Elementi za kikemia
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Elementi za kikemia ni dutu zenye tabia maalumu zisizotenganishwa kuwa dutu tofauti kwa mbinu za kemia. Elementi tupu ina aina moja tu ya atomi ndani yake.
Dutu na elementi
Kwa mfano maji ni dutu na ndani yake kuna atomi za haidrojeni na oksijeni. Atomi hizo zinashikana kama molekyuli. Kwa kuongeza nishati inawezekana kutenganisha haidrojeni na oksijeni kuwa dutu mbili tofauti. Kila moja peke yake haina kitu kingine ndani yake, kwa hiyo ni elementi.
Inawezekana kupasua hata atomi lakini hii si kazi ya kemia bali ni ya fizikia.
Elementi asilia na elementi sintetiki
Kwa jumla kuna elementi 116 zinazojulikana katika Kemia zimo katika jedwali la elementi linaloitwa pia "mfumo radidia".
Kati ya hizo 116 ni 90 tu zinazopatikana kiasili. Nyingine zinatengenezwa katika maabara na hazidumu sana. Katika hizo elementi sintetiki, nyingine zinakaa muda mfupi wa sekunde lakini nyingine zinakaa miaka.
Alama na hali maada
Kila elementi ina alama yake ya kikemia jinsi inavyoonekana katika jedwali la elementi.
Elementi zinatokea kwa hali maada tofauti. Duniani kuna hali za mango, kiowevu na gesi. Penye joto kali kama katika jua kuna pia hali ya utegili (plasma). Mara nyingi elementi zinapatikana katika hali ya kampaundi yaani zimeunganika na elementi nyingine.
Orodha ya elementi
Orodha ifuatayo inataja elementi za kikemia katika mfumo radidia kufuatana na herufi za alfabeti.
Jina la Elementi) | Kiingereza (IUPAC) | Alama | Namba atomia | Uzani atomia [u] |
Densiti [kg/m³] (20 °C) |
Kiwango cha kuyeyuka (°C) |
Kiwango cha kuchemka (°C) |
Iligunduliwa mwaka |
Kutambuliwa na |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aktini | actinium | Ac | 89 | 227,03 | 10070 | 1047 | 3197 | 1899 | Debierne |
Alumini | aluminium | Al | 13 | 26,98 | 2700 | 660,5 | 2467 | 1825 | Ørsted |
Ameriki | americium | Am | 95 | 243,06 | 13670 | 994 | 2607 | 1944 | Seaborg |
Stibi | antimony | Sb | 51 | 121,75 | 6690 | 630,7 | 1750 | zamani | (?) |
Arigoni | argon | Ar | 18 | 39,94 | 1,66 | −189,4 | −185,9 | 1894 | Ramsay, Strutt |
Asenia | arsenic | As | 33 | 74,92 | 5720 | 613 2) | 613 2) | 11. Jhd. | Albertus Magnus |
Astatini | astatine | At | 85 | 209,99 | 302 | 337 | 1940 | Segrè | |
Bari | barium | Ba | 56 | 137,33 | 3650 | 725 | 1640 | 1808 | Davy |
Berkeli | berkelium | Bk | 97 | 247,07 | 13250 | 986 | 1949 | Seaborg | |
Berili | beryllium | Be | 4 | 9,01 | 1850 | 1278 | 2970 | 1797 | Vauquelin |
Bismuthi | bismuth | Bi | 83 | 208,98 | 9800 | 271,4 | 1560 | 1540 | Agricola |
Bohri | bohrium | Bh | 107 | 262,12 | 1976 | Oganessian | |||
Boroni | boron | B | 5 | 10,81 | 2460 | 2300 | 2550 | 1808 | Davy, Gay-Lussac |
Bromi | bromine | Br | 35 | 79,90 | 3140 | −7,3 | 58,8 | 1826 | Balard |
Cadimi (Kadimi) | cadmium | Cd | 48 | 112,41 | 8640 | 321 | 765 | 1817 | Stromeyer und Hermann |
Caesi (Sizi) | cesium | Cs | 55 | 132,91 | 1900 | 28,4 | 690 | 1860 | Kirchhoff, Bunsen |
Kalisi | calcium | Ca | 20 | 40,078 | 1540 | 839 | 1487 | 1808 | Davy |
Kalifoni | californium | Cf | 98 | 251,08 | 15100 | 900 | 1950 | Seaborg | |
Seri | cerium | Ce | 58 | 140,11 | 6770 | 798 | 3257 | 1803 | von Hisinger, Berzelius |
Chlorini (Klorini) | chlorine | Cl | 17 | 35,45 | 2,95 | −101 | −34,6 | 1774 | Scheele |
Chromi (Kromi) | chromium | Cr | 24 | 52,00 | 7140 | 1857 | 2482 | 1797 | Vauquelin |
Kobalti | cobalt | Co | 27 | 58,933 | 8890 | 1495 | 2870 | 1735 | Brandt |
Curi (Kuri) | curium | Cm | 96 | 247,07 | 13510 | 1340 | 3110 | 1944 | Seaborg |
Darmstadti | darmstadtium | Ds | 110 | 269 | 1994 | GSI | |||
Dubni | dubnium | Db | 105 | 262,11 | 1967/70 | Ghiorso | |||
Disprosi | Disprosi | Dy | 66 | 162,5 | 8560 | 1409 | 2335 | 1886 | Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
Einsteini | einsteinium | Es | 99 | 252,08 | 860 | 1952 | Seaborg | ||
Feri (Chuma) | iron | Fe | 26 | 55,85 | 7870 | 1535 | 2750 | zamani | (?) |
Erbi | erbium | Er | 68 | 167,26 | 9050 | 1522 | 2510 | 1842 | Mosander |
Europi | europium | Eu | 63 | 151,96 | 5250 | 822 | 1597 | 1901 | Demarçay |
Fermi | fermium | Fm | 100 | 257,10 | 1952 | Seaborg | |||
Florini | fluorine | F | 9 | 19,00 | 1,58 | −219,6 | −188,1 | 1886 | Moissan |
Fransi | francium | Fr | 87 | 223,02 | 27 | 677 | 1939 | Perey | |
Gadolini | gadolinium | Gd | 64 | 157,25 | 7890 | 1311 | 3233 | 1880 | de Marignac |
Gali | gallium | Ga | 31 | 69,72 | 5910 | 29,8 | 2403 | 1875 | Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
Gerimani | germanium | Ge | 32 | 72,61 | 5320 | 937,4 | 2830 | 1886 | Winkler |
Auri (Dhahabu) | gold | Au | 79 | 196,97 | 19320 | 1064,4 | 2940 | zamani | (?) |
Hafni | hafnium | Hf | 72 | 178,49 | 13310 | 2150 | 5400 | 1923 | Coster, de Hevesy |
Hassi | hassium | Hs | 108 | 265,00 | 1984 | GSI | |||
Heli | helium | He | 2 | 4,00 | 0,170 | −272,2 | −268,9 | 1895 | Ramsay, Crookes |
Holmi | holmium | Ho | 67 | 164,93 | 8780 | 1470 | 2720 | 1878 | Soret |
Hidrojeni | hydrogen | H | 1 | 1,01 | 0,084 | −259,1 | −252,9 | 1766 | Cavendish |
Indi | indium | In | 49 | 114,82 | 7310 | 156,2 | 2080 | 1863 | Reich, Richter |
Iodini | iodine | I | 53 | 126,90 | 4940 | 113,5 | 184,4 | 1811 | Courtois |
Iridi | iridium | Ir | 77 | 192,22 | 22560 | 2410 | 4130 | 1803 | Tennant |
Kali | potassium | K | 19 | 39,098 | 860 | 63,7 | 774 | 1807 | Davy |
Kaboni | carbon | C | 6 | 12,011 | 3510 | 3550 | 4827 | zamani | (?) |
Kriptoni | krypton | Kr | 36 | 83,80 | 3,48 | −156,6 | −152,3 | 1898 | Ramsay, Travers |
Shaba (Kupri) | copper | Cu | 29 | 63,55 | 8920 | 1083,5 | 2595 | zamani | (?) |
Lanthani | lanthanum | La | 57 | 138,90 | 6160 | 920 | 3454 | 1839 | Mosander |
Lawirensi | lawrencium | Lr | 103 | 260,10 | 1627 | 1961 | Ghiorso | ||
Lithi | lithium | Li | 3 | 6,94 | 530 | 180,5 | 1317 | 1817 | Arfwedson |
Luteti | lutetium | Lu | 71 | 175,00 | 9840 | 1656 | 3315 | 1907 | von Welsbach, Urbain |
Magnesi | magnesium | Mg | 12 | 24,30 | 1740 | 648,8 | 1107 | 1828 | Bussy |
Manganisi | manganese | Mn | 25 | 54,90 | 7440 | 1244 | 2097 | 1774 | Gahn |
Meitneri | meitnerium | Mt | 109 | 266 | 1982 | GSI | |||
Mendelevi | mendelevium | Md | 101 | 258,1 | 1955 | Seaborg | |||
Molibdeni | molybdenum | Mo | 42 | 95,94 | 10280 | 2617 | 5560 | 1778 | Scheele |
Natiri | sodium | Na | 11 | 22,99 | 970 | 97,8 | 892 | 1807 | Davy |
Neodimi | neodymium | Nd | 60 | 144,24 | 7000 | 1010 | 3127 | 1895 | von Welsbach |
Neoni | neon | Ne | 10 | 20,18 | 0,84 | −248,7 | −246,1 | 1898 | Ramsay Travers |
Neptuni | neptunium | Np | 93 | 237,05 | 20480 | 640 | 3902 | 1940 | McMillan Abelson |
Nikeli | nickel | Ni | 28 | 58,69 | 8910 | 1453 | 2732 | 1751 | Cronstedt |
Niobi | niobium | Nb | 41 | 92,91 | 8580 | 2468 | 4927 | 1801 | Hatchet |
Nitrojeni | nitrogen | N | 7 | 14,01 | 1,170 | −209,9 | −195,8 | 1771 | Scheele |
Nobeli | nobelium | No | 102 | 259,10 | 1958 | Seaborg | |||
Osmi | osmium | Os | 76 | 190,2 | 22590 | 3045 | 5027 | 1803 | Tennant |
Paladi | palladium | Pd | 46 | 106,42 | 12020 | 1552 | 3140 | 1803 | Wollaston |
Risasi (Plumbi) | lead | Pb | 82 | 207,2 | 11340 | 327,5 | 1740 | zamani | (?) |
Posferi | phosphorus | P | 15 | 30,97 | 1820 | 44 | 280 | 1669 | Brand |
Platini | platinum | Pt | 78 | 195,08 | 21450 | 1772 | 3827 | 1557 | Scaliger |
Plutoni | plutonium | Pu | 94 | 244,06 | 19740 | 641 | 3327 | 1940 | Seaborg |
Poloni | polonium | Po | 84 | 208,98 | 9200 | 254 | 962 | 1898 | Marie Curie |
Praseodimi | praseodymium | Pr | 59 | 140,91 | 6480 | 931 | 3212 | 1895 | von Welsbach |
Promethi | promethium | Pm | 61 | 146,92 | 7220 | 1080 | 2730 | 1945 | Marinsky |
Protaktini | protactinium | Pa | 91 | 231,04 | 15370 | 1554 | 4030 | 1917 | Fajans Hahn, Meitner |
Zebaki (Hidragiri) | mercury | Hg | 80 | 200,59 | 13550 | −38,9 | 356,6 | zamani | (?) |
Radi (elementi) | radium | Ra | 88 | 226,03 | 5500 | 700 | 1140 | 1898 | Marie und Pierre Curie |
Radoni | radon | Rn | 86 | 222,02 | 9,23 | −71 | −61,8 | 1900 | Dorn |
Reni | rhenium | Re | 75 | 186,21 | 21030 | 3180 | 5627 | 1925 | Noddack, Tacke, Berg |
Rodi | rhodium | Rh | 45 | 102,91 | 12410 | 1966 | 3727 | 1803 | Wollaston |
Roentgeni | roentgenium | Rg | 111 | 272 | 1994 | GSI | |||
Rubidi | rubidium | Rb | 37 | 85,45 | 1530 | 39 | 688 | 1861 | Bunsen, Kirchhoff |
Rutheni | ruthenium | Ru | 44 | 101,07 | 12450 | 2310 | 3900 | 1844 | Claus |
Rutherfordi | rutherfordium | Rf | 104 | 261,11 | 1964/69 | Ghiorso | |||
Samari | samarium | Sm | 62 | 150,36 | 7540 | 1072 | 1778 | 1879 | Lecoq de Boisbaudran |
Oksijeni | oxygen | O | 8 | 16,00 | 1,33 | −218,4 | −182,9 | 1774 | Priestley, Scheele |
Skandi | scandium | Sc | 21 | 44,96 | 2990 | 1539 | 2832 | 1879 | Nilson |
Sulfuri | sulfur | S | 16 | 32,07 | 2060 | 113 | 444,7 | zamani | (?) |
Seaborgi | seaborgium | Sg | 106 | 263,12 | 1974 | Oganessian | |||
Seleni | selenium | Se | 34 | 78,96 | 4820 | 217 | 685 | 1817 | Berzelius |
Agenti | silver | Ag | 47 | 107,87 | 10490 | 961,9 | 2212 | zamani | (?) |
Silikoni | silicon | Si | 14 | 28,09 | 2330 | 1410 | 2355 | 1824 | Berzelius |
Stani | tin | Sn | 50 | 118,71 | 7290 | 232 | 2270 | zamani | (?) |
Stronti | strontium | Sr | 38 | 87,62 | 2630 | 769 | 1384 | 1798 | Klaproth |
Tantali | tantalum | Ta | 73 | 180,95 | 16680 | 2996 | 5425 | 1802 | Ekeberg |
Tekineti | technetium | Tc | 43 | 98,91 | 11490 | 2172 | 5030 | 1937 | Segrè |
Teluro | tellurium | Te | 52 | 127,6 | 6250 | 449,6 | 990 | 1782 | von Reichenstein |
Taribi | terbium | Tb | 65 | 158,93 | 8250 | 1360 | 3041 | 1843 | Mosander |
Tali | thallium | Tl | 81 | 204,38 | 11850 | 303,6 | 1457 | 1861 | Crookes |
Thori | thorium | Th | 90 | 232,04 | 11720 | 1750 | 4787 | 1829 | Berzelius |
Thuli | thulium | Tm | 69 | 168,93 | 9320 | 1545 | 1727 | 1879 | Cleve |
Titani | titanium | Ti | 22 | 47,88 | 4510 | 1660 | 3260 | 1791 | Gregor, Klaproth |
Kopernici | copernicium | Cn | 112 | 277 | 1996 | GSI | |||
Livermori | livermorium | Lv | 116 | 289 | 2000 | JINR | |||
Oganessoni | oganesson | Og | 118 | 293 | 2006 | JINR | |||
Moskovi | moscovium | Mc | 115 | 288 | 2006 | JINR | |||
Flerovi | flerovium | Fl | 114 | 289 | 1999 | JINR | |||
Tennessini | tennessine | Ts | 117 | ||||||
Nihoni | nihonium | Nh | 113 | 287 | 2006 | JINR | |||
Urani | uranium | U | 92 | 238,03 | 18970 | 1132,4 | 3818 | 1789 | Klaproth |
Vanadi | vanadium | V | 23 | 50,94 | 6090 | 1890 | 3380 | 1801 | del Río |
Wolframi | tungsten | W | 74 | 183,85 | 19260 | 3407 | 5927 | 1783 | Fausto und Juan de Elhuyar |
Yitebi | ytterbium | Yb | 70 | 173,04 | 6970 | 824 | 1193 | 1878 | de Marignac |
Yitri | yttrium | Y | 39 | 88,91 | 4470 | 1523 | 3337 | 1794 | Gadolin |
Zinki | zinc | Zn | 30 | 65,39 | 7140 | 419,6 | 907 | zamani | (?) |
Xenoni (Zenoni) | xenon | Xe | 54 | 131,29 | 4,49 | −111,9 | −107 | 1898 | Ramsay, Travers |
Zirikoni | zirconium | Zr | 40 | 91,22 | 6510 | 1852 | 4377 | 1789 | Klaproth |
Tazama pia
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