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[[File:Tualetsapo.jpg|thumb|right|A bar of soap]]
[[File:Collage-furfur.jpg|thumb|Liquid soap]]
'''Soap''' is a [[chemical compound]] resulting from the reaction of an alkali (commonly [[Sodium hydroxide|sodium]] or [[potassium hydroxide]]) with a [[fatty acid]]. Soaps are the metallic salts of long chain fatty acids. When mixed with [[water]] during [[bath]]ing, cleansing, or [[washing]], they help people and clothes get [[hygiene|clean]] by lowering the chance of [[dirt]] and [[oil]] to get to the skin or [[fabric]]. Soaps are made from [[animal]] [[fat]]s or [[vegetable oil]]s. There are two basic steps in making soap. They are called Saponification and Salting-out of soap. Some people like to make their own soap.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikihow.com/Make-Your-Own-Soap|title=How to Make Your Own Soap|website=wikiHow|language=en|access-date=2018-12-28}}</ref>
Soap cleans very well in [[soft water]]. It is not [[Toxicity|toxic]] to water life. It can be broken down by [[bacteria]]. However, it is slightly [[Solubility|soluble]] in water, so it is not often used in [[washing machine]]s. It does not work well in [[hard water]]. It cannot be used in strongly [[acid]]ic [[solution]]s.
Soap has been made in many ways. Humanity has used soap-like things for thousands of [[year]]s. The earliest recorded evidence of the making of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BC in Ancient [[Babylon]]<ref>{{cite book | last = Willcox | first = Michael | editor = Hilda Butler
| title = Poucher's Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps | url = https://archive.org/details/pouchersperfumes00pouc | edition = 10th
| year = 2000 | publisher = Kluwer Academic Publishers | location = Dordrecht
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/pouchersperfumes00pouc/page/n467 453] | chapter = Soap
| isbn = 9780751404791 | quote =The earliest recorded evidence of the production of soap-like materials dates back to around 2800 BCE in ancient Babylon.}}</ref> and [[Sumer]]ia.<ref name="Caveman">{{cite book|chapter=Ancient Technology|title=From Caveman to Chemist|pages=6–7|author=Hugh W. Saltzberg|isbn=0-8412-1787-4|year=1991|publisher=American Chemical Society}}</ref> They were soap solutions, or soapy water. People made them by mixing ashes with water and fat and boiling them.<ref name="Caveman" /> The Babylonians used [[water]], [[alkali]] and [[Cinnamomum aromaticum|cassia]] to make soap.<ref name="ZME">{{cite news|author=Alexandra Gerea|title=A soapy affair – The science of homemade soap making|url=https://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/making-soap-home/|accessdate=July 19, 2020|publisher=ZME Science|date=January 9, 2016}}</ref>
Ancient Gauls added salt to the soap solution to make the solid soap [[Chemical precipitation|fall out]].<ref name="Caveman" />
The [[Ebers papyrus]] (Egypt, 1550 BC) suggests that [[ancient Egypt]]ians bathed often and had animal and vegetable oils with alkaline [[salt]]s to make a soap-like substance. Egyptian [[document]]<nowiki/>s say that a soap-like substance was used in the preparation of [[wool]] for [[weaving]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Soap - Old Soaps and The First Recorded Evidence of Soap Making|url=http://www.soaphistory.net/soap-history/first-soap/|access-date=2022-06-10|website=www.soaphistory.net}}</ref>
==Related pages==
*[[Detergent]]
*[[Soap made from human corpses]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
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