation of non-basal slip suppressed the formation of basal texture. The texture shifted and developed parallel to the transverse direction when prismatic slip was dominant. In contrast, the activation of pyramidal slip led to the formation of a basal texture tilted by 25° from the (0001) plane. The effects of recrystallization and grain boundary migration on texture development were minimal. This study contributes to understanding the texture development mechanisms in magnesium alloys and provides insights into improving their workability and ductility through texture modification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Materials Processing (3rd Edition))
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20 pages, 3373 KiB  
Review
Progress and Prospects for Titanium Extraction from Titanium-Bearing Blast Furnace Slag
by Yuxuan Qu, Lei Xing, Minglei Gao, Suxing Zhao, Qianqian Ren, Lanjie Li and Yue Long
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246291 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 504
Abstract
The composition of TBFS is complex. It is categorized into low (W(TiO2) < 5%), medium (5% < W(TiO2) < 20%), and high-titanium slag (W(TiO2) > 20%) based on Ti content. The titanium in the slag is underutilized, causing it to [...] Read more.
The composition of TBFS is complex. It is categorized into low (W(TiO2) < 5%), medium (5% < W(TiO2) < 20%), and high-titanium slag (W(TiO2) > 20%) based on Ti content. The titanium in the slag is underutilized, causing it to accumulate and contribute to environmental pollution. Current methods for extracting titanium from TBFS include acid leaching, alkali fusion roasting, high-temperature carbonation–low-temperature chlorination, electrochemical molten salt electrolysis, and selective enrichment. However, these methods still face challenges such as environmental impact, high costs, low Ti recovery, and low Ti grade. This paper summarizes the mechanisms and characteristics of the above methods. Future research should focus on integrating pyrometallurgy with beneficiation processes, followed by further purification of titanium-rich phases through hydrometallurgy. Additionally, combining this with novel separation technologies (such as microwave and superconducting magnetic separation) will optimize the dissociation of titanium-bearing phases after enrichment. Full article
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2 pages, 553 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Amanzhulov et al. Composition and Structure of NiCoFeCr and NiCoFeCrMn High-Entropy Alloys Irradiated by Helium Ions. Materials 2023, 16, 3695
by Bauyrzhan Amanzhulov, Igor Ivanov, Vladimir Uglov, Sergey Zlotski, Azamat Ryskulov, Alisher Kurakhmedov, Mikhail Koloberdin and Maxim Zdorovets
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246290 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 238
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
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14 pages, 3260 KiB  
Article
Corrosion Properties of Cold-Sprayed Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) Coatings After Heat Treatment
by Mieczysław Scendo and Wojciech Żórawski
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6289; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246289 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 359
Abstract
The corrosion resistance of a Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) cermet coating applied to an Al7075 substrate (Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr)/Al7075) was investigated. The coating was produced using a cold spraying (CS) method. The main aim of the research was to determine [...] Read more.
The corrosion resistance of a Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr) cermet coating applied to an Al7075 substrate (Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr)/Al7075) was investigated. The coating was produced using a cold spraying (CS) method. The main aim of the research was to determine the effect of heat treatment on the properties of cermet coatings on the Al7075 substrate. The mechanical properties of the Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr)/Al7075 composite were assessed through microhardness (HV) measurements. The surface morphology and microstructure of the specimens were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electrochemical testing in an acidic chloride solution was employed to evaluate the corrosion behavior of the materials. The cermet coating effectively protected the Al7075 substrate from the aggressive corrosive environment. Heat treatment homogenized the structure of the cermet coating, eliminating microcracks and pores on the Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr)/Al7075 surface. Notably, annealing at 300 °C in air significantly enhanced the corrosion resistance of the cermet coating. The corrosion rate was reduced by more than five times compared to the non-heat-treated Cr3C2-25(Ni20Cr)/Al7075 coating. Full article
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21 pages, 9715 KiB  
Article
Effect of Doping Cement Mortar with Triclosan, Hypochlorous Acid, Silver Nanoparticles and Graphene Oxide on Its Mechanical and Biological Properties
by Mikołaj Paciejewski, Agata Lange, Sławomir Jaworski, Marta Kutwin, Aneta Bombalska, Jarosław Siwiński, Klaudia Olkowicz, Jadwiga Mierczyk, Kamila Narojczyk, Zdzisław Bogdanowicz and Barbara Nasiłowska
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246288 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 372
Abstract
In order to improve the performance of cement mortar (Portland cement), it was enriched with triclosan, hypochlorous acid, silver nanoparticles and graphene oxide. Cement mortar is used, among other things, to fill the gaps between the tiles of building porcelain stoneware. A number [...] Read more.
In order to improve the performance of cement mortar (Portland cement), it was enriched with triclosan, hypochlorous acid, silver nanoparticles and graphene oxide. Cement mortar is used, among other things, to fill the gaps between the tiles of building porcelain stoneware. A number of structural, mechanical and biological tests were carried out. The structural tests included microscopic analysis and contact angle, reflectance and IR spectra, while the mechanical tests involved static bending and compression testing. These tests showed that the additions of graphene oxide and hypochlorous acid were most beneficial. These additions, although not detected by spectral methods, resulted in a significant increase in contact angle and mechanical properties. Studies of the viability of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus showed that all the additives used resulted in a decrease in viability compared to the undoped cement mortar. There was also a beneficial decrease in the viability of fungi of the genus Fusarium on cement mortar mainly doped with silver nanoparticles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physico-Chemical Modification of Materials for Biomedical Application)
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21 pages, 6452 KiB  
Article
Thermal–Fluid–Structure Interaction Analysis of the Impact of Structural Modifications on the Stress and Flow Parameters in a Nozzle Box Made of StE460 Steel
by Mateusz Bryk, Marcin Lemański and Paweł Madejski
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6287; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246287 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 398
Abstract
This study explores the impact of structural modifications on the stress distribution and flow characteristics of a nozzle box in a steam turbine, specifically targeting the components made from high-strength StE460 steel. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFDs) and Thermal–Fluid–Structure Interaction (Thermal–FSI) simulations, we [...] Read more.
This study explores the impact of structural modifications on the stress distribution and flow characteristics of a nozzle box in a steam turbine, specifically targeting the components made from high-strength StE460 steel. Using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFDs) and Thermal–Fluid–Structure Interaction (Thermal–FSI) simulations, we examine the effects of shortening the nozzle guide vanes by 7 mm. This novel approach significantly reduces the stress levels within the nozzle box segments, bringing them below the critical thresholds and thus enhancing component durability. Moreover, the modification leads to improved flow efficiency, evidenced by the higher outlet velocities, temperatures, and mass flow rates, all of which contribute to increased turbine power output without negatively impacting the downstream flow dynamics. This balance between durability and flow performance underscores the value of targeted structural innovations in high-temperature, high-stress environments. This study’s findings suggest that such modifications can substantially improve turbine efficiency and operational longevity, marking an important advancement in industrial applications where reliability and efficiency are paramount. Future work will assess the long-term effects under variable operational conditions to further optimize these benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Processing Technologies)
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10 pages, 6178 KiB  
Communication
Synthesis and Complex Dielectric Properties of Ba0.4Sr0.6SnO3 Ceramics with Thorn-like Microstructure
by Wei Li, Xiaoyu Wu, Ziheng Huang, Depeng Wang and Weitian Wang
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246286 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 421
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized perovskite Ba0.4Sr0.6SnO3 ceramics with a unique thorn-like microstructure using the solid-state reaction method. The structural and complex dielectric properties were investigated in detail. X-ray diffraction was employed to characterize the phase purity, while [...] Read more.
In this study, we synthesized perovskite Ba0.4Sr0.6SnO3 ceramics with a unique thorn-like microstructure using the solid-state reaction method. The structural and complex dielectric properties were investigated in detail. X-ray diffraction was employed to characterize the phase purity, while X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical state of the components. The frequency and temperature dependence of the dielectric properties indicates that both the dielectric constant and loss are influenced by A-site ion doping as well as the presence of the thorn-like microstructure. The observed dielectric behavior can be explained by the interfacial polarization and dielectric relaxation processes, which arise from the existing Sn4+-Sn2+ pairs, oxygen vacancies, and defects with activation energies of 0.38 eV, 0.73 eV, and 0.54 eV, respectively. The resistances of grain boundaries, grains, and the thorn-like structure were revealed by the impedance spectra. These findings provide valuable insights into understanding structure–property relationships in perovskite stannate ceramics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Advanced and Functional Ceramics and Glasses)
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23 pages, 4067 KiB  
Review
Unlocking Germanium Potential: Stabilization Strategies Through Wet Chemical Functionalization
by Alessia Arrigoni, Benedetta Maria Squeo and Mariacecilia Pasini
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246285 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 448
Abstract
Germanium (Ge) has long been recognized for its superior carrier mobility and narrower band gap compared to silicon, making it a promising candidate in microelectronics and optoelectronics. The recent demonstration of good biocompatibility, combined with the ability to selectively functionalize its surface, establishes [...] Read more.
Germanium (Ge) has long been recognized for its superior carrier mobility and narrower band gap compared to silicon, making it a promising candidate in microelectronics and optoelectronics. The recent demonstration of good biocompatibility, combined with the ability to selectively functionalize its surface, establishes the way for its use in biosensing and bioimaging. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the most recent advancements in the wet chemical functionalization of germanium surfaces. Wet chemical methods, including Grignard reactions, hydrogermylation, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) formation, and arylation, are discussed in terms of their stability, surface coverage, and potential for preventing reoxidation, one of the main limits for Ge practical use. Special emphasis is placed on the characterization techniques that have advanced our understanding of these functionalized surfaces, which are crucial in the immobilization of molecules/biomolecules for different technological applications. This review emphasizes the dual functionality of surface passivation techniques, demonstrating that, in addition to stabilizing and protecting the active material, surface functionalization can impart new functional properties for germanium-based biosensors and semiconductor devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Engineering & Coating Technologies for Corrosion and Tribocorrosion Resistance—Volume II)
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13 pages, 4389 KiB  
Article
Light Absorption-Enhanced Ultra-Thin Perovskite Solar Cell Based on Cylindrical MAPbI3 Microstructure
by Wenfeng Fu, Chong Pan, Aixuan Zhou, Pengcheng Shi, Zao Yi and Qingdong Zeng
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246284 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 540
Abstract
In order to promote power conversion efficiency and reduce energy loss, we propose a perovskite solar cell based on cylindrical MAPbI3 microstructure composed of a MAPbI3 perovskite layer and a hole transport layer (HTL) composed of PEDOT:PSS. According to the charge transport [...] Read more.
In order to promote power conversion efficiency and reduce energy loss, we propose a perovskite solar cell based on cylindrical MAPbI3 microstructure composed of a MAPbI3 perovskite layer and a hole transport layer (HTL) composed of PEDOT:PSS. According to the charge transport theory, which effectually increases the contact area of the HTL, promoting the electronic transmission capability, the local field enhancement and scattering effects of the surface plasmon polaritons help to couple the incident light to the solar cell, which can increase the absorption of light in the active layer of the solar cell and improve its light absorption efficiency (LAE). based on simulation results, a cylindrical microstructure of the perovskite layer increases the contact area of the hole transport layer, which could improve light absorption, quantum efficiency (QE), short-circuit current density (JSC), and electric power compared with the perovskite layer of other structures. In the AM 1.5 solar spectrum, the average light absorption efficiency is 93.86%, the QE is 80.7%, the JSC is 24.50 mA/cm2, and the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is 20.19%. By enhancing the efficiency and reducing material usage, this innovative design approach for perovskite solar cells is expected to play a significant role in advancing solar technology and positively impacting the development of renewable energy solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Characterization and Application of Photonic Materials and Devices)
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17 pages, 4090 KiB  
Article
Crack Sealing in Concrete with Biogrout: Sustainable Approach to Enhancing Mechanical Strength and Water Resistance
by Jian Wang, Shengjie Ji, Shuguang Huang, Zihang Jiang, Siqi Wang, Huaiqi Zhang, Zijian Wang and Junfei Zhang
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6283; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246283 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 531
Abstract
Concrete, as the most widely used construction material globally, is prone to cracking under the influence of external factors such as mechanical loads, temperature fluctuations, chemical corrosion, and freeze–thaw cycles. Traditional concrete crack repair methods, such as epoxy resins and polymer mortars, often [...] Read more.
Concrete, as the most widely used construction material globally, is prone to cracking under the influence of external factors such as mechanical loads, temperature fluctuations, chemical corrosion, and freeze–thaw cycles. Traditional concrete crack repair methods, such as epoxy resins and polymer mortars, often suffer from a limited permeability, poor compatibility with substrates, and insufficient long-term durability. Microbial biogrouting technology, leveraging microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP), has emerged as a promising alternative for crack sealing. This study aimed to explore the potential of Bacillus pasteurii for repairing concrete cracks to enhance compressive strength and permeability performance post-repair. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the bacterial growth cycle and urease activity under varying concentrations of Ca2+. The results indicated that the optimal time for crack repair occurred 24–36 h after bacterial cultivation. Additionally, the study revealed an inhibitory effect of high calcium ion concentrations on urease activity, with the optimal concentration identified as 1 mol/L. Compressive strength and water absorption tests were performed on repaired concrete specimens. The compressive strength of specimens with cracks of varying dimensions improved by 4.01–11.4% post-repair, with the highest improvement observed for specimens with 1 mm wide and 10 mm deep cracks, reaching an increase of 11.4%. In the water absorption tests conducted over 24 h, the average mass water absorption rate decreased by 31.36% for specimens with 0.5 mm cracks, 29.06% for 1 mm cracks, 27.9% for 2 mm cracks, and 28.2% for 3 mm cracks. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses confirmed the formation of dense calcium carbonate precipitates, with the SEM–EDS results identifying calcite and vaterite as the predominant self-healing products. This study underscores the potential of MICP-based microbial biogrouting as a sustainable and effective solution for enhancing the mechanical and durability properties of repaired concrete. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Cementitious Composites: Manufacturing and Characterization)
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17 pages, 8383 KiB  
Article
Development on Light and Thin Broadband Sound Absorption Structure Based on Unequal-Cross-Section Microperforated Plate Series Connection
by Xin Jv, Jinwu Wu, Qibo Mao, Qi Li and Tianhang Zhang
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6282; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246282 - 22 Dec 2024
Viewed by 485
Abstract
The sound absorption structure of a microperforated plate has many advantages and has great potential in the field of noise control. In order to solve the problem of broadband sound absorption of microperforated plates, a series acoustic structure of microperforated plates of unequal [...] Read more.
The sound absorption structure of a microperforated plate has many advantages and has great potential in the field of noise control. In order to solve the problem of broadband sound absorption of microperforated plates, a series acoustic structure of microperforated plates of unequal cross-section was designed based on the traditional microperforated plate series acoustic structure. Compared with the traditional series structure, the sudden change of cross-section increases the sound energy dissipation and greatly improves the sound absorption performance. Through the analysis of its parameters, when the overall thickness of the structure is 20 mm, its sound absorption coefficient is above 0.5 in the frequency range of 1000–3450 Hz; there are three formants, and the sound absorption coefficients corresponding to the three formants reach 1. This study provides new ideas and methods for the design of broadband acoustic structures. Full article
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15 pages, 3266 KiB  
Article
Annealing Effect on Linear and Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical Properties of Bi2Te3 Thin Films
by Tengfei Zhang, Shenjin Wei, Xiaoxiao Song, Shubo Zhang, Yaopeng Li, Yiyun Zou, Ying Wang, Menghan Li, Ying Jiang, Junhua Wang, Ertao Hu and Jing Li
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6281; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246281 - 22 Dec 2024
Viewed by 519
Abstract
In recent years, the fabrication of materials with large nonlinear optical coefficients and the investigation of methods to enhance nonlinear optical performance have been in the spotlight. Herein, the bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) thin films were prepared by radio-frequency magnetron [...] Read more.
In recent years, the fabrication of materials with large nonlinear optical coefficients and the investigation of methods to enhance nonlinear optical performance have been in the spotlight. Herein, the bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) thin films were prepared by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering and annealed in vacuum at various temperatures. The structural and optical properties were characterized and analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and UV/VIS/NIR spectrophotometry. The third-order optical nonlinearities of Bi2Te3 thin films were investigated using the Z-scan technique, employing a 100 fs pulse width at an 800 nm wavelength. It is found that the crystallinity and the average grain size of the films increase with the annealing temperature. Meanwhile, the extinction coefficient of the annealed films increased, accompanied by a redshift in the optical bandgap. All samples exhibit pronounced saturable absorption and self-focusing behaviors. The nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index of Bi2Te3 films annealed at 300 °C were found to be 2.44 times and 1.85 times higher than those of the as-deposited films, respectively. These findings demonstrate that annealing treatment is an effective approach to tuning the crystalline structure and linear optical properties of Bi2Te3 films while simultaneously enhancing their nonlinear optical performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Properties of Crystalline Semiconductors and Nanomaterials)
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23 pages, 15546 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Alkali-Activated Self-Compacting Concrete for Precast Textile-Reinforced Concrete: Experimental–Statistical Modeling Approach
by Vitalii Kryzhanovskyi and Jeanette Orlowsky
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6280; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246280 - 22 Dec 2024
Viewed by 670
Abstract
Industrial and construction wastes make up about half of all world wastes. In order to reduce their negative impact on the environment, it is possible to use part of them for concrete production. Using experimental–statistical modeling techniques, the combined effect of brick powder, [...] Read more.
Industrial and construction wastes make up about half of all world wastes. In order to reduce their negative impact on the environment, it is possible to use part of them for concrete production. Using experimental–statistical modeling techniques, the combined effect of brick powder, recycling sand, and alkaline activator on fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete for the production of textile-reinforced concrete was investigated. Experimental data on flowability, passing ability, spreading speed, segregation resistance, air content, and density of fresh mixtures were obtained. The standard passing ability tests were modified using a textile mesh to maximize the approximation to the real conditions of textile concrete production. To determine the dynamics of concrete strength development, compression and flexural tests at the ages of 1, 3, 7, and 28 days and splitting tensile strength tests of 28 days were conducted. The preparation technology of the investigated modified mixtures depending on the composition is presented. The resulting mathematical models allow for the optimization of concrete compositions for partial replacement of slag cement with brick powder (up to 30%), and natural sand with recycled sand (up to 100%) with the addition of an alkaline activator in the range of 0.5–1% of the cement content. This allows us to obtain sustainable, alkali-activated high-strength self-compacting recycling concrete, which significantly reduces the negative impact on the environment and promotes the development of a circular economy in the construction industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Materials Science and Engineering)
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26 pages, 4346 KiB  
Article
Effect of Diatomite Application on the Removal of Biogenic Pollutants in Rain Gardens
by Agnieszka Grela, Michał Łach, Justyna Pamuła, Karolina Łach, Izabela Godyń, Dagmara Malina, Zbigniew Wzorek, Kinga Setlak and Damian Grela
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6279; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246279 - 22 Dec 2024
Viewed by 773
Abstract
Due to its structure and properties, diatomite from a deposit in Jawornik Ruski (Subcarpathian Voivodeship) can be used as a sorbent in rain gardens. The purpose of the current research is to analyze how enriching the substrate used in a rain garden with [...] Read more.
Due to its structure and properties, diatomite from a deposit in Jawornik Ruski (Subcarpathian Voivodeship) can be used as a sorbent in rain gardens. The purpose of the current research is to analyze how enriching the substrate used in a rain garden with diatomite can affect the removal of biogenic pollutants. This study was carried out under laboratory conditions using retention columns, two experimental columns with different contents of diatomite, and a control column without the addition of diatomite. Analyses of the materials used included studies of the characteristics of the rain garden layers (water permeability and granulometric analysis) and characterization of the diatomite (SEM images, oxide and phase composition, leachability, and BET). The effects of diatomite on pollutant removal were studied for NH4+, PO43−, NO3−. The results showed approximately 3-fold higher reductions in the concentration of NH4+ and PO43− in the columns with the addition of diatomite than in the control one (reduction in the concentration of NH4+ by 93 and 94% and of PO43− by 94 and 98% with the addition of 20 and 30% diatomite contents, respectively). The study results confirmed the possibility of removing contaminants using diatomite, thus reducing their entry into the aquatic environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adsorption Materials and Their Applications (2nd Edition))
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21 pages, 10249 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Corrosion and Cavitation Resistance of Laser Remelted GX40CrNiSi25-20 Cast Stainless Steel
by Ion Mitelea, Ilare Bordeașu, Daniela Cosma, Dragoș Buzdugan, Corneliu Marius Crăciunescu and Ion Dragoș Uțu
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6278; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246278 - 22 Dec 2024
Viewed by 569
Abstract
This paper explores the enhancement of cavitation and corrosion resistance in cast stainless steel through laser beam surface remelting. The influence of laser treatment on material properties was assessed by analyzing the microstructure using optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Cavitation erosion [...] Read more.
This paper explores the enhancement of cavitation and corrosion resistance in cast stainless steel through laser beam surface remelting. The influence of laser treatment on material properties was assessed by analyzing the microstructure using optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Cavitation erosion was evaluated in tap water using an ultrasonic vibration setup, following ASTM G32—2016 standards. Results show that local remelting of the surface with a laser beam causes a reduction in material loss and cavitation erosion rate. Potentiodynamic polarization tests revealed a significant improvement in corrosion resistance, indicated by a reduced corrosion current density in the laser-treated surface. The observed improvements in cavitation and corrosion resistance are attributed to microstructural hardening, characterized by grain refinement and a uniform, homogeneous structure with finely dispersed, small precipitate particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion Resistance Enhancement of the Materials Surface—Second Edition)
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19 pages, 7534 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of Granite and Expanded Clay Aggregate as Backfill Materials for Masonry Vaults
by Piotr Krajewski and Łukasz Hojdys
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246277 - 22 Dec 2024
Viewed by 529
Abstract
The paper presents the results of experimental and numerical tests on barrel vaults with backfill material. The thickness, internal span, and rise of the vaults were 125 mm, 2000 mm, and 730 mm, respectively. In experimental studies, vaults with backfill of expanded clay [...] Read more.
The paper presents the results of experimental and numerical tests on barrel vaults with backfill material. The thickness, internal span, and rise of the vaults were 125 mm, 2000 mm, and 730 mm, respectively. In experimental studies, vaults with backfill of expanded clay aggregate or granite aggregate were tested. Moreover, three types of extrados finishing were considered in the experiments: masonry with flush joints, PVC film, and steel angles attached to the bricks. The numerical simulations increased the number of cases analyzed by conducting a parametric analysis for four additional backfill materials with varying bulk density or internal friction angle, as well as modifying the friction coefficient at the backfill-vault interface for each of the analyzed materials. The main goal of the analyses was to investigate the impact of the bulk density, the internal friction angle of the backfill material, and the friction coefficient between the backfill and the vault on the load-bearing capacity of the buried vault. Both the laboratory tests and numerical simulations indicate a significant impact of the internal friction angle, bulk density of the backfill materials, and the finishing method of the extrados of the vault on the load-bearing capacity of buried vaults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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23 pages, 7423 KiB  
Article
Crystal Plasticity Finite Element Study on Orientation Evolution and Deformation Inhomogeneity of Island Grain During the Ultra-Thin Strips Rolling of Grain Oriented Electrical Steel
by Huanzhu Wang, Ping Yang, Qingge Xie and Xinfu Gu
Materials 2024, 17(24), 6276; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246276 - 22 Dec 2024
Viewed by 475
Abstract
The presence of island grains in the initial finished sheets of grain-oriented electrical steel is inevitable in the preparation of ultra-thin strips. Owing to their distinctive shape and size effects, their deformation behavior during rolling differs from that of grain-oriented electrical steels of [...] Read more.
The presence of island grains in the initial finished sheets of grain-oriented electrical steel is inevitable in the preparation of ultra-thin strips. Owing to their distinctive shape and size effects, their deformation behavior during rolling differs from that of grain-oriented electrical steels of conventional thickness. This study focuses on the orientation evolution and deformation heterogeneity of island grains during rolling. Four types of island grains with orientations of {210}<001>, {110}<112>, {114}<481>, and {100}<021> were selected and modeled within the Goss-oriented matrix using full-field crystal plasticity finite element (CPFEM) simulation under plane strain compression. The results are then compared with corresponding experimental measurements. The results reveal that orientation rotation and grain fragmentation vary among the island grains of different orientations, with the first two orientations exhibiting more significant deformation heterogeneity compared to the latter two. Additionally, the orientations of the island grains significantly affect the distribution of residual Goss orientations within the surrounding matrix. Pancake-like island grains exhibit a higher degree of orientation scatter and greater deformation heterogeneity in the central layer compared to their spherical counterparts. The initial {210}<001> island grains can form a cube orientation, which can be optimized by subsequent process control to enhance magnetic properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Deformation Characteristics of Metals and Alloys)
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