View source for World War II

{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = World War&nbsp;II
| image       = Infobox collage for WWII.PNG
| image_size  = 300px
| caption     = (clockwise from top left){{flatlist|
* Chinese forces in the [[Battle of Wanjialing]]
* Australian [[25-pounder]] guns during the [[First Battle of El Alamein]]
* German [[Junkers Ju 87|Stuka]] dive bombers on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] in December 1943
* US naval force in the [[Invasion of Lingayen Gulf|Lingayen Gulf]]
* [[Wilhelm Keitel]] signing the [[German Instrument of Surrender]]
* Soviet troops in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]]
}}
| date        = {{Unbulleted list|{{start and end dates|1939|9|1|1945|9|2}}
|({{Age in years and days|1 September 1939|2 September 1945|sep=and}}){{efn| While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the time span that is most frequently cited.}}}}{{efn| The war in China began on 7 July 1937, while the war in the Pacific began on 7 December 1941, with 1 September 1939 being the start of the war in Europe.}}
| place       = Major [[Theater (warfare)|theaters]]: {{flatlist|
* [[European theatre of World War II|Europe]]
* [[Pacific War|Pacific]]
* [[Battle of the Atlantic|Atlantic]]
* [[Indian Ocean in World War II|Indian Ocean]]
* [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asia]]
* [[Second Sino-Japanese War|China]]
* [[Air raids on Japan|Japan]]
* [[Middle East Theatre of World War II|Middle East]]
* [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]]
* [[North African Campaign|North Africa]]
* [[East African campaign (World War II)|Horn of Africa]]
* [[Battle of Gabon|Central Africa]]
* [[Attacks on Australia during World War II|Australia]]
* [[Battle of the Caribbean|Caribbean]]
* [[American Theater (World War II)|North and South America]]
}}
| result      = {{Unbulleted list|[[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory}} <!--This fixes label and data text alignment by locking it in place-->
* Collapse of [[Nazi Germany]]
* Fall of the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] and [[Italian Colonial Empire|Italian Empire]]s
* Allied occupations of [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]] and [[Occupation of Japan|Japan]] and foundation of the [[Italy|Italian Republic]]
* Beginning of the [[Atomic Age]]
* Dissolution of the [[League of Nations]] and creation of the [[United Nations]]
* Emergence of the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] as rival [[superpower]]s and beginning of the [[Cold War]] ([[Aftermath of World War II|more...]])

<!--NOTE: The consensus of a discussion which concluded in November 2014 at [[Talk:World War II#Request for comment: WWII infobox]] was to only list the 'Allies' and 'Axis' as combatants. PLEASE do not make any changes to this without first obtaining consensus for the change on the article's talk page. -->| combatants_header = [[World War II by Country|Participants]]
| combatant1  = '''[[Allies of World War II|Allies]]'''
| combatant2  = '''[[Axis powers|Axis]]'''
| commander1  = '''Main Allied leaders:'''{{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Joseph Stalin]]
* {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Winston Churchill]]
* {{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]]}}
| commander2  = '''Main Axis leaders:'''{{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Adolf Hitler]]
* {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Hirohito]]
* {{flagicon|Fascist Italy}} [[Benito Mussolini]]}}
| casualties1 = {{plainlist|
* '''Military dead:'''
* Over 16,000,000
* '''Civilian dead:'''
* Over 45,000,000
* '''Total dead:'''
* Over 61,000,000
* (1937–1945)
* [[World War II casualties|...''further details'']]}}
| casualties2 = {{plainlist|
* '''Military dead:'''
* Over 8,000,000
* '''Civilian dead:'''
* Over 4,000,000
* '''Total dead:'''
* Over 12,000,000
* (1937–1945)
* [[World War II casualties|...''further details'']]}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War II}}
}}

'''World War II''', or the '''Second World War''', was a [[world war|global conflict]] involving all continents of the world, except [[Antarctica]]. It involved fighting in most of the world from 1939 to 1945. Some fighting started in 1937, when [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japanese]] forces started the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. Most of the world's countries, including all of the [[great power]]s, fought as part of two [[military alliance]]s: the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Powers]] and the [[Axis Powers]].

The war involved more countries, cost more money, involved more people, and killed more people than any other war; 73 million people died,<ref name="authoritative" /><ref name="dead" /> most of whom were [[civilian]]s. The war included [[massacre]]s, a [[genocide]] called [[the Holocaust]], [[strategic bombing]], starvation, and disease. This was the only time a [[nuclear weapon]] was used in war. 

The two sides were the Allies (at first [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], [[Free France]] and the [[United Kingdom]], joined by the [[Soviet Union]], [[United States]] and others) and the Axis (at first [[Nazi Germany]], [[Fascist Italy]], and [[Empire of Japan]] and others). 

The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937.<ref name="The Second World War1" />  Combat in Europe began when [[The Third Reich]] of Germany invaded [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] on September 1, 1939. France and the United Kingdom reacted by declaring war on Germany. By 1941, most of Europe was under German control, including France, [[Norway]], [[Austria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary,]] [[Denmark]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and Poland. Only the British remained fighting against the Axis in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]], the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]], and [[Battle of the Atlantic|the Atlantic]]. Germany gave up plans to invade Britain after losing the air [[Battle of Britain]]. In June 1941, Germany [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the Soviet Union]], starting the largest [[Operation Barbarossa|land invasion]] in history. On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the United States at [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] and invaded British and French colonies in Asia, and two fronts developed: the Western Theatre and the Pacific Theatre. 

The Japanese victories were stopped in 1942, and the Soviets won the huge [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in early 1943.  Then, the Allies started to win in multiple areas. The Axis were forced back from the Soviet Union, weakening in the [[Scorched earth|Scorched Earth]] tactic.  German leaders had not expecting the invasion to last till the hard Russian winter. The Axis also lost [[North African Campaign|North Africa]].  Starting in 1943, they were forced to defend Italy.  Allied forces had a hard time pushing into Italy from [[Sicily]] due to its strong defenses.<ref name="Holocaust Encyclopedia" />  In 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded France]]. The invasion was called D-Day, held in June 6th, 1944. They came into Germany itself from the West, while the Soviets came in from the East. Germany surrendered on May 8 1945, ending the war in Europe. 

Japan formally surrendered on September 2 1945, after the Soviets beat the Japanese in [[Manchukuo|Manchuria]] and the United States dropped two [[nuclear bomb|nuclear bombs]], "[[Little Boy]]" and "[[Fat Man]]," had been dropped on [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]], respectively. This was the only time a nuclear weapon has been used in a real war. As of the present day, the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been the only instances in which nuclear weaponry has been used in wartime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nuclear Weapons – UNODA|url=https://disarmament.unoda.org/wmd/nuclear/#:~:text=Although%20nuclear%20weapons%20have%20only,nuclear%20tests%20conducted%20to%20date.|access-date=2024-08-20|language=en-US}}</ref> 

After the war, the [[United Nations]] was set up to develop support between countries and to prevent future wars. After World War I, the League of Nations had been built, but it proved ineffective. The [[Cold War]] by the major winners soon started, but they did not fight each other in an actual war. The [[decolonization]] of Asia and Africa (where many places controlled by European countries were given their [[wikt:independence|independence]]) happened as well since [[Europe]] had been weakened by the war. Economic [[wikt:recovery|recovery]] and political integration (the process of uniting countries) were among other results of the war.

== Allies and Axis ==
The countries that joined the war were on one of two sides: the Axis and the Allies.

The [[Axis Powers]] at the start of the war were [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]], and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]. There were many meetings to create an alliance between those countries.<ref name="diplomatic" /><ref name="civilization" /><ref name="university" /><ref name="university2" /> [[Finland]] (though they never signed the Tripartite pact like other axis members), [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]], and [[Thailand]] joined the Axis later. As the war continued, some Axis countries like Italy changed sides to join the Allies instead.

The [[Allied Powers]] were the [[United Kingdom]] and the rest of the [[British Empire]], [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], [[Belgium]], Denmark, Norway, various south and Central American nations after the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbour, and Finland after September 1944 the Netherlands Belgium and Luxembourg and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], the last of which had been fighting a [[civil war]]. In June 1941, Germany attacked the [[Soviet Union]] in [[Operation Barbarossa]], which made the Soviets join the Allies. In December 1941 came the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] against the [[United States]], which then also joined the Allies (The Finns joined the war against the axis in September 1944).

== Background ==
[[World War I]] had greatly changed the way of [[diplomacy]] and [[politics]] in Asia, [[Europe]], and Africa with the defeat of the [[Central Powers]].  The empires that had sided with the Central Powers were destroyed.  Even the [[Russian Empire]], which was on the Allied side, broke up and became the USSR (Soviet Union) after the [[Russian Civil War]].  The war also changed the borders in [[Eastern Europe]], with many new countries being born.  Germany was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Versailles]].<ref name="university3" />  The Germans also lost 13% of their homeland area and all of their colonies, and they had to pay back a large sum of money to the Allies.<ref name="Reparations and post-war Germany" />  The size of their army and navy was also limited,<ref name="kantowicz" /> and its air force was banned, except for the 100 airplanes working for the coalmines. 

In Italy, [[nationalism|nationalist]]s were unhappy with the Versailles Treaty since they thought that their victory as an Ally in WWI should have gained them far more territory from the defeated Austria. The [[Fascism|fascist]] movement in the 1920s brought [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] to the leadership of the country. He promised to make Italy a great power by adding to its colonial empire.<ref name="World War II day by day" />

After the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), the governing party of [[China]], unified the country in the 1920s, the [[Chinese Civil War]] between it and the [[Communist Party of China]] began.<ref name="introduction" /> In 1931, Japan used the [[Mukden Incident]] as a excuse to take [[Manchuria]] and set up a [[puppet state]], [[Manchukuo]],<ref name="google28" /> and the [[League of Nations]] failed to do anything to stop it. The [[Tanggu Truce]], a [[ceasefire]], was signed in 1933. In 1936, the Kuomintang and the communists agreed to stop fighting against each other and to fight Japan instead.<ref name="communism" /> In 1937, Japan started the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] to take the rest of China.<ref name="feuerwerker" />

[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-04062A, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg|thumb|200px|Nazi rally at Nuremberg, 1934]]
After the  end of the [[German Empire]], the [[democracy|democratic]] [[Weimar Republic]] was set up. There were disagreements among Germans that involved many political [[ideology|ideologies]], ranging from nationalism to [[communism]]. The fascist movement in Germany rose because of the [[Great Depression]]. [[Adolf Hitler]], the leader of the [[Nazi Party]], became the [[Chancellor of Germany|German chancellor]] in 1933. After the [[Reichstag fire]], Hitler created a [[totalitarian]] state in which there was only one party by law.<ref name="Hitler: A study in tyranny" /> Hitler wanted to change the world order and quickly rebuilt the army, navy, and air force,<ref name="transaction" /> especially after [[Saarland]] voted to return to Germany in 1935. In March 1936, Hitler sent the army to [[Rhineland]]. The [[Spanish Civil War]] began in July 1936. The war ended in 1939 with the Nationalist victory because of support from Italy and Germany.

In March 1938, Germany sent its army into [[Austria]], known as the [[Anschluss]], which had little reaction from European countries<ref name="heinemann" /> since many Austrians wanted to be part of Germany. Soon, Western Europe [[Munich agreement|agreed to give]] [[Sudetenland]], the part of [[Czechoslovakia]] that was mostly German, to Germany if Hitler promised to stop taking land.<ref name="kershaw" /> However, the rest of the country had been forced to surrender<ref name="kershaw4" /> or be invaded by March 1939.<ref name="victory" /> The Allies now tried to stop him by promising to help [[Poland]] if it was attacked.<ref name="crozier" /> Just before the war, [[Germany]] and the Soviet Union signed a [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|peace agreement]] that openly stated that they would not attack each other for ten years.<ref name="information" /> Secretly, they also agreed to divide [[Eastern Europe]] between them.<ref name="consultant" />

== Course of the war ==
{{see also|Timeline of World War II}}

=== War breaks out ===
[[File:Second World War Europe.png|thumb|right|200px|Map showing the beginning of World War II in Europe, September 1939.]]
World War II began in Europe on September 1, 1939, as Germany [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invaded Poland]]. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany. They did not do much to help Poland but sent only a small French attack on Germany from the west.<ref name="google93" /> The [[Soviet Union]] soon invaded eastern Poland, on September 17.<ref name="google83" /> Finally, all of Poland was divided.

Germany then signed an agreement to work together with the Soviet Union.  The Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries to allow it to keep Soviet soldiers in their countries.<ref name="google24" /> Finland did not accept the Soviet call, and so [[Winter War|it was attacked]] in November 1939.<ref name="jstor1986" /> With peace, the world war broke out.<ref name="google12" /> France and Britain thought that the Soviet Union might enter the war for Germany and the Soviets were expelled from the [[League of Nations]].<ref name="murray55" />

After Poland was defeated, the "[[Phoney War]]" began in Western Europe. British soldiers were sent to the Continent, but no large battles were fought between the two sides.<ref name="university5" /> Then, in April 1940, Germany decided to attack [[Norway]] and [[Denmark]] so that it would be safer to transport iron ore from Sweden. The British and the French sent an army to disrupt the German occupation, but had to leave when Germany invaded France.<ref name="williamson" /> [[Neville Chamberlain]] was replaced by [[Winston Churchill]] as British prime minister in May 1940 because of the invasion.<ref name="From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s" />

=== Axis early victories ===
[[File:Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png|thumb|left|200px|German troops in Paris after the fall of France.]]

On 10 May, Germany [[Battle of France|invaded France]], Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg and quickly defeated them using massive force tactics.<ref name="google68" /> The British were forced to [[Dunkirk evacuation|leave mainland Europe at Dunkirk]]. On June 10, Italy invaded France and declared war on it and the United Kingdom. Soon, France was divided into occupation zones. Some were directly controlled by Germany and Italy,<ref name="google311" /> and the other was the zone of unoccupied [[Vichy France]].

By June 1940, the Soviet Union moved its soldiers into the [[Baltic states]] and took them,<ref name="google9" /> followed by [[Bessarabia]] in Romania. Although there had been some collaboration between the Soviet Union and Germany earlier, that event made it serious.<ref name="barbarossa" /><ref name="stalinswars56" />  Later, when both countries could not agree to work more closely together, relationships between them became worse to the point of the war.<ref name="stalinswars59" />

Germany began an [[Battle of Britain|air battle over Britain]] to prepare for [[Operation Sea Lion|a landing on the island]],<ref name="twentieth" /> but the plan was canceled in September when they failed to gain the upper hand.  The German Navy destroyed many British ships transporting goods in the Atlantic.<ref name="World War II" />  Italy had begun its operation in the Mediterranean. The United States remained [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutral]] but started to help the Allies. By helping to protect British ships in the Atlantic, the United States found itself fighting German ships by October 1941 but was not officially at war.<ref name="williamson6" />

In September 1940, Italy began to invade British-held Egypt. In October, Italy invaded [[Greece]], but that resulted in only an Italian retreat to Italian-occupied [[Albania]].<ref name="university7" /> Again, in early 1941, an Italian army was pushed from Egypt to Libya in Africa, but Germany soon helped Italy. Under [[Erwin Rommel]]'s command, by the end of April 1941, the British were pushed back to Egypt again.<ref name="williamson8" /> Germany also successfully invaded Greece, [[Yugoslavia]] and [[Crete]] by May.<ref name="university9" /> Despite the victories, Hitler decided to cancel the bombing of Britain after 11 May.<ref name="eyewitnesstohistory1940" />

Meanwhile, Japan's progress in China was still not much, although the nationalist and communist Chinese began fighting each other again.<ref name="China: A New History" /> Japan was planning to take over European colonies in Asia while they were weak, and the Soviet Union could feel a danger from Germany and so a non-aggression pact between the Soviets and the Japanese was signed in April 1941.<ref name="nationalism" /> Germany kept preparing to attack the Soviet Union by moving its soldiers close to the Soviet border.<ref name="university10" />

=== War becomes global ===
[[File:Eastern Front 1941-06 to 1941-12.png|300px|thumb|The Axis in the Eastern Front:
{{legend|#fff8d5|[[Operation Barbarossa]] to July 9, 1941}}
{{legend|#ffd2b9|to September 1, 1941}}
{{legend|#ebd7ff|to September 9, 1941 (operations around Kiev)}}
{{legend|#ccffcd|to December 5, 1941}}]]
On June 22, 1941, the European Axis countries [[Operation Barbarossa|attacked the Soviet Union]]. This opened a new [[Eastern Front (World War II)]]. During the summer, the Axis quickly captured Ukraine and the Baltic regions, which caused huge damage to the Soviets. Britain and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance in July.<ref name="Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s" /> Although there was great progress in the last two months, when winter arrived, the tired German army was forced to delay its attack [[Battle of Moscow|just outside Moscow]].<ref name="reinhardt" /> That showed that the Axis had failed its main targets, and the Soviet army was still not weakened. This marked the end of the [[blitzkrieg]] stage of the war.<ref name="blitzkrieg" />

By December, the Soviet [[Red Army]] facing the Axis army had received more soldiers from the east since it no longer feared the Japanese. The Soviets began a counterattack and pushed the German army to the west.<ref name="documentary" /> The Axis lost a lot of soldiers but still had most of the land that it already controlled.<ref name="clemson31" />

By November 1941, the British counterattacked the Axis in North Africa and got all the land back that it had lost.<ref name="Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century" /> However, the Axis pushed the Allies back again until it was stopped at El Alamein.<ref name="Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion" />

[[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[USS Arizona]]'' burning after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].]]
In Asia, German successes encouraged [[Japan]] to call for oil supplies from the [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref name="review" /> Many Western countries reacted to the occupation of French Indochina by banning oil trading with Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Plans to take over European colonies in Asia to create a great defensive area in the Pacific was made by Japan to give it more resources.<ref name="A World At Arms" /> However, before any future invasion, Japan first had to destroy the American Pacific Fleet in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="opportunities" /> On December 7, 1941, it [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked Pearl Harbor]] as well as many harbors in several [[South East Asia]]n countries.<ref name="wohlstetter" /> That event led the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and the  Western Allies to declare war on Japan, but the Soviet Union remained neutral.<ref name="Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow" /> Most of the Axis nations reacted by declaring war on the United States.

By April 1942 the [[Singapore strategy]] had failed and many southeast Asian countries (Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, and Singapore) had almost fallen to the Japanese.<ref name="harbor" /> In May 1942, the [[Philippines]] fell. The Japanese Navy had many quick victories, but in June 1942, Japan was [[Battle of Midway|defeated at Midway]]. Japan could no longer take the land because a large part of its navy was destroyed during the Battle of Midway.

=== Allies advance ===
Japan then began its plan to take over [[Papua New Guinea]] again,<ref name="university11" /> and the United States planned to attack the [[Solomon Islands]]. [[Guadalcanal Campaign|The fight at Guadalcanal]]  began in September 1942 and involved many troops and ships from both sides. It ended with a Japanese defeat in early 1943.<ref name="historical" />

[[File:RIAN archive 44732 Soviet soldiers attack house.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soviet soldiers in Stalingrad]]
On the Eastern Front, the Axis defeated Soviet attacks during summer and began its own main offensive to southern Russia along [[Don River|Don]] and [[Volga River]]s in June 1942 to try to take over [[oil field]]s in [[Caucasus]], which were critical to the Axis for fuelling their war effort, and as well as a great [[steppe]]. [[Volgograd|Stalingrad]] (now Volgograd) was in the path of the Axis army, and the Soviets decided to defend the city. By November, the Germans had [[Battle of Stalingrad|nearly taken Stalingrad]], but the Soviets surrounded the Germans in the winter<ref name="hutchinson" /> After heavy losses, the German army was forced to surrender the city in February 1943.<ref name="macmillan" /> Even though the front was pushed back farther than it was before the summer attacks, the [[Wehrmacht|German Arm]]<nowiki/>y still had become dangerous to an area around Kursk.<ref name="generals" />  Hitler devoted almost two-thirds of his armies to The Battle of Stalingrad, which was the largest and deadliest battle at the time.

[[File:El Alamein 1942 - British infantry.jpg|thumb|left|200px|British infantry attacks at [[Second Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]]]]
In August 1942, because of the Allied defense at [[El Alamein]], the Axis army failed to take the town.  A new [[Second Battle of El Alamein|Allied offensive]] drove the Axis west across Libya a few months later,<ref name="publishing" /> just after the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa forced it to join the Allies.<ref name="american" /> That led to Axis defeat during the [[North African Campaign]] in May 1943.<ref name="mediterranean" />

In the Soviet Union, on July 4, 1943, Germany started an attack around Kursk. Many German soldiers were lost because of the Soviets' well-created defenses.<ref name="army1986" /><ref name="deception" /> Hitler cancelled the attack before it had any clear outcome.<ref name="kershaw12" /> The Soviets then started their counterattack, which was one of the war's turning points. The Soviets, instead of the Germans, then became the attacking force on the Eastern Front.<ref name="liberation" /><ref name="publishing13" />

On July 9, 1943, affected by the earlier Soviet victories, the Western [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Allies landed on Sicily]], which resulted in the arrest of Mussolini in the same month.<ref name="liberation14" /> In September 1943, the [[Allied invasion of Italy|Allies invaded mainland Italy]], following the Italian [[armistice]] with the Allies.<ref name="amphibious" /> Germany then took control of Italy, disarmed its army,<ref name="richard" /> and built many defensive lines to slow the Allied invasion.<ref name="publishing15" /> German special forces rescued Mussolini and created the German-occupied [[puppet state]] of the [[Italian Social Republic]].<ref name="blinkhorn" />

In late 1943, Japan conquered some islands in India and began an invasion of the mainland of [[India]]. The [[British Indian Army]] and other forces expelled it in early 1944.

In early 1944, the Soviet army drove off the German army from [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]<ref name="leningrad" /> (now Saint Petersburg) and ended the longest and deadliest [[siege]] in history. After that, the Soviets began a large counterattack. By May, the Soviets had retaken [[Crimea]]. With the attacks in Italy from September 1943, the Allies succeeded in capturing [[Rome]] on June 4, 1944, and made the German forces fall back.<ref name="havighurst" />

=== War ends in Europe ===
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Approaching Omaha.jpg
| caption1 = Allied forces arriving [[Normandy]], France, on {{nowrap|D-Day}} (June 6, 1944)
| image2 = AmericanAndSovietAtElbe.jpg
| caption2 = American and Soviet soldiers meeting east of the [[Elbe]] river, Germany {{nowrap|(April 25, 1945)}}
}}
On [[D-Day]], on June 6, 1944, the Allies began the [[Battle of Normandy|invasion of Normandy, France]]. The codename for the invasion was ''[[Operation Overlord]]''. The successful invasion led to the defeat of the German forces in France. [[Paris]] was freed in August 1944, and the Allies continued eastward while the German front collapsed. Operation Market Garden was the combined aerial invasion of the Netherlands and was launched on September 17, 1944. The purpose was to seize a series of bridges that included a bridge in [[Arnhem]], which spanned the [[Rhine River]]. The airborne invasion was called Market. The ground invasion, named Garden, reached the Rhine but could not take the bridge.

On June 22, the Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front codenamed ''Operation Bagration'', destroyed almost all of the German Army Group Centre.<ref name=":0" /> Soon, the Germans were forced to retreat and to defend Ukraine and Poland. The arriving Soviet troops caused uprisings against the German government in Eastern European countries, but they failed to succeed unless they were helped by the Soviets.<ref name=":1" /> Another Soviet offensive forced Romania and Bulgaria to join the Allies.<ref name=":2" /> Communist Serbian [[partisan]]s under [[Josip Broz Tito]] retook [[Belgrade]] with some help from Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. By early 1945, the Soviets had attacked many German-occupied countries: Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. The Soviets made Finland switch to the Allies.

On December 16, 1944, the Germans tried one last time to take the Western Front by [[Battle of the Bulge|attacking the Allies in Ardennes, Belgium]], in a battle known as the Battle of the Bulge. It was the last major German war attack, and the Germans were unsuccessful in their attack.<ref name="offensive" />
[[File:WWII, Europe, France, "German POWs - Captured Nazi General" - NARA - 195471.jpg|thumb|A German [[general]] as a [[prisoner of war]] with American [[military police]]]]
By March 1945, the Soviets had moved quickly from [[Vistula|Vistula River]] in Poland to [[East Prussia]] and [[Vienna]], and the Western Allies had crossed the Rhine. In Italy, the Allies pushed forward while the Soviets [[Battle of Berlin|attacked Berlin]]. The Western Allies eventually met up with the Soviets at the [[Elbe|Elbe River]] on April 25, 1945.

Hitler committed [[suicide]] on April 30, 1945, two days after Mussolini had been killed.<ref name="liberation16" /> In his will, Hitler appointed his navy commander, Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz|Karl Donitz]], to be his successor.<ref name="kershaw17" />  Donitz surrendered to the allies, and opposed Hitler for wanting Germany to continue fighting.
===End of war in Europe===
German forces in Italy surrendered on April 29, 1945. Germany surrendered to the Western Allies on May 7, 1945, known as V-E Day, and was forced to surrender to the Soviets on May 8, 1945. The final battle in Europe ended in Italy, on May 11, 1945.<ref name="university18" />
[[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|A nuclear bomb over [[Nagasaki]]]]

===End of war in Asia===
In the Pacific, American forces arrived in the Philippines in June 1944. By April 1945, American and Philippine forces had cleared many of the Japanese forces, but fighting continued in some parts of the Philippines until the end of the war.<ref name="encyclopedia19" /> British and Chinese forces had advanced in Northern Burma and captured [[Rangoon]] by May 3, 1945.<ref name="university20" /> American forces had taken [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] by March and [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]] by June 1945.<ref name="publishing21" /> Many Japanese cities were destroyed by Allied bombings, and Japanese imports were cut off by American submarines.

The Allies wanted Japan to surrender without conditions, but Japan refused to do so. The United States dropped two [[nuclear bomb|atomic bombs]] over [[Hiroshima]] (August 6, 1945) and [[Nagasaki]] (August 9, 1945). On August 8, 1945, the Soviets entered the war against Japan and invaded [[Manchuria]] and quickly defeated the primary [[Imperial Japanese Army]] there.<ref name="August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" /> On August 15, 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allies. The surrender documents were formally signed on board the ''USS Missouri'' on September 2, 1945, which ended the war.<ref name="routledge" />

== Aftermath ==
The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] managed to occupy [[Austria]] and [[Germany]]. Germany was divided into four. The Soviets controlled the east, and the United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled the west. The Allies began denazification, removing [[Nazi]] ideas from public life in Germany,<ref name="BBCDeN">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5|publisher=BBC|accessdate=July 22, 2020|title=World War Two and Germany, 1939-1945|archive-date=July 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722205321/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5|url-status=live}}</ref> and most high-ranking Nazis were captured and brought to a [[Nuremberg Trials|special court]]. Germany lost a quarter of its land in 1937, mostly to Poland and the Soviet Union. The Soviets also took some parts of Poland<ref name="stalinswars43" /><ref name="stalinswars55" /><ref name="shirer794" /> and Finland<ref name="ckpipe" /> as well as the three Baltic countries.<ref name="wettig20" /><ref name="senn" /> [[File:News. V.E. Day BAnQ P48S1P12270.jpg|thumb|''Montreal Daily Star'': "Germany Quit", May 7, 1945|left]]The [[United Nations]] was formed on October 24, 1945<ref name="www" /> to keep peace between countries in the world.<ref name="evolution" /> However, the relationship between the Western Allies and the [[Soviet Union]] had worsened during the war<ref name="Coming Apart, Coming Together" /> and, soon after it, each power quickly built up their power over the controlled area. In Western Europe and [[West Germany]], it was the United States, while in [[East Germany]] and Eastern Europe, it was the Soviet Union, which turned many countries into [[communist state]]s. The [[Cold War]] led to the formation of the American-led [[NATO]] and the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact]].<ref name="Origins of the Cold War: An International History" />

In [[Asia]], Japan was put under American occupation. In 1948, [[Korea]] was divided into [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]], each claiming to be the legal representative of the Koreans, which led to the [[Korean War]] in 1950.<ref name="The Koreas" /> The civil war in China continued from 1946 and resulted in the KMT retreating to [[Taiwan]] in 1949<ref name="lynch12" /> after the communists had won the mainland. In the [[Middle East]], the Arabs' disagreed with the United Nations plan to create [[Israel]], which marked the beginning of conflicts between the Arabs and Israel.

{{Multiple image
| image1 = Cold war europe military alliances map en.png
| caption1 = Military alliances in Europe after the war
| image2 = Colonization 1945.png
| caption2 = Colonies around the world in 1945. However, many countries in Asia and Africa would become free later.
}}

After the war, [[decolonization]] took place in many European colonies.<ref name="Decolonization" /> Bad economies and people wanting to rule themselves were the main reasons. In most cases, that happened peacefully, except in some countries, such as [[Indochina]] and [[Algeria]].<ref name="Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts" /> In many regions, European withdrawal caused divisions among the people who had different [[ethnic group]]s or [[religion]]s.<ref name="AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam" />

Economic recovery was different in many parts of the world, but in general, it was quite positive. The United States became richer than any other country; by 1950, it had taken over the world's economy.<ref name="The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison" /><ref name="The Oxford Companion to World War II" /> It also decided on the [[Marshall Plan]] (1948–1951) to help European countries. The German,<ref name="reconstruction" /> Italian,<ref name="Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress" /><ref name="Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress22" /> and French economies recovered.<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies" /> However, the British economy was badly harmed<ref name="Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today" /> and continued to worsen for more than ten years.<ref name="Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance" /> The Soviet economy grew very fast after the war was over.<ref name="Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration" /> That also happened with the Japanese economy, which became one of the largest economies in the 1980s.<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies23" /> China returned to the same production level as before the war by 1952.<ref name="China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China" />

== Effects ==
=== Death and war crimes ===
[[File:World War II Casualties.svg|left|450px|World War II death]]
There is no exact number of deaths because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27&nbsp;million people,<ref name="google242" /> almost half of the recorded number of deaths,<ref name="Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead" /> which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war.<ref name="google204" /> About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were [[Disease|sick]], [[Starvation|hungry to death]], bombed, or [[genocide|the wrong ethnicity]].

The [[Nazism|Nazis]] selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as ''[[The Holocaust]]''. They killed [[Jews]], [[Roma people|Roma]], [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Poles]], [[Russians]], [[homosexual]]s, and other groups.<ref name="The Modern World" /> Around 11 million<ref name="Victims" /> to 17&nbsp;million<ref name="Niewyk45" /> civilians died. Around 7.5&nbsp;million people were killed in China by the Japanese.<ref name="Oxford Companion to World War II" /> The most well-known Japanese crime is the [[Nanking massacre]], in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were [[rape]]d and [[murder]]ed. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested [[biological weapon]]s against civilians<ref name="Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing" /> and against [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]].<ref name="Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence" />

Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court,<ref name="Implementing International Humanitarian Law: From the Ad Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court" /> no Allied war crimes were.

=== Concentration camps and slave work ===
[[File:Lapanka zoliborz warszawa Polska 1941.jpg|thumb|225px|Polish civilians that would be sent to Germany for forced labor.]]
Other than the Holocaust, about 12 million people, mostly Eastern Europeans, were forced to work for the German economy.<ref name="compensation" /> German [[concentration camp]]s and Soviet [[gulag]]s caused many deaths. Both sides treated prisoners of war badly. That was the case even for Soviet soldiers who survived and returned home.

Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, many of which were used as labor camps, also caused many deaths. The death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1%,<ref name="Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines" /> seven times that of prisoners under Germans and Italians.<ref name="Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II" /> More than 10 million Chinese civilians were made slaves and had to work in mines and war factories.<ref name="zhifen2002" /> Between 4 and 10 million people were forced to work in [[Java]].<ref name="indonesiaww2" />

Between 1942 and 1945, US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] signed an order that made [[Japanese American internment|Japanese Americans go to internment camps]] since he feared them helping an invasion. Some Germans and Italians were included as well.

The Allies agreed that the Soviet Union could use prisoners of war and civilians for forced labor.<ref name="occupation" /> Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955.<ref name="stark1944" />

=== Home fronts and production ===
Before the war in Europe, the Allies had a larger population and economy than the Axis. If colonies were included, the [[GDP]] of the Allies would be twice that of the Axis.<ref name="6Econ3" /> In Asia, however, China had a GDP only 38% higher than Japan if colonies were counted.<ref name="6Econ3"/>

The Allied economy and population compared with the Axis lessened with the early Axis victories. However, that was no longer the case after the United States and the Soviet Union joined the Allies in 1941. The Allies had a higher production level than the Axis because of more natural resources. Also, Germany and Japan did not plan for a long war and even had no ability to do so.<ref name="Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present" /><ref name="cox84" /> Both tried to improve their economies by using slave laborers.<ref name="World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration" />

=== Women ===
As men went off to fight, women took over many of the jobs that they left behind.  At factories, women were employed to make bombs, guns, aircraft, and other equipment.  In Britain, thousands of women were sent to work on farms as part of the Land Army. Others formed the Women's Royal Naval Service to help with building and repairing ships.  Even Princess Elizabeth, who later became [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], worked as a mechanic to aid the war effort. By 1945, some weapons were being made almost entirely by women.

In the beginning, women were rarely used in the labor forces in Germany and Japan.<ref name="Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich" /><ref name="bernstein267" /> However, Allied bombings<ref name="Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich24" /><ref name="The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II" /> and the German change to a war economy made women take a greater part.<ref name="War and Economy in the Third Reich" />

In Britain, women also worked in gathering [[Secret Intelligence Service|intelligence]] at [[Bletchley Park]] and other places. The mass [[evacuation]] of children also had a major impact on the lives of mothers during the war years.

=== Occupation ===
Germany had two different ideas of how it would occupy countries. In Western, [[Northern Europe|Northern]], and [[Central Europe]], Germany set economic policies that would make it rich. During the war, the policies brought as much as 40% of total German income.<ref name="milward138" /> In the east, the war against the Soviet Union meant Germany could not use the land to gain resources. The Nazis used their racial policy and murdered a lot of people they thought were non-human. The Resistance, the group of people secretly fighting Germany, could not harm Germany much until 1943.<ref name="hill5" /><ref name="France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation" />

Japan claimed to free colonized Asian countries from European colonial powers in Asia. Although it was welcomed at first in many territories, its cruel actions soon turned people against it.<ref name = "GSWW6_266" /> During the occupation, Japan used 4 million [[barrel]]s of oil that had been left behind by the Allies. By 1943, Japan produced up to 50 million barrels of oil in the [[Dutch East Indies]], was 76% of its 1940 rate.<ref name="GSWW6_266" />

=== Developments in technology ===
[[File:Ohain USAF He 178 page61.jpg|thumb|200px|Heinkel He 178, the world's first turbojet-power aircraft.]]
The war brought new methods for future wars.  The air forces improved greatly in fields such as air transport,<ref name="EncWWII_76" /> [[strategic bombing]] to use bombs to destroy industry and morale,<ref name="levine217" /> [[radar]], and weapons for destroying aircraft. [[Jet aircraft]] were developed and were used worldwide in air forces.<ref name="Key Themes of the Twentieth Century: Teacher's Guide" />

At sea, the war focused on using [[aircraft carrier]]s and [[submarine]]s. Aircraft carriers soon replaced [[battleship]]s,<ref name="EncWWII_163" /><ref name="Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft" /><ref name="Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines" /> mainly for being cheaper.<ref name="Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea" /> Submarines, a deadly weapon since World War I,<ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design" /> also played an important part in the war. The British improved weapons for destroying submarines, such as [[sonar]], while the Germans improved submarine tactics.<ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design25" />

The style of war on the land had changed from World War I to be more mobile. [[Tank]]s, which had been used to support [[infantry]], changed to being primary weapons.<ref name="EncWWII_125" /> The tank was improved in speed and firepower during the war. At the start of the war, most commanders thought that using better tanks was the best way to fight enemy tanks.<ref name="EncWWII_108" /> However, early tanks could harm armour only a little. The German idea to avoid letting tanks fight each other meant tanks facing tanks rarely happened. That was a successful tactic in Poland and France.<ref name="EncWWII_125"/> Ways to destroy tanks also improved. Vehicles became more used in the war, infantry remained the main part of the army.

[[Submachine gun]]s became widely used, especially in cities and jungles.<ref name="Comp_221" />  The [[assault rifle]], a German development combining [[wikt:feature|feature]]s of the [[rifle]] and [[submachine gun]], became the main weapon for most armies after the war.<ref name="The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine" />

Other developments included better [[encryption]] for secret messages, such as the German [[Enigma (machine)|Enigma]].  Another feature of military [[:wikt:intelligence|intelligence]] was the use of [[:wikt:deception|deception]], especially by the Allies. Others include the first programmable [[computer]]s, modern [[missile]]s and [[rocket]]s, and the [[atomic bomb]]s.

== Losses ==
=== Military losses ===
Most authorities now agree that of the 30 million Soviets who fought, there were 13.6&nbsp;million military deaths.
{| class=wikitable
|-
!Country!!Killed
|-
| [[Soviet Union]]
| 13,600,000*
|-
| [[Germany]]
| 3,300,000
|-
| [[China]]
| 1,324,516
|-
| [[Japan]]
| 1,140,429
|-
| [[British Empire]]**
| 357,116
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 350,000
|-
| [[Poland]]
| 320,000
|-
| [[Yugoslavia]]
| 305,000
|-
| [[United States]]
| 292,131
|-
| [[Italy]]
| 279,800
|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Total of which 7,800,000 were battlefield deaths<br/>
<nowiki>**</nowiki>Including Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, etc.

=== Civilian losses ===
Deaths among civilians during this war, many of which resulted from famine and internal purges, such as in China and the Soviet Union, were colossal but less well documented than those by the fighting forces. Although the figures are the best available from authoritative sources and present a broad picture of the scale of civilian losses, the precise numbers will never be known.
{| class=wikitable
|-
!Country!!Killed
|-
| [[China]]
| 8,000,000
|-
| [[Soviet Union]]
| 12,500,000
|-
| [[Poland]]
| 5,300,000
|-
| [[Germany]]
| 2,350,000
|-
| [[Yugoslavia]]
| 1,000,000
|-
| [[France]]
| 470,000
|-
| [[Greece]]
| 415,000
|-
| [[Japan]]
| 393,400
|-
| [[Romania]]
| 340,000
|-
| [[Hungary]]
| 300,000
|}
'''Axis Powers'''

[[File:Phot_and_Tojo.jpg|thumb|[[Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena]] (far left), [[Thawan Thamrongnawasawat]] (left), and [[Direk Jayanama]] (right) with [[Hideki Tojo]] (center) in Tokyo 1942]]

Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Thailand, Croatia

'''Allied Powers'''

United States, British Empire, France, Soviet Union, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia

There is no exact number of deaths because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people, almost half of the recorded number of deaths, which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war. About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were [[Disease|sick]], [[Starvation|hungry to death]], bombed, or [[Genocide|the wrong ethnicity]].

The [[Nazism|Nazis]] selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as ''[[The Holocaust]]''. They killed [[Jews]], [[Roma people|Roma]], [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Poles]], [[Russians]], [[Homosexual|homosexuals]], and other groups. Around 11 million to 17 million civilians died. Around 7.5 million people were killed in China by the Japanese. The most well-known Japanese crime is the [[Nanking massacre]], in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were [[Rape|raped]] and [[Murder|murdered]]. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested [[Biological weapon|biological weapons]] against civilians and against [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]].

Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court, no Allied war crimes were.

== Related pages ==
{{Sister project links | wikt=no}}
* [[World War I]]
* [[Fascism]]
* [[Nazism]]
* [[Militarism]]
* [[Communism]]
* [[Japanese American internment]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{reflist|2|refs=

<ref name="6Econ3">{{cite book| last = Harrison| first = Mark| title = The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison| year = 2000| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-78503-7| page = 3 }}</ref>

<ref name=":0">{{cite book| last = Zaloga| first = Steven J.| title = Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre|url=https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo| year = 1996| publisher = Osprey Publishing| isbn = 978-1-85532-478-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo/page/n6 7] }}</ref>

<ref name=":1">{{cite book| last = Berend| first = Ivan| title = Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery| year = 1996| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55066-6| page = 8 }}</ref>

<ref name=":2">[http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001849/http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm |date=2011-04-30 }}. US Library of Congress. Retrieved November 14, 2009.</ref>

<ref name="A World At Arms">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L| title = A World at Arms| year = 2005| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-61826-7| page = 310 }}</ref>

<ref name="Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft">{{cite book| last1 = Bishop| first1 = Chris| last2 = Chant| first2 = Chris| title = Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft| year = 2004| publisher = Silverdale Books| isbn = 978-1-84509-079-1| page = 7 }}</ref>

<ref name="american">{{cite book| last = Ross| first = Steven T.| title = American War Plans, 1941-1945: The Test of Battle| year = 1997| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-7146-4634-3| page = 38 }}</ref>

<ref name="amphibious">{{cite book| last = McGowen| first = Tom| title = Assault from the Sea: Amphibious Invasions in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo| year = 2002| publisher = Lerner Publications| isbn = 978-0-7613-1811-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo/page/43 43] }}</ref>

<ref name="AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam">{{cite book| last = Vess| first = Deborah| title = AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dOLbfnYWvwC&pg=PA564| chapter-format = Google books| accessdate = January 22, 2010| year = 2001| publisher = Research & Education Association| isbn = 978-0-7386-0128-1| page = 564| chapter = Chapter 7, The impact on colonialism: the Middle East, Africa, and Asia in crisis following World War II }}</ref>

<ref name="army1986">Glantz. (1986), "[http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306082607/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp |date=2008-03-06 }}", CSI Report No. 11., OCLC 278029256. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref>

<ref name="August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria">Glantz, David M (2005), {{cite web|url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp | title = August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302130751/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |archivedate = March 2, 2008 }}, Leavenworth Papers (Combined Arms Research Library), OCLC 78918907. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref>

<ref name="authoritative">{{cite book| last = Sommerville| first = Donald| title = The Complete Illustrated History of World War II: An Authoritative Account of the Deadliest Conflicts in Human History with Analysis of Decisive Encounters and Landmark Engagements|url=https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm| year = 2008| isbn = 978-0-7548-1898-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm/page/n8 5] }}</ref>

<ref name="barbarossa">H. W. Koch. Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'. ''The Historical Journal'', Vol. 26, No. 4 (Dec. 1983), pp. 891-920</ref>

<ref name="bernstein267">{{cite book| last = Bernstein| first = Gail Lee| title = Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945| year = 1991| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-07017-2| page = 267 }}</ref>

<ref name="blinkhorn">{{cite book| last = Blinkhorn| first = Martin| title = Mussolini and Fascist Italy| url = https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin| year = 1994| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-415-10231-5| page = [https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin/page/52 52] }}</ref>

<ref name="blitzkrieg">Milward, A.S. (1964). ''The End of the Blitzkrieg''. The Economic History Review. '''16''' (3): 499–518.</ref>

<ref name="Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present">{{cite book| last1 = Lindberg| first1 = Michael| last2 = Daniel| first2 = Todd| title = Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present| year = 2001| publisher = Praeger| isbn = 978-0-275-96486-3| page = 126 }}</ref>

<ref name="Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea">{{cite book| last = Hearn| first = Chester G.| title = Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea| year = 2007| publisher = Stackpole Books| isbn = 978-0-8117-3398-4| page = 14 }}</ref>

<ref name="Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow">{{cite book| last = Dunn| first = Dennis J| title = Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow| year = 1998| publisher = The University Press of Kentucky| isbn = 978-0-8131-2023-2| page = 157 }}</ref>

<ref name="China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China">{{cite book| last = Genzberger| first = Christine| title = China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSCunEaqnI8C&pg=PA4| year = 1994| publisher = World Trade Press| location = Petaluma, California| isbn = 978-0-9631864-3-0| page = 4 }}</ref>

<ref name="China: A New History">{{cite book| last1 = Fairbank| first1 = John King| last2 = Goldman| first2 = Merle| title = China: A New History| year = 1994| publisher = Harvard University Press| isbn = 978-0-674-11673-3| page = 320 }}</ref>

<ref name="civilization">Robert Melvin Spector. ''World without civilization: mass murder and the Holocaust, history, and analysis'', pg. 257</ref>

<ref name="ckpipe">{{cite book| last = Kennedy-Pipe| first = Caroline| title = Stalin's Cold War| year = 1995| publisher = Manchester University Press| isbn = 978-0-7190-4201-0 }}</ref>

<ref name="clemson31">Glantz, David M. (2001), [http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf Soviet‐German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709141048/http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf |date=July 9, 2011 }}. p.31</ref>

<ref name="Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts">{{cite book| last = Conteh-Morgan| first = Earl| title = Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts|url=https://archive.org/details/collectivepoliti00cont| year = 2004| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-94744-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/collectivepoliti00cont/page/30 30] }}</ref>

<ref name="Coming Apart, Coming Together">{{cite book| last = Kantowicz| first = Edward R| title = Coming Apart, Coming Together|url=https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant| year = 2000| publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing| isbn = 978-0-8028-4456-9| page = [https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant/page/6 6] }}</ref>

<ref name="communism">{{cite book| last = Busky| first = Donald F.| title = Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas| year = 2002| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn = 978-0-275-97733-7| page = 10 }}</ref>

<ref name="Comp_221">{{cite book| last1 = Cowley| first1 = Robert| last2 = Parker| first2 = Geoffrey| title = The Reader's Companion to Military History|url=https://archive.org/details/readerscompanion0000unse_x0k0| year = 2001| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| isbn = 978-0-618-12742-9| page = [https://archive.org/details/readerscompanion0000unse_x0k0/page/221 221] }}</ref>

<ref name="compensation">{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1757323,00.html|title=Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers|date=October 27, 2005|accessdate=January 19, 2010|first=Michael|last=Marek|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090813200714/http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,1757323,00.html|archivedate=August 13, 2009|work=dw-world.de|publisher=Deutsche Welle|url-status=dead}}</ref>

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<ref name="crozier">Andrew J. Crozier. ''The Causes of the Second World War'', pg. 151</ref>

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<ref name="diplomatic">Gerhard Weinberg 1970. ''The foreign policy of Hitler's Germany diplomatic revolution in Europe 1933-36'', Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p 346.</ref>

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<ref name="eyewitnesstohistory1940">[http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/blitz.htm The London Blitz, 1940] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509121455/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/blitz.htm |date=2008-05-09 }}. Eyewitness to History. 2001. Retrieved March 11, 2008.</ref>

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<ref name="google204">"''[https://books.google.com/books?id=c9bMfZBI8-sC&pg=PA204 The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment]''". J. W. Smith (1994). p.204. {{ISBN|978-0-9624423-2-2}}</ref>

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<ref name="information">Shore, Zachary 2005. ''What Hitler knew: the battle for information in Nazi foreign policy''. Oxford University Press, p. 108.</ref>

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<ref name="levine217">{{cite book| last = Levine| first = Alan J.| title = The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945|url=https://archive.org/details/strategicbombing00levi| year = 1992| publisher = Greenwood Press| isbn = 978-0-275-94319-6| page = [https://archive.org/details/strategicbombing00levi/page/217 217] }}</ref>

<ref name="liberation">{{cite book| last = O'Reilly| first = Charles T.| title = Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943-1945| url = https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei| year = 2001| publisher = Lexington Books| isbn = 978-0-7391-0195-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei/page/n46 35] }}</ref>

<ref name="liberation14">{{cite book| last = O'Reilly| first = Charles T.| title = Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943-1945| url = https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei| year = 2001| publisher = Lexington Books| isbn = 978-0-7391-0195-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei/page/n43 32] }}</ref>

<ref name="liberation16">{{cite book| last = O'Reilly| first = Charles T.| title = Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943-1945| url = https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei| year = 2001| publisher = Lexington Books| isbn = 978-0-7391-0195-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/forgottenbattles0000orei/page/n255 244] }}</ref>

<ref name="lynch12">{{cite book| last = Lynch| first = Michael| title = The Chinese Civil War 1945–49| year = 2010| publisher = Osprey Publishing| location = Botley| isbn = 978-1-84176-671-3| pages = 12–13 }}</ref>

<ref name="macmillan">{{cite book| last = Gilbert| first = Martin| title = The Second World War: A Complete History|url=https://archive.org/details/secondworldwarco00gilb| year = 2004| publisher = Elsevier| isbn = 978-0-8050-7623-3| page = [https://archive.org/details/secondworldwarco00gilb/page/397 397]-400 }}</ref>

<ref name="mediterranean">{{cite book| last = Collier| first = Paul| title = The Second World War (4): The Mediterranean 1940–1945| year = 2003| publisher = Osprey Publishing| isbn = 978-1-84176-539-6| page = 11 }}</ref>

<ref name="milward138">{{cite book| last = Milward| first = Alan S| title = War, Economy, and Society, 1939–1945| year = 1979| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-03942-1| page = 138 }}</ref>

<ref name="murray55">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). ''A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War''. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-00680-5}}. p.55-6</ref>

<ref name="Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing">{{cite book| last1 = Sabella| first1 = Robert| last2 = Li| first2 = Fei Fei| last3 = Liu| first3 = David| title = Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing|url=https://archive.org/details/nankingmemoryhea00life| year = 2002| publisher = M.E. Sharpe| isbn = 978-0-7656-0816-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/nankingmemoryhea00life/page/n49 69] }}</ref>

<ref name="nationalism">{{cite book| last = Garver| first = John W.| title = Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937-1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism|url=https://archive.org/details/chinesesovietrel00garv| year = 1988| publisher = Oxford University Press on Demand| isbn = 978-0-19-505432-3| page = [https://archive.org/details/chinesesovietrel00garv/page/114 114] }}</ref>

<ref name="Niewyk45">Niewyk, Donald L. and Nicosia, Francis R. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=lpDTIUklB2MC&dq=Niewyk,+Donald+L.+The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&pg=PP1 The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325011520/https://books.google.com/books?id=lpDTIUklB2MC&pg=PP1&dq=Niewyk,+Donald+L.+The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust |date=2022-03-25 }}'', [[Columbia University Press]], 2000, pp. 45-52.</ref>

<ref name="occupation">Eugene Davidson "The death and life of Germany: an account of the American occupation". p.121</ref>

<ref name="offensive">{{cite book| last = Parker| first = Danny| title = Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944-1945|url=https://archive.org/details/battleofbulgehit0000park| year = 2004| publisher = Da Capo Press| isbn = 978-0-306-81391-7 | pages = xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70 & 329–330}}</ref>

<ref name="opportunities">Morgan, Patrick M (1983). ''Strategic Military Surprise: Incentives and Opportunities''. Transaction Publishers. p. 51. {{ISBN|978-0-87855-912-1}}.</ref>

<ref name="Origins of the Cold War: An International History">{{cite book| last1 = Leffler| first1 = Melvyn P.| last2 = Painter| first2 = David S| title = Origins of the Cold War: An International History|url=https://archive.org/details/originscoldwarin00leff| year = 1994| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-34109-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/originscoldwarin00leff/page/n334 318] }}</ref>

<ref name="Oxford Companion to World War II">{{cite book| last = Winter| first = J. M| editor1-last = Dear| editor1-first = I. C. B.| editor2-last = Foot| editor2-first = M. R. D| title = Oxford Companion to World War II| year = 2002| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-860446-4| page = 290| chapter = Demography of the War }}</ref>

<ref name="Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today">{{cite book| last1 = Dornbusch| first1 = Rüdiger| last2 = Nölling| first2 = Wilhelm| last3 = Layard| first3 = P. Richard G| title = Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today| url = https://archive.org/details/postwareconomicr0000unse| year = 1993| publisher = Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press| isbn = 978-0-262-04136-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/postwareconomicr0000unse/page/117 117] }}</ref>

<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies">{{cite book|last=Harrop|first=Martin|title=Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies|page=23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-521-34579-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies23">{{cite book|last=Harrop|first=Martin|title=Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies|page=49|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-521-34579-8}}</ref>

<ref name="publishing">{{cite book| last = Thomas| first = Nigel| title = The German Army 1939–45 (2): North Africa & Balkans| year = 1998| publisher = Osprey Publishing| isbn = 978-1-85532-640-8| page = 8 }}</ref>

<ref name="publishing13">{{cite book| last = Healy| first = Mark| title = Kursk 1943: The tide turns in the East|url=https://archive.org/details/kursktideturnsea00heal| year = 1992| publisher = Osprey Publishing| isbn = 978-1-85532-211-0| page = [https://archive.org/details/kursktideturnsea00heal/page/n46 90] }}</ref>

<ref name="publishing15">{{cite book| last1 = Hart| first1 = Stephen| last2 = Hart| first2 = Russell| last3 = Hughes| first3 = Matthew| title = The German Soldier in World War II| year = 2000| publisher = Zenith Press| isbn = 978-0-7603-0846-2| page = 151 }}</ref>

<ref name="publishing21">{{cite book| last = Jowett| first = Philip| title = The Japanese Army 1931–45 (1): 1931–42| year = 2002| publisher = Osprey Publishing| isbn = 978-1-84176-353-8 }}</ref>

<ref name="reconstruction">{{cite book| author = Rudiger Dornbusch| others = Wilhelm Nölling, Richard Layard, P. Richard G. Layard| title = Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today| url = https://archive.org/details/postwareconomicr0000unse| year = 1993| publisher = MIT Press| isbn = 978-0-262-04136-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/postwareconomicr0000unse/page/29 29]-30, 32 }}</ref>

<ref name="reinhardt">{{cite book| author = Klaus Reinhardt (Dr. Generalmajor i.G.)| title = Moscow: The Turning Point?: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941-42| year = 1992| publisher = Berg Publishing Limited| isbn = 978-0-85496-695-0| page = 227 }}</ref>

<ref name="Reparations and post-war Germany">{{cite web|url=http://alphahistory.com/weimargermany/reparations/|title=Reparations and post-war Germany|publisher=Alpha History|accessdate=August 23, 2013}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

<ref name="Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance">{{cite book| last = Emadi-Coffin| first = Barbara| title = Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance| year = 2002| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-19540-9| page = 64 }}</ref>

<ref name="review">AFLMA Year in Review, p. 32.</ref>

<ref name="richard">{{cite book| last = Lamb| first = Richard| title = War in Italy, 1943-1945: A Brutal Story|url=https://archive.org/details/warinitaly1943190000lamb| year = 1996| publisher = Da Capo Press| isbn = 978-0-306-80688-9| pages = [https://archive.org/details/warinitaly1943190000lamb/page/154 154]-55 }}</ref>

<ref name="routledge">{{cite book| last = Donnelly| first = Mark| title = Britain in the Second World War| year = 1999| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-415-17425-1 | page = xiv}}</ref>

<ref name="Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration">{{cite book| last = Smith| first = Alan| title = Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration|url=https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit| year = 1993| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-08924-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit/page/32 32] }}</ref>

<ref name="Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines">{{cite book| last1 = Chenoweth| first1 = H. Avery| last2 = Nihart| first2 = Brooke| title = Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines| year = 2005| publisher = Main Street| isbn = 978-1-4027-3099-3| page = 180 }}</ref>

<ref name="senn">{{cite book| last = Senn| first = Alfred Erich| title = Lithuania 1940: revolution from above| url = https://archive.org/details/lithuania1940rev0000senn| year = 2007| publisher = Rodopi| isbn = 978-90-420-2225-6 }}</ref>

<ref name="shirer794">{{cite book| last = Shirer| first = William L.| title = The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany| year = 1990| publisher = Simon and Schuster| isbn = 978-0-671-72868-7| page = 794}}</ref>

<ref name="Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s">{{cite book| last1 = Pravda| first1 = Alex| last2 = Duncan| first2 = Peter J. S| title = Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s|url=https://archive.org/details/sovietbritishrel00prav| year = 1990| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-37494-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/sovietbritishrel00prav/page/n40 29] }}</ref>

<ref name="stalinswars43">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/43 43] }}</ref>

<ref name="stalinswars55">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/55 55] }}</ref>

<ref name="stalinswars56">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/56 56] }}</ref>

<ref name="stalinswars59">{{cite book| last = Roberts| first = Geoffrey| title = Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953|url=https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe| year = 2006| publisher = Yale University Press| isbn = 978-0-300-11204-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/stalinswarsfromw0000robe/page/59 59] }}</ref>

<ref name="stark1944">{{cite web|url=http://www.epa.hu/00400/00463/00007/pdf/155_stark.pdf|title="Malenki Robot" – Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union (1944–1955)|first=Tamás|last=Stark|work=Minorities Research|accessdate=January 22, 2010|archive-date=April 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430051411/http://www.epa.hu/00400/00463/00007/pdf/155_stark.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century">{{cite book| last = Gannon| first = James| title = Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century| year = 2002| publisher = Brassey's| isbn = 978-1-57488-473-9| page = 76 }}</ref>

<ref name="The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine">{{cite web|title=The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine|publisher=controlarms.org|first1=Oliver|last1=Sprague|first2=Hugh|last2=Griffiths|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/011/2006/en/11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/act300112006en.pdf|accessdate=November 14, 2009|year=2006|page=1|archive-date=April 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430165110/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/011/2006/en/11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/act300112006en.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison">{{cite book|last=Harrison|first=Mark|title=The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-62046-8|editor=Harrison, Mark|location=Cambridge|chapter=The economics of World WarII: an overview|pages=34–35}}</ref>

<ref name="The Koreas">{{cite book| last = Connor| first = Mary E.| title = The Koreas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2gYgXGENM0C| series = Asia in Focus| year = 2009| publisher = ABC-CLIO| location = Santa Barbara| isbn = 978-1-59884-160-2| pages = 43–45| chapter = History| editor = Connor, Mary E. }}</ref>

<ref name="The Modern World">{{cite book| last = Todd| first = Allan| title = The Modern World|url=https://archive.org/details/modernworld0000todd| year = 2001| publisher = Oxford University Press| isbn = 978-0-19-913425-0| page = [https://archive.org/details/modernworld0000todd/page/121 121] }}</ref>

<ref name="The Oxford Companion to World War II">{{cite book| editor = Dear, I.C.B|editor2=Foot, M.R.D.| title = The Oxford Companion to World War II| year = 2005| publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxford| isbn = 978-0-19-280670-3| page = 1006| chapter = World trade and world economy }}</ref>

<ref name="The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II">{{cite book|last=Griffith|first=Charles|title=The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II|isbn=978-1-58566-069-8|publisher=DIANE Publishing|year=1999|page=203}}</ref>

<ref name="The Second World War1">{{cite book| last = Beevor| first = Antony| title = The Second World War| date = 2012| publisher = Weidenfeld & Nicolson| isbn = 978-0-297-84497-6| page = 2 }}</ref>

<ref name="transaction">{{cite book| last = Brody| first = J. Kenneth| title = The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval & the politics of reality, 1935-1936|url=https://archive.org/details/avoidablewar0000brod| year = 1999| publisher = Transaction Publishing| isbn = 978-0-7658-0622-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/avoidablewar0000brod/page/4 4] }}</ref>

<ref name="twentieth">{{cite book| last1 = Kelly| first1 = Nigel| last2 = Rees| first2 = Rosemary| last3 = Shuter| first3 = Jane| title = The Twentieth Century World|url=https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000kell_b5b7| year = 1998| publisher = Heinemann| isbn = 978-0-435-30983-1| page = [https://archive.org/details/twentiethcentury0000kell_b5b7/page/38 38] }}</ref>

<ref name="university">{{cite book| author = Ian Dear|author2=Michael Richard Daniell Foot| title = The Oxford companion to World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2| year = 2001| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-860446-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_y4p2/page/674 674] }}</ref>

<ref name="university10">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L.| title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/195 195] }}</ref>

<ref name="university11">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L.| title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/339 339] }}</ref>

<ref name="university18">{{cite book| last1 = Glantz| first1 = David M.| last2 = House| first2 = Jonathan M.| title = When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler| year = 1995| isbn = 978-0-7006-0899-7| page = 34 }}</ref>

<ref name="university2">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L.| title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/182 182] }}</ref>

<ref name="university20">{{cite book| last = Drea| first = Edward J.| title = In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army| year = 2003| publisher = University of Nebraska Press| isbn = 978-0-8032-6638-4| page = 57 }}</ref>

<ref name="university3">{{cite book| last = Hakim| first = Joy| title = War, Peace and All That Jazz| url = https://archive.org/details/warpeaceallthatj0000haki| year = 1995| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-509514-2 }}</ref>

<ref name="university5">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L.| title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/95 95], 121 }}</ref>

<ref name="university7">{{cite book| last = Clogg| first = Richard| title = A Concise History of Greece|url=https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00clog_0| year = 2002| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-80872-9| page = [https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00clog_0/page/118 118] }}</ref>

<ref name="university9">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L.| title = A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II| url = https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh| year = 1995| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55879-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldatarmsgloba0000gerh/page/229 229] }}</ref>

<ref name="Victims">{{cite web|author=Florida Center for Instructional Technology|url=http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm|title=Victims|work=A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust|publisher=[[University of South Florida]]|year=2005|accessdate=February 2, 2008|archive-date=May 16, 2016|archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516094229/http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="victory">{{cite book| last = Davies| first = Norman| title = No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939-1945|url=https://archive.org/details/nosimplevictoryw0000davi| year = 2008| publisher = Penguin| isbn = 978-0-14-311409-3| pages = [https://archive.org/details/nosimplevictoryw0000davi/page/143 143]-4 }}</ref>

<ref name="War and Economy in the Third Reich">{{cite book| last = Overy| first = R.J| title = War and Economy in the Third Reich| year = 1995| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-820599-9| page = 26 }}</ref>

<ref name="wettig20">{{cite book| last = Wettig| first = Gerhard| title = Stalin and the Cold War in Europe| year = 2008| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield| isbn = 978-0-7425-5542-6| pages = 20–21 }}</ref>

<ref name="williamson">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001), ''A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War'', Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-674-00680-5}}. p.57-63</ref>

<ref name="williamson6">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). ''A war to be won: fighting the Second World War''. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-00680-5}}. p. 233-45</ref>

<ref name="williamson8">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001), ''A war to be won: fighting the Second World War'', Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-674-00680-5}}. p. 263-267.</ref>

<ref name="wohlstetter">Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962). ''Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision''. Stanford University Press. pp. 341–43. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-0597-4}}.</ref>

<ref name="World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration">{{cite book| last = Unidas| first = Naciones| title = World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration| year = 2005| publisher = United Nations Pubns| isbn = 978-92-1-109147-2| page = 23 }}</ref>

<ref name="World War II day by day">{{cite book| last = Shaw| first = Anthony| title = World War II day by day| year = 2000| publisher = MBI Publishing| isbn = 978-0-7603-0939-1 }} p. 35</ref>

<ref name="World War II">{{cite book| last = Goldstein| first = Margaret J| title = World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold| year = 2004| publisher = Twenty-First Century Books| isbn = 978-0-8225-0139-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold/page/35 35] }}</ref>

<ref name="www">[http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm History of the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218221016/http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |date=2010-02-18 }}. United Nations. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref>

<ref name="zhifen2002">{{cite web|last=Ju|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm|first=Zhifen|title=Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war|work=Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War:Minutes of the June 2002 Conference|publisher=Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences|date=June 2002|accessdate=February 18, 2010|archive-date=May 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521093637/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== Other websites ==
* [http://ww2.war-letters.com/ World War II Letter Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031752/http://ww2.war-letters.com/ |date=January 30, 2009 }} - Letters from World War Two
* [http://ww2db.com/ WW2 Database] - More Info on WW2
* [http://encyc.org/WorldWarII World War II - Encyc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401051812/http://encyc.org/WorldWarII |date=April 1, 2009 }}
* [http://www.otr.net/?p=news Radio News From 1938 to 1945]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/world_war2/ Fun facts about WW2 for children]
* [https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II] -Citizendium

{{Middle East conflict}}

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