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Line 4: '''Cold''' is a relative term used in comparison with the adjective [[warm]] (opposite of cold). Because it is relative, there is no range in coldness. The temperatures in the [[winter]] [[season]] are often categorized as being cold. Cold is the opposite of [[heat\|hot]]. The coldest possible temperature is −273.15 °C, which can be expressed as ~~about -459~~−459.67 °F on the [[Fahrenheit]] scale. This is called [[absolute zero]]. Absolute zero is also 0 K on the [[Kelvin]] scale and 0 °R on the [[Rankine scale]] ==Cooling== Cooling is when an object gets cold, or lowers in [[temperature]]. This can happen by taking away heat, or by putting something in a place with a lower temperature. [[~~Fluids~~Fluid]]s used to cool objects are called [[coolant]]s. [[Air cooling]] is making the temperature of an object lower using [[air]]. This will only work if the air is at a lower [[temperature]] than the object. The process will work better if there is more [[surface area]] on the object or if the item's [[mass]] can be made smaller. Other ways to cool objects include using [[ice]], [[dry ice]], or liquid [[nitrogen]]. This works by [[convection]]; the [[heat]] is taken from the relatively warm object to the relatively cold [[coolant]]. ==Cold locations and objects== The Boomerang [[Nebula]] is the coldest known place in the [[universe]]. Scientists believe the temperature is 1 K ([[kelvin]]) (−272.15 °C/−457.87 °F).<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/releases/97/coldspot.html\|title=Boomerang Nebula boasts the coolest spot in the Universe\|date=June 20, 1997 \|publisher=NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory\|accessdate=July 8, 2009\|archive-date=August 27, 2009\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827115717/http://jpl.nasa.gov/news/releases/97/coldspot.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Herschel Space Observatory]] equipment is kept at temperatures below 2 K, using a large [[helium]] tank for cooling.<ref>{{cite news \| author=Jonathan Amos \| title='Silver Sensation' Seeks Cold Cosmos \| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7864087.stm \| work=BBC News \| date=9 February 2009 \| accessdate=2009-03-06}}</ref> * Neptune's moon [[Triton (moon)\|Triton]] has a surface temperature of −235 °C (−390 °F). [[Uranus]] has an atmospheric temperature of −215 °C (−355 °F).<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/uranus_worldbook.html \|title=NASA - Uranus \|access-date=2010-05-07 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2010-12-27 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227071712/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/uranus_worldbook.html }}</ref> [[Saturn (planet)\|Saturn]] has a temperature of −175 °C (−285 °F) at cloud tops.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/saturn_worldbook.html \|title=NASA - saturn \|access-date=2010-05-07 \|url-status=dead \|archive-date=2010-12-29 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229031643/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/saturn_worldbook.html }}</ref> [[Mercury (planet)\|Mercury]], even though it is close to the [[Sun]], is actually cold during the night. It has a temperature of about −170 °C (−275 °F). Mercury is cold at night because it has no [[atmosphere]] to trap in [[heat]] from the [[Sun]].<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/mercury_worldbook.html \|title=NASA - Mercury \|access-date=2010-05-07 \|archive-date=2005-01-05 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105042225/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/mercury_worldbook.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Jupiter]] has a temperature of −145 °C (−230 °F) at the cloud tops.<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/jupiter_worldbook.html \|title=NASA - Jupiter \|access-date=2010-05-07 \|archive-date=2005-01-05 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050105155019/http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/jupiter_worldbook.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Mars]] has a temperature of about −125 °C (−195 °F).<ref>{{Cite web \|url=http://www.nasa.gov/worldbook/mars_worldbook.html \|title=NASA - Mars \|access-date=2010-05-07 \|archive-date=2006-10-01 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001100002/http://www1.nasa.gov/worldbook/mars_worldbook.html \|url-status=dead }}</ref> The coldest continent on [[Earth]] is [[Antarctica]].<ref>~~http~~{{cite web\|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/~~IOTD~~images/~~view.php?id=~~8070/melting-ice-in-antarctica\|title=Melting Ice in Antarctica\|date=25 September 2007\|website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> The coldest place on Earth is the [[Antarctic Plateau]],<ref>{{cite news \| url=~~http~~https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/polar-explorers-reach-coldest-place-on-earth-433074.html \| work=The Independent \| location=London \| title=Polar explorers reach coldest place on Earth \| first=Paul \| last=Bignell \| date=2007-01-21 \| accessdate=2010-04-30 \| archive-date=2012-01-08 \| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108165347/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/polar-explorers-reach-coldest-place-on-earth-433074.html \| url-status=dead }}</ref> an area of Antarctica around the [[South Pole]] that has an [[altitude]] of around 3000 meters. The lowest measured temperature on Earth, {{convert\|-89.2\|C\|F\|1}}, was recorded at [[Vostok Station]] on 21 July 1983.<ref>{{cite journal \| author=Budretsky, A.B. \| title=New absolute minimum of air temperature \| journal=Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition \|url=http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html\| issue=105\|year=1984 \| location=[[Leningrad]]\|publisher=[[Gidrometeoizdat]]\|language=Russian\|access-date=2010-05-07\|archive-date=2009-02-27\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227071811/http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html\|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== Line 29: {{science-stub}} [[Category:Basic English 850 words]] [[Category:Cold\| ]]