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{{redirect|Eesti|the language|Estonian language|other uses|Estonia (disambiguation)}}
{{Coord|59|N|26|E|type:country_scale:9000000_region:EE|display=title}}{{EngvarB|date=December 2019}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Republic of Estonia
| common_name            = Estonia
| native_name            = {{native name|et|Eesti Vabariik}}
| image_flag             = Flag of Estonia.svg
| image_coat             = Coat of arms of Estonia.svg
| national_anthem        = "[[Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm]]"<br>{{small|(English: "My Fatherland, My Happiness and Joy")}}<br>{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:US Navy band - National anthem of Estonia.ogg|alt=sound file of Estonian national anthem]]}}
| image_map              = {{Switcher|[[File:Estonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:EU-Estonia.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Europe|default=2}}
| map_caption            = {{map caption|location_color=dark green |region=Europe |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the [[European Union]] |subregion_color=green |legend=EU-Estonia.svg}}
| capital                = [[Tallinn]]<sup>a</sup>
| coordinates            = {{Coord|59|25|N|24|45|E|type:city}}
| largest_city           = capital
| languages_type         = Official language<br/>{{nobold|and national language}}
| languages              = [[Estonian language|Estonian]]<sup>b</sup>{{infobox|child=yes
 | regional_languages    = <!-- <ref>[http://www.president.ee/en/republic-of-estonia/the-constitution/index.html#1 Constitution of the Republic of Estonia], 6th article</ref> In [[Võrumaa|southern counties]], [[Võro language|Võro]] and [[Seto language|Seto]] are spoken along with it... Including 5.4% [[Võros]] and 0.93% [[Setos]].<ref>[http://www.postimees.ee/906060/vorokesed-ees-setod-jarel Võrokesed ees, setod järel]. ''Postimees'' (13 July 2012).</ref> Estonia's territory including easternmost Võro and Seto areas was {{convert|47549|km²|0|abbr= on}} according to the [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)|Treaty of Tartu]] in 1920 between Estonia and [[Soviet Russia]] (then under [[communist]] [[Bolshevik]] revolutionary government prior to the founding of the USSR in 1922). Today, the remaining {{convert|2323|km²|0|abbr= on}} are part of the [[Russian Federation]]. The ceded areas include most of the former [[Petseri County]] and areas east of the [[Narva river]] including [[Ivangorod]] (Jaanilinn).{{big|<ref>[[Territorial changes of the Baltic states#Actual territorial changes after World War II|Territorial changes of the Baltic states]] Soviet territorial changes in Estonia after [[World War II]] (1939–1945)</ref>}} [[Pechory]] remains under Russian administration. -->
 | label1 = [[Ethnic groups]] {{nobold|(2021)}}
 | data1 = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |68.8% [[Estonians]] |24.2% [[Russians]] |2.0% [[Ukrainians]] |0.8% [[Belarusians]] |0.6% [[Finns]] |3.4% [[Demographics of Estonia|Others]]}}
}}
| religion               = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |64.87% [[Irreligion|No religion]] |34.03% [[Christianity]]|—19.87% [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodoxy]] |—12.02% [[Lutheranism]] |—2.14% Other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] |1.10% [[Religion in Estonia|Others]]}}
| demonym                = Estonian
| government_type        = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[parliamentary republic]]
| leader_title1          = [[President of Estonia|President]]
| leader_name1           = [[Alar Karis]]
| leader_title2          = [[Prime Minister of Estonia|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name2           = [[Kaja Kallas]]
| leader_title3          = [[Riigikogu|Speaker of the Riigikogu]]
| leader_name3           = [[Jüri Ratas]]
| legislature            = [[Riigikogu]]
| sovereignty_type       = [[History of Estonia|Independence]]
| sovereignty_note       = from [[Russian Republic|Russia]] and [[German Empire]]
| established_event1     = [[Estonian Declaration of Independence|Declaration of independence]]
| established_date1      = {{nowrap|24 February 1918}}
| established_event2     = [[German occupation of Estonia during World War I|German occupation]]
| established_date2      = {{nowrap|February–November 1918}}
| established_event3     = [[Estonian Provisional Government|Power handover to national government]]
| established_date3      = {{nowrap|11–14 November 1918}}
| established_event4     = [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet invasion and occupation]]
| established_date4      = 1940–1941
| established_event5     = [[Reichskommissariat Ostland|German occupation]]
| established_date5      = 1941–1944
| established_event6     = [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet occupation]]
| established_date6      = 1944–1991
| established_event7     = [[Restoration of Estonia|Independence restored]]
| established_date7      = 20 August 1991
| established_event8     = {{nowrap|[[Member states of NATO|Joined]] [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|NATO]]}}
| established_date8      = 29 March 2004
| established_event9     = {{nowrap|[[2004 enlargement of the European Union|Joined]] the [[European Union|EU]]}}
| established_date9      = 1 May 2004
| area_km2               = 45,339<ref>{{cite web |url= |title=Information About Estonia 2021 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
| area_rank              = 129th<sup>d</sup>
| area_sq_mi             = 17,505<!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| percent_water          = 5.16 (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=2020-10-11|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER#}}</ref>
| population_estimate    = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 1,328,439<ref>{{cite web |title=Population Figure |url=https://www.stat.ee/en/avasta-statistikat/valdkonnad/rahvastik/population-figure |website=Statistics Estonia |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>
| population_census      = 1,294,455<ref>{{cite web |title= PHC 2011 RESULTS |publisher= Statistics Estonia |year= 2011 |url= http://www.stat.ee/phc2011 |access-date= 26 January 2016 |archive-date= 10 October 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161010065115/http://www.stat.ee/phc2011 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2022
| population_estimate_rank = 
| population_census_year = 2011
| population_density_km2 = 30.9
| population_density_sq_mi = 75 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
| population_density_rank = 148th
| GDP_PPP                = $49.644&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |title= Estonia |publisher= International Monetary Fund |url= https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |year= 2022}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year           = 2022
| GDP_PPP_rank           = 
| GDP_PPP_per_capita     = $44,853<ref name=imf2/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 41st
| GDP_nominal            = $35.187&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"/>
| GDP_nominal_year       = 2022
| GDP_nominal_rank       = 97th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = $29,735<ref name="imf2"/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 39th
| Gini                   = 30.5 <!-- number only -->
| Gini_year              = 2020
| Gini_change            = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| Gini_ref               = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web |title= Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income |work= EU-SILC survey |publisher= [[Eurostat]] |url= https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en|access-date= 9 August 2021}}</ref>
| Gini_rank              = 
| HDI                    = 0.892 <!-- number only -->
| HDI_year               = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change             = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->
| HDI_ref                = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |title= 2020 Human Development Report|publisher= United Nations Development Programme |year= 2019 |url= http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf |access-date= 15 December 2020}}</ref>
| HDI_rank               = 29th
| currency               = [[Euro]] ([[€]])
| currency_code          = EUR
| time_zone              = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]
| utc_offset             = +02:00
| utc_offset_DST         = +03:00
| time_zone_DST          = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]
| drives_on              = right
| calling_code           = [[Telephone numbers in Estonia|+372]]
| cctld                  = [[.ee]]<sup>c</sup>
| footnote_a             = The [[Supreme Court of Estonia|Supreme Court]] and one ministry are based in [[Tartu]].
| footnote_b             = According to the [[Constitution of Estonia]], Estonian is the sole official language.
| footnote_c             = Also [[.eu]], shared with other member states of the European Union.
| religion_year          = 2011<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.stat.ee/65352?parent_id=39113|title= PHC 2011: over a quarter of the population are affiliated with a particular religion|date= 29 April 2013|access-date= 9 January 2014|publisher= [[Statistics Estonia]]|archive-date= 24 November 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171124002736/https://www.stat.ee/65352?parent_id=39113|url-status= dead}}</ref>
| today                  = 
}}

'''Estonia''' ({{lang-et|Eesti}} {{IPA-et|ˈeːsʲti||Et-Eesti-female.oga}}), officially the '''Republic of Estonia''' ({{lang-et|Eesti Vabariik|links=no}}), is a country in [[Northern Europe|northeastern Europe]]. It is bordered to the north by the [[Gulf of Finland]] across from [[Finland]], to the west by the [[Baltic Sea]] across from [[Sweden]], to the south by [[Latvia]], and to the east by [[Lake Peipus]] and [[Russia]]. The territory of Estonia consists of the mainland, the larger islands of [[Saaremaa]] and [[Hiiumaa]], and over 2,200 other [[Island|islands]] and [[Islet|islets]] on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea,<ref>Matthew Holehouse [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/estonia/11830643/Estonia-discovers-800-new-islands.html Estonia discovers it's actually larger after finding 800 new islands] ''The Telegraph'', 28 August 2015</ref> covering a total area of {{convert|45339|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Information About Estonia 2021|url=|access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> The [[capital city]] [[Tallinn]] and [[Tartu]] are the two [[List of cities and towns in Estonia|largest urban]] [[Urban area|areas]] of the country. The [[Estonian language]] is the [[Indigenous language|autochthonous]] and the [[official language]] of Estonia; it is the [[first language]] of the majority of its [[Estonians|people]], as well as the world's second most spoken [[Finnic languages|Finnic]] [[Uralic languages|language]].

The land of what is now modern Estonia has been inhabited by humans since at least 9,000 BC. The [[Ancient Estonia#Early Middle Ages|medieval indigenous]] population of Estonia was one of the last "[[Paganism|pagan]]" civilisations in [[Europe]] to adopt [[Christianity]] following the [[Papal]][[Northern Crusades|-sanctioned]] [[Livonian Crusade]] in the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Country Profile – LegaCarta|url=https://legacarta.intracen.org/country/est/|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> After centuries of successive rule by the [[State of the Teutonic Order|Teutonic Order]], [[Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)|Denmark]], [[Estonia under Swedish rule|Sweden]], and the [[Russian Empire]], a distinct [[Estonian national awakening|Estonian national identity]] began to emerge in the mid-19th century. This culminated in the 24 February 1918 [[Estonian Declaration of Independence]] from the then warring [[Russian Republic|Russian]] and [[German Empire|German Empires]], and, after the end of [[World War I]], in the 1918–1920 [[Estonian War of Independence|War of Independence]] where Estonians were able to repel the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] [[Soviet Russia|Russian]] invasion and [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)|successfully defended]] their newborn freedom. Democratic throughout most of the [[interwar period]], <!--as a result of the worldwide [[Great Depression]] Estonia also briefly experienced [[authoritarianism|rule]]  [[rule by decree|by decree]] during the [[political violence|politically non-violent]] "[[era of silence]]" in 1934–1938. -->Estonia declared [[Neutral powers during World War II|neutrality]] at the outbreak of [[World War II]], but the country was [[Occupation of the Baltic states|repeatedly contested, invaded and occupied]], first by [[Stalin|Stalinist]] [[Soviet Union]] in 1940, then by [[Nazi Germany]] in 1941, and ultimately reoccupied in 1944 by, and annexed into, the [[USSR]] as an [[National delimitation in the Soviet Union|administrative subunit]] ([[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonian SSR]]). After the loss of its ''[[de facto]]'' independence to the Soviet Union, Estonia's ''[[de jure]]'' [[State continuity of the Baltic states|state continuity]] was preserved by [[Baltic Legations (1940–1991)|diplomatic representatives]] and the [[Estonian government-in-exile|government-in-exile]]. Following the bloodless Estonian "[[Singing Revolution]]" of 1988–1990, the nation's ''de facto'' independence was restored on [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|20 August 1991]].