View source for Jules Hoffmann

{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Jules A. Hoffmann
| image             = Nobel Prize 2011-Press Conference KI-DSC 7581.jpg
| image_size        = 
| caption           = 
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|1941|08|02|df=y}}
| birth_place       = [[Echternach]], [[Luxembourg]]
| death_date        = 
| death_place       = 
| nationality       = [[France|French]]
| fields            = [[Medicine]]
| workplaces        = [[CNRS]]
| alma_mater        = [[University of Strasbourg]]
| doctoral_advisor  = 
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = 
| awards            = [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
}}
'''Jules A. Hoffmann''' (born 2 August 1941) is a [[Luxembourg]]-born [[France|French]] biologist.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www2.cnrs.fr/en/1912.htm |title=CNRS senior researcher Jules Hoffmann awarded 2011 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine |publisher=French National Centre for Scientific Research |date=3 October 2011 |accessdate=4 October 2011}}</ref> He is a research director and member of the board of administrators of the National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) in [[Strasbourg]], [[France]]. In 2007, he became President of the [[French Academy of Sciences]]. 

Together with [[Bruce Beutler]], Hoffmann received one-half of the 2011 [[Nobel Prize]] in [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] for "their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity".<ref name="Nobel">{{cite press release|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2011/press.html|title=Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|date=3 October 2011}}</ref> Hoffmann discovered the function of the [[fruit fly]] ''[[Toll (gene)|Toll]]'' gene in [[innate immunity]]. Its [[mammal]]ian homologues, the [[toll-like receptor]]s,<ref>Toll-like receptor: a protein which recognises part of a bacterium and alerts the [[innate immune system]].</ref> were discovered by Beutler. Toll-like receptors identify constituents of other organisms like fungi and bacteria, and trigger an immune response. This explains how [[septic shock]] can be triggered by [[bacteria]]l remains.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/111003/full/478013a.html |title=Nobel announcement marred by winner's death |doi=10.1038/478013a |author=Callaway E |journal=Nature |date=3 October 2011|volume=478 |issue=7367 |pages=13–14 |pmid=21979018 |bibcode=2011Natur.478...13C |s2cid=4410227 }}</ref>

==Education==
Hoffmann completed his PhD in biology at the [[University of Strasbourg]] in 1969. His post-doctoral training was at the Institut für Physiologische Chemie at [[Philipps-Universität Marburg|Philipps-Universität]] in [[Marburg an der Lahn]], [[Germany]] in 1973–1974.

==Research==
Hoffmann was a research assistant at CNRS from 1964 to 1968, and became a research associate in 1969. Since 1974 he has been a Research Director of CNRS. Between 1978 and 2005 he was Director of the CNRS research unit "Immune Response and Development in Insects", and from 1993 to 2005 he was director of the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of CNRS in Strasbourg.

Hoffmann is a member of the [[German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina]], the French National Academy of Sciences, the [[Academia Europaea]], the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] and the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commonscat}}
{{Nobelprize|Physiology or Medicine}}
{{Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}}

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[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:French Nobel Prize winners]]
[[Category:French immunologists]]