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Socijaldemokratija

Izvor: Wikipedija
Crvena zastava, simbol pokreta socijalne pravde i socijaldemokratije
Crvena ruža, jedan od simbola pokreta socijalne pravde, koji predstavlja simbol demokratije i antiautoritarizma u načinu djelovanja protiv društvenih nepravdi[1][2][3]

Socijaldemokratija je politička filozofija koja je nastala u drugoj polovini 19. vijeka kao jedna od političkih teorija u pokretu socijalne pravde i ljevice.[4][5][6] Danas se socijaldemokratija obično smiješta na lijevi centar političkog spektra.[7][8][9][10]

Izvorna socijaldemokratija je razvijala antikapitalistički program.[11][12][13][14] Ali, vremenom se okrenula političkom pragmatizmu.[15][16] Pragmatična socijaldemokratija se fokusira samo na minimalni program, kojim u okviru institucija predstavničke, parlamentarne demokratije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije nastoji sprovesti djelimičnu promjenu utemeljenu na ekonomskoj ulozi javnog sektora, javnim propisima, programima, investicijama i servisima koji bi trebalo da rade na ublažavanju nepravdi koje nanosi neregulisani, liberalni model tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije.[17][18][19][20][21][22] Praktična realizacija takve djelimične promjene u okviru institucija parlamentarne demokratije i tržišne kapitalističke ekonomije obično se naziva socijalno odgovornom državom ili državom blagostanja.[19][23][24][25][26] Socijaldemokratija se smatra umjerenom strujom u savremenom ljevičarskom pokretu.[27][28][29][30]

Karakteristike

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Obilježja socijaldemokratije:[22][31][32]

Umjerena progresivna stranka u matičnom toku zemlje koja je zasnovana na parlamentarnoj demokratiji i tržišnoj kapitalističkoj ekonomiji, sa glasačkim tijelom kako u nižoj klasi tako i u srednjoj klasi, mogla bi biti opisana kao socijaldemokratska politička stranka lijevog centra.[33][34] Dok bi stranka sa većim zahtjevima i ciljevima, koja ima glasačko tijelo među onim dijelom malobrojnije, ali svjesnije srednje i niže klase, fizičke i intelektualne, te sa istorijom podrške i učešća u emancipatorskim i progresivnim pokretima, mogla biti opisana kao politička stranka radikalnije, nove ljevice.[35][36][37][38]

Socijaldemokratske stranke, kao i druge savremene ljevičarske stranke, obično ističu sljedeće vrijednosti:[39]

  • sloboda — ne samo ljudske slobode, nego i sloboda od diskriminacije, sloboda demokratske participacije i sloboda od zavisnosti, ekstremnog siromaštva, straha i zloupotrebe političke, ekonomske i druge moći i položaja;
  • jednakost — ne samo pred zakonom, nego i jednake šanse i mogućnosti za sve ljude u raznim oblastima života, bez obzira na identitetske različitosti, uključujući i one osobe sa poteškoćama bilo koje vrste;
  • solidarnost — pokazivanje razumijevanja i saosjećanja prema osobama koje su žrtve nekog oblika diskriminacije, nepravde, neravnopravnosti ili nezgodnog sticaja okolnosti, te lična spremnost zajedničkog djelovanja sa drugima na pronalaženju načina za umanjivanje i sprječavanje takvih pojava. Ovo načelo podrazumijeva i razvijanje institucionalnih oblika solidarnosti, te internacionalne solidarnosti.
Klement Atli, socijaldemokrata i premijer Velike Britanije (1945—1951)
Vili Brant, socijaldemokrata i kancelar Nemačke (1969—1974)
Ulof Palme, socijaldemokrata i premijer Švedske (1969—1976 i 1982—1986)
Helen Klark, socijaldemokratkinja i premijerka Novog Zelanda (1999—2008)

Socijaldemokratija se protivi svakom obliku autoritarizma i jednopartizma.[40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] Prema tome, socijaldemokratija se protivi konceptima jednopartijskog modela vlasti, koje su zastupale takozvane boljševičko-komunističke partije 20. vijeka.[48][49][50][51][52]

Popis socijaldemokratskih stranaka

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Popis socijaldemokrata i socijaldemokratkinja

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Povezano

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Izvori

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  1. ↑ "About Our Logo". Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives. New York University. Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
  2. ↑ "Metropolitan. v.38 1913". HathiTrust. pp. 63. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  3. ↑ "Most's Meeting". Indianapolis Indiana State Sentinel. September 21, 1887. pp. 1 Column 1.
  4. ↑ Adams, Ian (1993). Political Ideology Today. Politics Today. Manchester University Press. . ISBN 978-0-7190-3346-9. pp.
  5. ↑ Gombert, Tobias; Bläsius, Julia; Krell, Christian; Timpe, Martin, ur. (2009). Foundations of Social Democracy. Social Democratic Reader. Patterson, James. Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. . ISBN 978-3-86872-215-4. pp.
  6. ↑ Miller, David (1998). „Social Democracy” : Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 8. Routledge. . ISBN 978-0-415-18713-8. pp.
  7. ↑ (2001). Political Ideology Today. Politics Today (2nd edition). Manchester University Press. . ISBN 978-0-7190-6019-9. pp.
  8. ↑ Agrawal, S. P.; Aggarwal, J. C., ur. (1989). Nehru on Social Issues. New Delhi: Concept Publishing. . ISBN 978-817022207-1. pp.
  9. ↑ Alpert, Michael. A New International History of the Spanish Civil War.
  10. ↑ Bronner, Stephen Eric (1999). Ideas in Action: Political Tradition in the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. . ISBN 978-0-8476-9387-0. pp.
  11. ↑ Schorske, Carl E. (1993) [1955]. German Social Democracy, 1905–1917: The Development of the Great Schism. Harvard Historical Studies. 65. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. . ISBN 978-0-674-35125-7. pp.
  12. ↑ Hollander, Samuel (2011). Friedrich Engels and Marxian Political Economy. Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 978-0-521-76163-5. pp.
  13. ↑ Marx, Karl (1972). Padover, Saul K., The Karl Marx Library. Volume I: On Revolution. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  14. ↑ Johnson, Elliott; Walker, David; Gray, Daniel (2014). Historical Dictionary of Marxism. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. . ISBN 978-1-4422-3798-8. pp.
  15. ↑ Blaazer, David (2002) [1992]. The Popular Front and the Progressive Tradition: Socialists, Liberals, and the Quest for Unity, 1884–1939. Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 978-0-521-41383-1. pp.
  16. ↑ Understanding Social Democracy (PDF). What's Left of the Left: Liberalism and Social Democracy in a Globalized World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University. Pristupljeno 29. 1. 2016.
  17. ↑ Notermans, Ton (2000). Money, Markets, and the State: Social Democratic Economic Policies since 1918. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 978-0-521-63339-0. pp.
  18. ↑ Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind; Thorsen, Dag Einar (2013). The Nordic Model of Social Democracy. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. . ISBN 978-1-137-01326-2. pp.
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 Sejersted, Francis (2011). Adams, Madeleine B., ur. The Age of Social Democracy: Norway and Sweden in the Twentieth Century. Prevod: Daly, Richard. Princeton University Press. . ISBN 978-0-691-14774-1. pp.
  20. ↑ Berman, Sheri (1998). The Social Democratic Moment: Ideas and Politics in the Making of Interwar Europe. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. . ISBN 978-0-674-44261-0. pp.
  21. ↑ Aspalter, Christian (2001). Importance of Social Democratic Movements in Welfare Politics: With Special Reference to Germany, Austria and Sweden. Huntington, New York: Nova Science Publishers. . ISBN 978-1-56072-975-4. pp.
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Badie, Bertrand; Berg-Schlosser, Dirk; Morlino, Leonardo, ur. (2011). „Social Democracy”. International Encyclopedia of Political Science. 8. Sage Publications. . ISBN 978-1-4129-5963-6. pp.
  23. ↑ Thorsen, Dag Einar; Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind (2013). „Utopia Sustained: The Nordic Model of Social Democracy”. London: Fabian Society. Pristupljeno 2. 8. 2016.
  24. ↑ Sachs, Jeffrey D. (2006). „The Social Welfare State, beyond Ideology”. Scientific American. sv. 295 br. 5. New York. str. 42. ISSN 0036-8733. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 12. 10. 2007. Pristupljeno 2. 8. 2016.
  25. ↑ Upchurch, Martin; Taylor, Graham; Mathers, Andrew (2009). The Crisis of Social Democratic Trade Unionism in Western Europe: The Search for Alternatives. Contemporary Employment Relations. Farnham, England: Ashgate Publishing. . ISBN 978-0-7546-7053-7. pp.
  26. ↑ Fitzpatrick, Tony (2003). After the New Social Democracy: Social Welfare for the Twenty-First Century. Manchester University Press. . ISBN 978-0-7190-6477-7. pp.
  27. ↑ Bardhan, Pranab; Roemer, John E. (1992). „Market Socialism: A Case for Rejuvenation”. Journal of Economic Perspectives. 6 (3): 101—116. ISSN 0895-3309
  28. ↑ Britain, Ian (2005) [1982]. Fabianism and Culture: A Study in British Socialism and the Arts, c. 1884–1918. Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 978-0-521-02129-6. pp.
  29. ↑ Hinnfors, Jonas (2006). Reinterpreting Social Democracy: A History of Stability in the British Labour Party and Swedish Social Democratic Party. Critical Labour Movement Studies. Manchester University Press. . ISBN 978-0-7190-7362-5. pp.
  30. ↑ Janowsky, Oscar Isaiah (1959). Foundations of Israel: Emergence of a Welfare State. Princeton, New Jersey: Van Nostrand.
  31. ↑ Meyer, Thomas; Hinchman, Lewis P. (2007). The Theory of Social Democracy. Cambridge, England: Polity Press. . ISBN 978-0-7456-4113-3. pp.
  32. ↑ • Hoefer, Richard (2013). „Social Welfare Policy and Politics”. Colby, Ira C.; Dolmus, Catherine N.; Sowers, Karen M. Connecting Social Welfare Policy to Fields of Practice. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. . ISBN 978-1-118-17700-6. pp.
  33. ↑ Jackson, Ben (2008). „Social Democracy”. Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 7 (2nd edition). Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. . ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5. pp.
  34. ↑ Ishay, Michelle R. (2008) [2005]. The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era. Berkeley: University of California Press. . ISBN 978-0-520-25641-5. pp.
  35. ↑ Hudson, Kate (2012). The New European Left: A Socialism for the Twenty-First Century?. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. . ISBN 978-0-230-24876-2. pp.
  36. ↑ Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. . ISBN 978-0-275-96886-1. pp.
  37. ↑ Harrington, Michael (2011) [1989]. Socialism: Past and Future. New York: Arcade Publishing. . ISBN 978-1-61145-335-5. pp.
  38. ↑ Schweickart, David (2007). „Democratic Socialism”. Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. 1. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. . ISBN 978-1-4129-1812-1. pp.
  39. ↑ Tansey, Stephen D.; Jackson, Nigel (2008). Politics: The Basics. London: Routledge. . ISBN 978-0-415-42244-4. pp.
  40. ↑ (2006). The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. . ISBN 978-0-521-81799-8. pp.
  41. ↑ Evans, Bryan; Schmidt, Ingo, ur. (2012). Social Democracy After the Cold War. Edmonton, Alberta: Athabasca University Press. . ISBN 978-1-926836-87-4. pp.
  42. ↑ Kenworthy, Lane (2014). Social Democratic America. New York: Oxford University Press. . ISBN 978-0-19-932251-0. pp.
  43. ↑ Cronin, James E.; Ross, George W.; Shoch, James (2011). What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. . ISBN 978-0-8223-5079-8. pp.
  44. ↑ Rubinstein, David (2006). The Labour Party and British Society: 1880–2005. Brighton, England: Sussex University Press. . ISBN 978-1-84519-055-2. pp.
  45. ↑ Corfe, Robert (2010). The Future of Politics: With the Demise of the Left/Right Confrontational System. Bury St Edmunds, England: Arena Books. . ISBN 978-1-906791-46-9. pp.
  46. ↑ Orlow, Dietrich (2000). Common Destiny: A Comparative History of the Dutch, French, and German Social Democratic Parties, 1945–1969. New York: Berghahn Books. . ISBN 978-1-57181-185-1. pp.
  47. ↑ Edinger, Lewis Joachim (1956). German Exile Politics: The Social Democratic Executive Committee in the Nazi Era. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  48. ↑ 'State Capitalism' in the Soviet Union. M.C. Howard and J.E. King
  49. ↑ Binns, Peter (1986). "State Capitalism".
  50. ↑ Childs, David (2000). The Two Red Flags: European Social Democracy and Soviet Communism since 1945. London: Routledge. . ISBN 978-0-415-22195-5. pp.
  51. ↑ Bogdanor, Vernon (1985). „The Social Democratic Party and the Alliance”. Ur.: Burch, Martin; Jaenicke, Douglas; Gardner, John. Three Political Systems: A Reader in British, Soviet and American Politics. Manchester University Press. . ISBN 978-0-7190-1085-9. pp.
  52. ↑ Van Oudenaren, John (1991). Détente in Europe: The Soviet Union and the West since 1953. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. . ISBN 978-0-8223-1133-1. pp.
  53. ↑ Martti Ahtisaari: a New Kind of President for an Era of Change by Jaakko Iloniemi
  54. ↑ „Commission for Racial Equality: Clement Attlee Lecture: Trevor Phillips's speech, 21 April 2005”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-08-16. Pristupljeno 2008-04-16. 
  55. ↑ Eduard Bernstein Reference Archive
  56. ↑ Rubén Berríos Martínez
  57. ↑ „UXL Newsmakers: Rodrigo Borja Cevallos”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-07-09. Pristupljeno 2012-07-09. 
  58. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Willy Brandt
  59. ↑ Hjalmar Branting: The Nobel Peace Prize 1921
  60. ↑ 60,0 60,1 60,2 „The Canadian Encyclopedia: Social Democracy”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-11-29. Pristupljeno 2008-04-16. 
  61. ↑ „Fernando Henrique Cardoso: Harry Walker Lecturing Agency”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-06-10. Pristupljeno 2008-04-16. 
  62. ↑ Government of Sweden: Governments and Prime Ministers since 1900
  63. ↑ BBC News: Profile of Helen Clark
  64. ↑ The Canadian Encyclopedia: Social Democracy[mrtav link]
  65. ↑ „Kemal Derviş: Curriculum Vitae”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2003-04-03. Pristupljeno 2003-04-03. 
  66. ↑ The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation: Ruth Dreifuss
  67. ↑ BBC News: Bulent Ecevit: Survivor finally falls
  68. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Tag Erlander
  69. ↑ „Voice of America News: Gorbachev Says Russia Reversing Democratic Freedoms, US Acting Unilaterally”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2011-05-23. Pristupljeno 2011-05-23. 
  70. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Per Albin Hansson
  71. ↑ Eurasia Daily Monitor: Ilves wins Estonia's Presidency
  72. ↑ History of the Social Democratic Populist Party (of Turkey)
  73. ↑ „Paul Keating: Australian Launch of the International Year for the World's Indigenous People”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2008-02-08. Pristupljeno 2008-04-16. 
  74. ↑ George Bush (41) Presidential Library and Museum: The Diary of Friedrich Kellner
  75. ↑ Social Democracy in Neoliberal Times: The Left and Economic Policy Since 1980, Ch. 4, p.80
  76. ↑ „Everything for Sale: The Virtues and Limits of Markets.”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2012-07-13. Pristupljeno 2012-07-13. 
  77. ↑ Germany: What is Oskar Lafontaine up to?
  78. ↑ „New Democratic Party: Jack's Biography”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2016-05-06. Pristupljeno 2008-04-16. 
  79. ↑ Julius Leber: A Biography
  80. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Wilhelm Liebknecht
  81. ↑ „Mandela is 'greatest political hero'”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-10-15. Pristupljeno 2008-04-16. 
  82. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Olaf Palme
  83. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Andreas Papandreou
  84. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Göran Persson
  85. ↑ „The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Plekhanov, Georgi Valentinovich”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2009-02-04. Pristupljeno 2008-04-16. 
  86. ↑ Poul Nyrup Rasmussen
  87. ↑ The Guardian: Is this the face of France's first Madame la Présidente?
  88. ↑ „The Monthly: Howard's Brutopia: What the Prime Minister doesn't want to talk about by Kevin Rudd”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2008-10-11. Pristupljeno 2008-04-16. 
  89. ↑ „The President of the Republic of Estonia: August Rei”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-09-27. Pristupljeno 2008-04-16. 
  90. ↑ BBC News: Profile: Manuel Rosales
  91. ↑ „Encyclopædia Britannica: Giuseppe Saragat”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2007-10-15. Pristupljeno 2008-04-16. 
  92. ↑ „Prime Ministers of New Zealand: Michael Joseph Savage”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2002-12-07. Pristupljeno 2008-04-16. 
  93. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica: Throvald Stauning
  94. ↑ CBC: A new brand of Canadian social democracy
  95. ↑ „José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero: President of the Government and Secretary General of the PSOE (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party)”. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2013-11-27. Pristupljeno 2008-04-16. 

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Vanjske veze

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