Vatican Museums and Galleries
Vatican Museums and Galleries, art collections of the popes since the beginning of the 15th century, housed in the papal palaces and other buildings in the Vatican. One of the oldest and most-visited complexes in the world, the Vatican houses some 26 museums and numerous galleries with priceless masterpieces and important archaeological and cultural collections.
The Pio-Clementino Museum (Museo Pio-Clementino or Musei di Scultura) was founded in the 18th century by Pope Clement XIV and enlarged by Pope Pius VI. It exhibits the pontifical collection of ancient sculpture that originated with the collection of Pope Julius II. The Chiaramonti Sculpture Gallery (Museo Chiaramonti), established by Pope Pius VII in the 19th century and designed by the sculptor Antonio Canova, is also devoted to ancient sculpture. It has three parts: the museum, in a gallery designed by Donato Bramante; the New Wing (Braccio Nuovo); and the Gallery of Inscriptions (Lapideria), with its unrivaled collection of ancient epigraphy. The Gregorian Etruscan Museum (Museo Gregoriano Etrusco), founded in 1836 by Pope Gregory XVI and reorganized in 1924, houses a collection of objects from Etruscan excavations and features an interactive reconstruction of the Regolini-Galassi tomb, which contained a splendid array of Etruscan jewelry. The Egyptian Museum (Museo Gregoriano Egizio), also founded by Gregory XVI, was opened to the public in 1839. The Pinacoteca, founded by Pope Pius VI in 1797 and housed in its present gallery (commissioned by Pope Pius XI) since 1932, contains 460 paintings arranged chronologically. It has an outstanding collection of Italian religious paintings and also includes Russian and Byzantine painting. The Ethnological Museum, created by Pope Pius XI in 1927, houses a collection of about 100,000 devotional or religious pieces from around the world.
Various areas of the Vatican Palace are open to the public as museums, including the Sistine Chapel, the monumental Borgia Apartment, and the four Stanze di Raffaello (Raphael’s Rooms). All are lavishly decorated with some of the finest Renaissance art by masters including Michelangelo, Raphael, and Pinturicchio.
In 1956 a modern art collection was initiated, which exhibits secular works by such 19th- and 20th-century artists as Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Georges Seurat, Vincent van Gogh, Georges Rouault, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso. In 1973 the Vatican opened its first museum of contemporary art, including the work of both European and American artists, housed in 65 galleries in the Borgia Apartment of the Vatican Palace.
Given the Roman Catholic Church’s often intimate connection with colonialism, especially in the Americas, there have been calls for the repatriation of Indigenous artifacts housed in the Vatican, especially those associated with the missionary activities and residential schools in Canada. The Vatican has maintained that such pieces were willingly gifted to the church.