seasonal affective disorder
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- Cleveland Clinic - Seasonal Depression (Seasonal Affective Disorder)
- Mayo Clinic - Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
- National Center for Biotechnology Information - Seasonal Affective Disorder
- NHS - Seasonal Affective Disorder
- WebMD - Seasonal Depression (Seasonal Affective Disorder)
- National Institute of Mental Health - Seasonal Affective Disorder
- Psychology Today - Seasonal Affective Disorder
- Simply Psychology - Seasonal affective disorder
- Johns Hopkins Medicine - Seasonal Affective Disorder
- eMedicineHealth - Seasonal Affective Disorder
- Related Topics:
- depression
- season
- affective disorder
- light therapy
seasonal affective disorder (SAD), mood disorder characterized by recurring depression in autumn and winter, separated by periods of nondepression in spring and summer. The condition was first described in 1984 by American psychiatrist Norman Rosenthal.
In autumn, when the days grow progressively shorter, resulting in an increase in the number of hours spent in darkness, people susceptible to SAD develop atypical depressive symptoms. These symptoms generally include difficulty waking up in the morning; a tendency to oversleep, to overeat, and to gain weight; a craving for carbohydrate-rich foods, such as sweets and breads; fatigue and decreased energy, especially in the afternoon hours; difficulty concentrating and accomplishing tasks; and withdrawal from friends, family, and social activities. Along with this predictable cluster of symptoms, people with SAD also become depressed, pessimistic, and unable to enjoy the things that usually give them pleasure.
When spring comes, these symptoms generally resolve, and people with SAD feel well again. In fact, some people with SAD become euphoric during the summer. They may experience a condition known as hypomania, in which they have rapid thoughts and speech, have grandiose ideas about themselves, or become short-tempered, irritable, and impulsive. If these symptoms become severe, affected individuals may show bad judgment and behave recklessly—characteristics of a condition described as mania. People with SAD may suffer from recurring major depressive disorder, with severe depression in winter and normal mood in spring and summer, or from bipolar disorder, with depression in winter and hypomania or mania in spring and summer. Variants of SAD include a milder form, commonly known as the “winter blues,” and a condition of chronic depression with winter exacerbations. There is also a condition of regular summer depressions, called reverse SAD (or summer SAD), which is less common and less well understood than the winter variety.
The condition is a common illness in regions distant from the Equator, which experience dramatic shifts in length of daylight between summer and winter. SAD is estimated to affect approximately 5 percent of people in the United States and between 4 and 14 percent of people in Europe, depending on latitude. The condition is far less common in China and Japan. Women are more likely than men to develop SAD, especially during their reproductive years. This suggests that female sex hormones may play a role in sensitizing the brain to changes in environmental light. Children and adolescents also may be affected.
In addition to lack of light, other factors that predispose an individual to SAD include biological vulnerability (e.g., being female) and stress. Levels of the hormone melatonin and the brain neurotransmitter serotonin vary across the seasons and affect circadian rhythm. Shifts in circadian rhythms can lead to stress, which is frequently associated with waking up early in the morning. Stress from the demands associated with managing a family and with work can elicit symptoms in vulnerable people. In addition, SAD tends to occur in individuals who have an affected family member, and several genes have been identified that may contribute to the development of the condition. However, more research is needed to understand the genetic link to SAD.
The primary treatment for SAD is light therapy, which involves exposing the affected person to bright light, usually from a fixture called a light box. Fluorescent light tubes placed behind a screen that filters out potentially harmful ultraviolet rays are commonly used. Fixtures using light-emitting diodes also may be effective, though they have not been tested extensively. The duration of light therapy required depends on the individual, the geographical region, and the time of year. Mornings are usually the best time for light therapy, though it may provide beneficial effects at any time of the day. Other treatments include exercise, especially in a brightly illuminated setting, antidepressant medications such as bupropion, and cognitive behaviour therapy. Treatments started early in autumn may prevent the development of winter symptoms in susceptible individuals.