وڪيپيڊيا

هيٽي

هيٽي (Haiti) ڪيريبين ٻيٽن ۾ هڪ ننڍڙو ملڪ آهي. هي بنيادي طور تي هسپانيولا ٻيٽ تي مشتمل آهي هن جزیري تي ٻيو ملڪ ڊومينيڪن جمهوريہ آهي. فرانسيسي ۽ ڪريول هيٽي جون سرڪاري ٻوليون آهن. هن جو گادي جو هنڌ پورٽ او پرنس آهي.

Republic of Haiti

République d'Haïti (French)
Repiblik d Ayiti (Haitian Creole)[1]
Flag of Haiti
{{{coat_alt}}}
جھنڊو نِسبتي نشان
شُعار: '
"Liberté, égalité, fraternité" (فرانسيسي)[2]
"Libète, Egalite, Fratènite" (Haitian Creole)
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Motto on traditional coat of arms:
"L'union fait la force" (فرانسيسي)
"Inite se fòs" (Haitian Creole)[3]
"Union makes strength"
ترانو: La Dessalinienne (فرانسيسي)
Desalinyèn (Haitian Creole)
"The Dessalines Song"
گادي جو هنڌ Port-au-Prince
18°32′N 72°20′W / 18.533°N 72.333°W / 18.533; -72.333
سڀ کان وڏو شهر Port-au-Prince
دفتري ٻوليون
نسلي گروھ 95% Black
5% Mixed or White[4]
مذهب (2020)
مقامي آبادي Haitian
حڪومت Unitary semi-presidential republic under an interim government
Garry Conille (acting)
مقننه National Assembly[lower-alpha 1]
Senate[lower-alpha 1] (vacant)
Chamber of Deputies[lower-alpha 1] (vacant)
Independence from France
• Independence declared
 1 January 1804
• Independence recognized
 17 April 1825
22 September 1804
9 March 1806
17 October 1806
• Kingdom
 28 March 1811
9 February 1822
• Dissolution
 27 February 1844
26 August 1849
• Republic
 15 January 1859
28 July 1915 – 1 August 1934
• Independence from the United States
 15 August 1934
29 March 1987
پکيڙ
• جملي
 [اوزا تبديل: invalid number] (143rd)
• پاڻي (%)
 0.7
آبادي
• 2023 اندازو
 11,470,261[6] (83rd)
•  گھاٽائي
 382 /km2 (989.4 /sq mi) (32nd)
جِي ڊي پي (مساوي قوت خريد ) 2023 لڳ ڀڳ
• ڪل
 $38.952 billion[7] (144th)
• في سيڪڙو
 $3,185[7] (174th)
جِي. ڊي. پي  (رڳو نالي ۾ ) 2023 لڳ ڀڳ
• ڪل
 $25.986 billion[7] (139th)

Haiti,[lower-alpha 2] officially the Republic of Haiti,[lower-alpha 3][lower-alpha 4] is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the Dominican Republic.[17][18] Haiti is the third largest country in the Caribbean, and with an estimated population of 11.4 million, is the most populous Caribbean country.[19] The capital and largest city is Port-au-Prince.

The island was originally inhabited by the Taíno people.[20] The first Europeans arrived in December 1492 during the first voyage of Christopher Columbus,[21] establishing the first European settlement in the Americas, La Navidad, on what is now the northeastern coast of Haiti.[22][23][24][25] The island formed part of the Spanish Empire until 1697, when the western portion was ceded to France and subsequently renamed Saint-Domingue. French colonists established sugarcane plantations, worked by slaves brought from Africa, which made the colony one of the world's richest.[حوالو گهربل]

In the midst of the French Revolution, enslaved persons, maroons, and free people of color launched the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), led by a former slave and general of the French Army, Toussaint Louverture. Napoleon's forces were defeated by Louverture's successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines (later Emperor Jacques I), who declared Haiti's sovereignty on 1 January 1804, leading to a massacre of the French. Haiti became the first independent nation in the Caribbean, the second republic in the Americas, the first country in the Americas to officially abolish slavery, and the only country in history established by a slave revolt.[26][27][28]

The first century of independence was characterized by political instability, international isolation, crippling debt payments to France, and a costly war with neighboring Dominican Republic. Political volatility and foreign economic influence prompted a U.S. occupation from 1915 to 1934.[29] A series of unstable presidencies gave way to nearly three decades of dictatorship under the Duvalier family (1957–1986), which brought state-sanctioned violence, corruption, and economic stagnation. Following a coup d'état in 2004, the United Nations intervened to stabilize the country. In 2010, Haiti suffered a catastrophic earthquake, followed by a deadly cholera outbreak. With its deteriorating economic situation,[30] the country has experienced a socioeconomic and political crisis marked by riots and protests, widespread hunger, and increased gang activity.[31] As of May 2024, Haiti has no remaining elected government officials and has been described as a failed state.[32][33]

Haiti is a founding member of the United Nations, Organization of American States (OAS),[34] Association of Caribbean States,[35] and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. In addition to CARICOM, it is a member of the International Monetary Fund,[36] World Trade Organization,[37] and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. Historically poor and politically unstable, Haiti has the lowest Human Development Index in the Americas.[38]

ھيٽي جو جھنڊو

 

حوالا

سنواريو
  1. ↑ "Konstitisyon Repiblik d Ayiti" (PDF). وقت 1 August 2020 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 24 May 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  2. ↑ "Article 4 of the Constitution". Haiti-reference.com. وقت 21 May 2019 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 24 July 2013.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  3. ↑ "After The Group Of G8, Now Come G30 Headed By Louko Desir". Haiti Observer. وقت 2 September 2019 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 28 January 2018.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  4. ↑ حوالي جي چڪ: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CIA_20110303
  5. ↑ "Country Summary". Central Intelligence Agency. وقت 17 August 2023 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 1 September 2023.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  6. ↑ سانچو:Cite CIA World Factbook
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Haiti)". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. وقت 22 October 2023 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 15 October 2023.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  8. ↑ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050". Pew Research Center. وقت 27 February 2023 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 August 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  9. ↑ "Gini Index". The World Bank. وقت 9 February 2015 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 21 November 2015.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  10. ↑ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. وقت 9 October 2022 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 8 September 2022.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  11. ↑ "Konstitisyon Repiblik Ayiti 1987". Ufdc.ufl.edu. وقت 22 September 2022 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 24 July 2013.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  12. ↑ "Catalogue description Haitian Declaration of Independence". وقت 7 February 2023 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 23 May 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  13. ↑ "National Archives – Haiti" (PDF). وقت 1 January 2021 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 1 September 2023.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  14. ↑ La Constitution Impériale du 20 mai 1805[مئل ڳنڍڻو]
  15. ↑ "Remember Haiti | Revolution | Royaume d'Hayti. Déclaration du roi.". brown.edu. وقت 7 February 2023 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 23 May 2020.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  16. ↑ Corbett, Bob (وڪي نويس.). "17201: Corbett: Hayti and Haiti in the English language". Webster University. وقت 9 March 2017 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 8 March 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  17. ↑ Dardik, Alan, ed (2016). Vascular Surgery: A Global Perspective. Springer. p. 341. ISBN 978-3-319-33745-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=de9NDQAAQBAJ. Retrieved 8 May 2017. 
  18. ↑ Josh, Jagran (وڪي نويس.). "Current Affairs November 2016 eBook". صفحو. 93. حاصل ڪيل 8 May 2017. 
  19. ↑ "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. حاصل ڪيل 10 September 2017. 
  20. ↑ Lawler, Andrew (23 December 2020). "Invaders nearly wiped out Caribbean's first people long before Spanish came, DNA reveals". National Geographic. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/2020/12/invaders-nearly-wiped-out-caribbeans-first-people-long-before-spanish-came-dna-reveals/. 
  21. ↑ NgCheong-Lum, Roseline (2005). Haiti (Cultures of the World). New York: Times Editions. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-7614-1968-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=FUSD2v4EQE8C. Retrieved 29 September 2014. 
  22. ↑ Davies, Arthur (1953). "The Loss of the Santa Maria Christmas Day, 1492". The American Historical Review: 854–865. doi:10.1086/ahr/58.4.854. ISSN 0002-8762. 
  23. ↑ Maclean, Frances. "The Lost Fort of Columbus". Smithsonian Magazine. وقت 21 December 2007 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 24 January 2008.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  24. ↑ "Haïti histoire – 7 Bord de Mer de Limonade". Nilstremmel.com. وقت 22 September 2022 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 15 July 2014.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  25. ↑ "En Bas Saline". Florida Museum of Natural History. وقت 1 October 2016 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 2 September 2014.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  26. ↑ Danticat, Edwidge (2005). "Anacaona, Golden Flower". Journal of Haitian Studies (New York: Scholastic Inc.) 11 (2): 163–165. ISBN 978-0-439-49906-4. 
  27. ↑ Matthewson, Tim (1996). "Jefferson and the Nonrecognition of Haiti". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 140 (1): 22–48. ISSN 0003-049X. 
  28. ↑ "Country profile: Haiti". BBC News. 19 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1202772.stm. 
  29. ↑ p 223 – Benjamin Beede (1994). The War of 1898 and U.S. Interventions, 1898–1934: An Encyclopedia (May 1, 1994 ed.). Routledge; 1 edition. pp. 784. ISBN 0-8240-5624-8. https://archive.org/details/americanrevoluti0000unse_o8w2/page/784. 
    The Haitian and U.S. governments reached a mutually satisfactory agreement in the Executive Accord of August 7, 1933, and on August 15, the last marines departed.
  30. ↑ Shellenberger, Michael. "Haiti Riots Triggered By IMF Advice To Cut Fuel Subsidies". Forbes. وقت 22 October 2022 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 18 October 2022.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  31. ↑ Taylor, Luke. "Haiti on verge of collapse, NGOs warn as UN talks on restoring order continue". The Guardian. وقت 14 January 2023 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 24 October 2022.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  32. ↑ Taylor, Luke (11 January 2023). "Haiti left with no elected government officials as it spirals towards anarchy". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/10/haiti-no-elected-officials-anarchy-failed-state. 
  33. ↑ Charles, Jacqueline (3 May 2023). "As violence in Haiti worsens, Canada bets on assistance to police". Miami Herald. https://news.yahoo.com/violence-haiti-worsens-canada-bets-153056650.html. 
  34. ↑ OAS. "OAS – Member State: Haiti". oas.org. OAS – Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development. وقت 22 September 2022 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 23 April 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  35. ↑ Press (وڪي نويس.). "Association of Caribbean States (1994–2014)" (PDF). صفحو. 46. وقت 11 August 2022 تي اصل (PDF) کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 25 April 2016.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  36. ↑ "International Monetary Fund: List of Members". imf.org. وقت 4 March 2016 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 23 April 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  37. ↑ "WTO ¦ World Trade Organization: Members and Observers". wto.org. وقت 29 June 2011 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 23 April 2017.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)
  38. ↑ "United Nations Human Development Insights". وقت 12 July 2022 تي اصل کان آرڪائيو ٿيل. حاصل ڪيل 21 June 2024.  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (مدد)


حوالي جي چڪ: "lower-alpha" نالي جي حوالن جي لاءِ ٽيگ <ref> آهن، پر لاڳاپيل ٽيگ <references group="lower-alpha"/> نہ مليو

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