Basavan

Basavan (flourished 16th century, India) was an outstanding Mughal painter, renowned as a superb colourist and as a sensitive observer of human nature. His name indicates that he may have been a member of the Ahir, or cow-herding caste, in the region of modern Uttar Pradesh. He was most active between about 1580 and 1600, and his name appears on the margins of more than 100 paintings, most often as the designer, in collaboration with a second artist who applied the colour. A son, Manohar, became celebrated for his animal studies and portraits.

Abū al-Faḍl ʿAllāmī, historiographer for the emperor Akbar, wrote of Basavan: “In designing and portrait painting and colouring and painting illusionistically…he became unrivalled in the world.” Basavan was noted for his exploration of space, for the depth and richness of his glowing colours, and above all for his keen powers of observation and sensitive, often moving, characterizations. Among the handful of miniatures that can be definitely attributed as solely his work is an illustration of the prose and verse work Bahārestān, by the Persian poet Jāmī, showing a mullah (religious leader) rebuking a dervish for pride (in the Bodleian Library, Oxford), and an illustration of the Dārāb-nāmeh (“Book of Darius,” in the British Museum). Many of his compositions are found in the Jaipur Razm-nāmeh (the Persian name for the Indian epic Mahabharata), the Patna Tīmūr-nāmeh (“Book of Timur”), and the Victoria and Albert Museum’s copy of Akbar’s official history, the Akbar-nāmeh. Basavan appears to have studied the European paintings that were brought to Akbar’s court by Jesuit missionaries, though Western influence is never predominant in his work.