Thomas Henry Huxley
Tomas Henri Haksli | |
---|---|
1825. | maj 1825. |
London | LondonUjedinjeno Kraljevstvo |
1895. | jun 1895. |
Istborn | IstbornUjedinjeno Kraljevstvo |
1825. 1895. Tomas Henri Haksli (engl. Thomas Henry Huxley; London, 4. maj 1825 — Istborn, 29. jun 1895) je bio engleski biolog (komparativni anatomist), poznat pod nadimku „Darvinov buldog“ zbog svog zastupanja teorije evolucije Čarlsa Darvina.
Hakslijeva čuvena debata iz 1860. sa Samjuelom Vilberforsom je bila ključni trenutak za šire prihvatanje evolucije i njegovu karijeru. Haksli je prethodnog dana planirao da ode iz Oksforda, ali se predomislio nakon susreta sa Robertom Čembersom, piscem Vestiges, i odlučio da učestvuje u debati. Vilberforsa je savetovao Ričard Oven, protiv koga je Haksli takođe vodio debatu oko toga da li su ljudi bliski srodnici majmuna.
Haksli je polako prihvatao neke Darvinove ideje, kao što je gradualizam, i nije imao stav o prirodnoj selekciji, ali je uprkos tome punim srcem podržavao Darvina. Kao jedan od zaslužnih za razvoj naučnog obrazovanja u Britaniji, Haksli se borio protiv ekstremnih verzija religijske tracidije.
Haksli je 1869. skovao izraz „agnostik“ da opiše svoja gledišta na teologiju, a taj izraz je nastavio da se koristio do danas.
Haksli je imao malo zvaničnog obrazovanja i bukvalno je bio samouk. Postao je možda najbolji komparativni anatomista druge polovine 19. veka. Proučavao je beskičmenjake, razjasnivši odnose između grupa koje su ranije bile slabo shvaćene. Kasnije je proučavao kičmenjake, naročito vezu između majmuna i ljudi. Nakon što je uporedio fosil Archaeopteryx-a sa Compsognathus-om, zaključio je da su ptice evoluirale od malih dinosaurusa-mesojeda i ta teorija je i danas široko prihvaćena.
Postoji težnja da se njegov rat u anatomiji zaseni njegovim energičnim i kontroverznim aktivnostima u korist evolucije i njegovim javnim radom u naučnom obrazovanju. Obe stvari su imali značajni uticaj na društvo u Brianiji i u svetu.
Tomas Haksli je bio prvi u celom porodičnom nizu viđenih engleskih naučnika i kulturnih radnika. NJegovi unuci su pisac Oldus Haksli, ser Džulijan Haksli (biolog-evolucionista, prvi generalni direktor Uneska) i ser Endru Haksli (fiziolog i dobitnik Nobelove nagrade).
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- Foster, Michael; Lankester, E. Ray (2007), The scientific memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley. 4 vols and supplement, London: Macmillan (izdano 1898–1903), ISBN 1-4326-4011-9
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- Huxley, Julian (1935), T.H. Huxley's diary of the voyage of HMS Rattlesnake, London: Chatto & Windus
- Huxley, Leonard (1900), The Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley. 2 vols 8vo, London: Macmillan
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1854), „Review of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, tenth edition”, British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review (13)
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1855), „On certain zoological arguments commonly adduced in favour of the hypothesis of the progressive development of animal life in time”, Proceedings of the Royal Institution 2 (1854–58)
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1857), „untitled letter on theory of glaciers”, Philosophical Magazine xiv: 241
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1859), The Oceanic Hydrozoa, London: The Ray Society, ISBN 0-300-03062-2
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1860a), „On species, and races and their origin”, Proc. Roy. Inst. 1858–62 (III): 195
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1860b), „The origin of species”, Westminster Review (April)
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1861), „On the zoological relations of man with the lower animals”, Natural History Review (new series) (1)
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1862a), „On the fossil remains of Man”, Proceedings of the Royal Institution (1858–62) (London: The Royal Institution) III
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1862b), On our knowledge of the causes of the phenomena of organic nature, London
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1863), Evidence as to Man's place in nature, London: Williams & Norwood
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1864), „Further remarks on the human remains from the Neanderthal”, Natural History Review (London) (4): 429–46
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1870), „Lay Sermons, Addresses and Reviews”, Nature (London) 3 (54): 22, Bibcode 1870Natur...3...22G, DOI:10.1038/003022a0
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1877), American Addresses.
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1887), „On the reception of the 'Origin of Species'”, Darwin, Francis, Life & Letters of Charles Darwin, London: John Murray
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1893 – 94), Collected essays. 9 vols. Vol 1: Methods and results; vol 2: Darwiniana; vol 3: Science and education; vol 4: Science and Hebrew tradition; vol 5: Science and Christian tradition; vol 6 :Hume, with helps to the study of Berkeley; vol 7:Man's place in nature; vol 8: Discourses biological and geological; vol 9: Evolution and ethics, and other essays, London: Macmillan
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1893 – 94), Collected essays: vol 2 Darwiniana, London: Macmillan
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1893 – 94), Collected essays: vol 3 Science and education, London: Macmillan
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (2007), „Preliminary essay upon the systematic arrangement of the fishes of the Devonian epoch.”, Foster, Michael; Lankester, E. Ray, The scientific memoirs of Thomas Henry Huxley. vol 2, London: Macmillan, 1898–1903, pp. 421–60, ISBN 1-4326-4011-9
- Jensen, J Vernon (1970), „The X Club: fraternity of Victorian scientists”, British Journal of the History of Science 5 (5): 63–72, DOI:10.1017/S0007087400010621
- Jensen, J. Vernon (1991), Thomas Henry Huxley: communicating for science., Newark: University of Delaware
- Lester, Joe (1995), E. Ray Lankester:the making of modern British biology (edited, with additions, by Peter J. Bowler), BSHS Monograph #9
- Lucas, John R. (1979), „Wilberforce and Huxley: a legendary encounter”, The Historical Journal (Cambridge University Press) 22 (2), DOI:10.1017/S0018246X00016848, PMID 11617072, arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-04-10, pristupljeno 9 June 2007
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- Tyndall, John; Huxley, Thomas Henry (1857), „On the Structure and Motion of Glaciers”, Philosophical Transactions 147: 327–346, DOI:10.1098/rstl.1857.0016
- Tyndall, John (1896), The Glaciers of the Alps (Original edition 1860 izd.), Longman
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- Ayres, Clarence. Huxley. Norton, New York 1932.
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- Thomas H. Huxley on the Embryo Project Encyclopedia
- The Huxley File at Clark University – Lists his publications, contains much of his writing.
- Stephen, Leslie (1898). „Thomas Henry Huxley”. Studies of a Biographer. 3. London: Duckworth & Co.. str. 188–219.
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–1895) National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for Thomas Huxley
- Djela čiji je autor Thomas Henry Huxley na Projektu Gutenberg
- Huxley review: Darwin on the origin of species The Times, 26 December 1859 p8–9.
- Huxley review: Time and life: Mr Darwin's "Origin of species." Macmillan's Magazine 1: 1859 p142–148.
- Huxley review: Darwin on the origin of Species, Westminster Review, 17 (n.s.) April 1860 p541–570.