List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station

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This is a chronological list of spaceflights to the International Space Station (ISS), including long-term ISS crew, short term visitors, replacement/rescue missions and mixed human/cargo missions. Uncrewed visiting spacecraft are excluded (see Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station for details). ISS crew members are listed in bold. "Time docked" refers to the spacecraft and does not always correspond to the crew.

Contents

As of 30 May 2023, 269 people from 21 countries had visited the space station, many of them multiple times. The United States sent 163 people, Russia sent 57, 11 were Japanese, nine were Canadian, five were Italian, four were French, four were German, two from the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia and one each from Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, Israel, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, the Netherlands, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. [1]

U.S. Space Shuttle missions were capable of carrying more humans and cargo than the Russian Soyuz spacecraft, resulting in more U.S. short-term human visits until the Space Shuttle program was discontinued in 2011. Between 2011 and 2020, Soyuz was the sole means of human transport to the ISS, delivering mostly long-term crew. Russian cargo deliveries have been exclusively carried out by the uncrewed missions of Progress spacecraft, requiring fewer human spaceflights.[ citation needed ]

Continued international collaboration on ISS missions has been thrown into doubt by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and related sanctions on Russia, [2] but is still continuing as of 2024.

Completed

Current

ISS flightMissionCrewCrew photoNotes
122.72S Soyuz MS-26
Launch:
11 September 2024
 Soyuz MS-26 crew 02.png Deliver 3 astronauts to the ISS for a six-month flight.
123.TBA SpaceX Crew-9 SpaceX Crew-9 logo.png
Launch:
28 September 2024
 SpaceX crew 9 updated crew portrait.jpg Deliver 2 astronauts to the ISS for a six-month flight with return planned to include the 2 astronauts from the aborted Boeing Crew Flight Test; fourteenth operational flight of Crew Dragon.

Future

Replacement/Rescue

ISS flightMissionCrewCrew photoNotes
112.69S Soyuz MS-23
Launch:
24 February 2023
Time docked:
215 days
 Expedition 68 Preflight (NHQ202209210001).jpg

Launched uncrewed but landed with Soyuz MS-22 crew. Their spacecraft was deemed unfit for landing and thus was returned uncrewed and Soyuz MS-23 launched as its replacement.

The cause was a 0.8 mm-diameter (0.031 in) hole punctured in the radiator of Soyuz MS-22 due to micro-meteorite impact. All coolant in the radiator leaked out. [14]

Failed

ISS flightMissionCrewCrew photoNotes
93.56S Soyuz MS-10
Launch:
October 2018

Time docked: Aborted after launch failure

 Soyuz MS-08 backup crew in front of the Soyuz spacecraft mockup.jpg Failed launch while detaching boosters leading to an abort. The crew performed a ballistic reentry. [15]

Notes

  1. ↑ Current ISS commander.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human spaceflight</span> Spaceflight with a crew or passengers

Human spaceflight is spaceflight with a crew or passengers aboard a spacecraft, often with the spacecraft being operated directly by the onboard human crew. Spacecraft can also be remotely operated from ground stations on Earth, or autonomously, without any direct human involvement. People trained for spaceflight are called astronauts, cosmonauts (Russian), or taikonauts (Chinese); and non-professionals are referred to as spaceflight participants or spacefarers.

Human spaceflight programs have been conducted, started, or planned by multiple countries and companies. Until the 21st century, human spaceflight programs were sponsored exclusively by governments, through either the military or civilian space agencies. With the launch of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of human spaceflight programs – commercial human spaceflight – arrived. By the end of 2022, three countries and one private company (SpaceX) had successfully launched humans to Earth orbit, and two private companies had launched humans on a suborbital trajectory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station</span>

Uncrewed spaceflights to the International Space Station (ISS) are made primarily to deliver cargo, however several Russian modules have also docked to the outpost following uncrewed launches. Resupply missions typically use the Russian Progress spacecraft, European Automated Transfer Vehicles, Japanese Kounotori vehicles, and the American Dragon and Cygnus spacecraft. The primary docking system for Progress spacecraft is the automated Kurs system, with the manual TORU system as a backup. ATVs also use Kurs, however they are not equipped with TORU. The other spacecraft — the Japanese HTV, the SpaceX Dragon and the Northrop Grumman Cygnus — rendezvous with the station before being grappled using Canadarm2 and berthed at the nadir port of the Harmony or Unity module for one to two months. Progress, Cygnus and ATV can remain docked for up to six months. Under CRS phase 2, Cargo Dragon docks autonomously at IDA-2 or 3 as the case may be. As of November 2024, Progress spacecraft have flown most of the uncrewed missions to the ISS.

Spacecraft call signs are radio call signs used for communication in crewed spaceflight. These are not formalized or regulated to the same degree as other equivalent forms of transportation, like aircraft. The three nations currently launching crewed space missions use different methods to identify the ground and space radio stations; the United States uses either the names given to the space vehicles or else the project name and mission number. Russia traditionally assigns code names as call signs to individual cosmonauts, more in the manner of aviator call signs, rather than to the spacecraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Space Station programme</span> Ongoing space research program

The International Space Station programme is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the fifteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilisation, and responsibilities for crew rotation and resupply of the International Space Station. It was conceived in September 1993 by the United States and Russia after 1980s plans for separate American (Freedom) and Soviet (Mir-2) space stations failed due to budgetary reasons. These agreements tie together the five space agencies and their respective International Space Station programmes and govern how they interact with each other on a daily basis to maintain station operations, from traffic control of spacecraft to and from the station, to utilisation of space and crew time. In March 2010, the International Space Station Program Managers from each of the five partner agencies were presented with Aviation Week's Laureate Award in the Space category, and the ISS programme was awarded the 2009 Collier Trophy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Development of the Commercial Crew Program</span> NASA space program partnership with space companies

Development of the Commercial Crew Program (CCDev) began in the second round of the program, which was rescoped from a smaller technology development program for human spaceflight to a competitive development program that would produce the spacecraft to be used to provide crew transportation services to and from the International Space Station (ISS). To implement the program, NASA awarded a series of competitive fixed-price contracts to private vendors starting in 2011. Operational contracts to fly astronauts were awarded in September 2014 to SpaceX and Boeing, and NASA expected each company to complete development and achieve crew rating in 2017. Each company performed an uncrewed orbital test flight in 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soyuz MS-14</span> 2019 Russian uncrewed spaceflight to the ISS

Soyuz MS-14 was a Soyuz spaceflight to the International Space Station. It carried no crew members, as it was intended to test a modification of the launch abort system for integration with the Soyuz-2.1a launch vehicle. It launched successfully on 22 August 2019 at 03:38 UTC. It was the first mission of the Soyuz crew vehicle without a crew in 33 years, and the first-ever unpiloted mission of Soyuz to the ISS.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commercial Crew Program</span> NASA human spaceflight program for the International Space Station

The Commercial Crew Program (CCP) provides commercially operated crew transportation service to and from the International Space Station (ISS) under contract to NASA, conducting crew rotations between the expeditions of the International Space Station program. American space manufacturer SpaceX began providing service in 2020, using the Crew Dragon spacecraft, and NASA plans to add Boeing when its Boeing Starliner spacecraft becomes operational no earlier than 2025. NASA has contracted for six operational missions from Boeing and fourteen from SpaceX, ensuring sufficient support for ISS through 2030.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expedition 68</span> Long-duration mission to the International Space Station

Expedition 68 was the 68th long-duration expedition to the International Space Station. The expedition began upon the departure of Soyuz MS-21 on 29 September 2022 with ESA astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti taking over as ISS commander and ended upon the uncrewed departure of the Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft on 28 March 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soyuz MS-22</span> 2022 Russian crewed spaceflight to the ISS

Soyuz MS-22 was a Russian Soyuz spaceflight to the International Space Station with a crew of three launched from Baikonur Cosmodrome on 21 September 2022. The launch, previously planned for 13 September 2022, was subsequently delayed to 21 September 2022 for a mission length of 188 days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX Crew-5</span> 2022 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX Crew-5 was the fifth operational NASA Commercial Crew Program flight of a Crew Dragon spacecraft, and the eighth overall crewed orbital flight. The mission was successfully launched on 5 October 2022 with the aim of transporting four crew members to the International Space Station (ISS). The Crew Dragon spacecraft docked at the ISS on 6 October 2022 at 21:01 UTC.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceX Crew-6</span> 2023 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS

SpaceX Crew-6 was the sixth crewed operational NASA Commercial Crew flight of a Crew Dragon spacecraft, and the ninth overall crewed orbital flight. The mission launched on 2 March 2023 at 05:34:14 UTC, and it successfully docked to the International Space Station (ISS) on 3 March 2023 at 06:40 UTC. The Crew-6 mission transported four crew members to the International Space Station (ISS). Two NASA astronauts, a United Arab Emirates astronaut, and a Russian cosmonaut were assigned to the mission. The two NASA astronauts are Stephen Bowen and Warren Hoburg. The cosmonaut, Andrey Fedyaev, was reassigned from Soyuz MS-23. Sultan Al Neyadi was the commander of the United Arab Emirates' mission on the flight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Soyuz MS-23</span> 2023 Russian uncrewed spaceflight to the ISS

Soyuz MS-23 was an uncrewed Russian Soyuz spaceflight that launched from Baikonur on 24 February 2023 to the International Space Station to replace the damaged Soyuz MS-22 spacecraft for landing that NASA astronaut Francisco Rubio and Roscosmos cosmonauts Sergey Prokopyev and Dmitry Petelin launched onboard on 21 September 2022 and had a coolant leak on 14 December before returning to Earth uncrewed on 28 March 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expedition 71</span> Long-duration mission to the International Space Station

Expedition 71 was the 71st long-duration expedition to the International Space Station. The expedition began with the departure of Soyuz MS-24 on 6 April 2024 with Russian cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko continuing his ISS command from Expedition 70. It ended with his departure on Soyuz MS-25 with crewmates from MS-24 and MS-25 on 23 September 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Progress MS-21</span> 2022 Russian resupply spaceflight to the ISS

Progress MS-21, Russian production No.451, identified by NASA as Progress 82P, was a Progress spaceflight launched by Roscosmos to resupply the International Space Station (ISS). It was the 174th flight of a Progress spacecraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expedition 69</span> ISS long-duration mission

Expedition 69 was the 69th long-duration expedition to the International Space Station. The expedition began with the uncrewed departure of Soyuz MS-22 in March 2023 with Russian cosmonaut Sergey Prokopyev continuing his ISS command from Expedition 68. It ended with his departure with his crewmates onboard Soyuz MS-23 on 27 September 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Expedition 70</span> Long-duration mission to the International Space Station

Expedition 70 was the 70th long-duration expedition to the International Space Station. The expedition began with the departure of Soyuz MS-23 on 27 September 2023 with Danish astronaut Andreas Mogensen taking over the ISS command. It ended with the departure of Soyuz MS-24 on 6 April 2024.

References

  1. ↑ "Visitors to the Station by Country". NASA.gov. NASA. 2021-04-24. Retrieved 2021-09-24.
  2. ↑ Witze, Alexandra (11 March 2022). "Russia's invasion of Ukraine is redrawing the geopolitics of space". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00727-x. PMID   35277688. S2CID   247407886 . Retrieved 13 March 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Rogozin removed as head of Roscosmos as seat barter agreement signed". www.spacenews.com. 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
  4. ↑ Sempsrott, Danielle (24 August 2023). "NASA's SpaceX Crew-7 Now Targeting Saturday, Aug. 26". NASA Blogs. NASA. Archived from the original on 25 August 2023. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Medics find Russian cosmonauts fit for flying on Crew Dragon to ISS".
  6. ↑ "Soyuz MS-24 docks after first Russian crewed launch in a year". 15 September 2023.
  7. ↑ "Russia's Alexander Grebenkin to fly to ISS on Crew Dragon Feb 2024".
  8. ↑ Pearlmanpublished, Robert Z. (2024-03-23). "Flight attendant becomes 1st Belarusian in space on ISS-bound Soyuz launch". Space.com. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
  9. ↑ "Belarusian cosmonaut Marina Vasilevskaya to blast off for ISS mission early in 2024". TASS. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
  10. 1 2 Foust, Jeff (3 November 2022). "First Starliner crewed flight further delayed". SpaceNews . Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  11. ↑ "Axiom Mission 4 to ISS will include India, Poland, Hungary". Axiom Space. 2024-02-27. Retrieved 2024-08-05.
  12. ↑ Niles-Carnes, Elyna (2024-10-15). "NASA Updates 2025 Commercial Crew Plan". NASA. Retrieved 2024-10-15.
  13. ↑ Cawley, James (2023-11-22). "Mission Specialist Assigned to NASA's Boeing Starliner-1 Mission". NASA. Retrieved 2023-11-22.
  14. ↑ "Госкорпорация "Роскосмос"".
  15. ↑ "Statement on Soyuz MS-10 Launch Abort – Space Station". blogs.nasa.gov. 11 October 2018. Retrieved 2022-03-02.
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