air quality index (AQI), an online, color-coded index created by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that communicates whether the relative air quality and air pollution level in a given area is healthy or unhealthy. Maps of local AQI values are updated every 8 or 24 hours, depending on the pollutant, and provide an indication of the groups of people most likely to be affected by current air conditions. Many countries worldwide utilize the U.S. AQI standards to report local air quality.
The AQI was first released by the United States government in 1999, though the EPA had been tracking air quality since 1976. Under the 1970 Clean Air Act, the EPA regulates the air quality for the following six criteria air pollutants: particulate matter, ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and lead. The latter, however, is excluded from the AQI, as the effects of lead poisoning are cumulative and cannot be accurately reflected in a daily reporting index such as the AQI.
The AQI is calculated by using a standardized rubric of concentrated air pollutant levels called the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. This rubric is reviewed by the EPA every five years. The AQI converts these calculations into number ranges (0–300 or more) that are then divided into color-coded levels of air hazard: green, yellow, orange, red, purple, or maroon. The higher the number and closer to maroon, the worse the air quality conditions and health risks. The EPA issues an air quality alert when pollutant concentrations are higher than 101 on the index, as this is the level at which people in sensitive groups—such as children, people with asthma, and those at risk of respiratory disease—begin to experience health hazards from poor air quality. Each level is accompanied by a description of the groups most likely to be affected and recommendations for limiting outdoor activities.
AQI colors, values, and descriptions“Air quality is satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk.”
“Air quality is acceptable. However, there may be a risk for some people, particularly those who are unusually sensitive to air pollution.”
“Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is less likely to be affected.”
“Some members of the general public may experience health effects; members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects.”
“Health alert: The risk of health effects is increased for everyone.”
“Health warning of emergency conditions: everyone is more likely to be affected.”
High levels of air pollution can be extremely harmful to health, especially that of children, teens, people with asthma and other lung diseases, those over 65, those with diabetes or cardiovascular disease, and pregnant individuals. The EPA warns that poor air quality can be dangerous even for healthy and active adults under the age of 65. Chronic exposure to air pollution carries an increased risk of chronic diseases and cancer and has been listed as a human carcinogen by the World Health Organization (WHO).