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Iudaism mesianic: Diferență între versiuni

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==Referințe==
==Referințe==
{{detradus|date=septembrie 2018|1=engleză}}
<ref name=Ariel2006p191>{{Cite book
<ref name=Ariel2006p191>{{Cite book
|last = Ariel
|last = Ariel
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}}
</ref>
</ref>
<ref name="Ariel2006p194a">{{Cite book|last=Ariel|first=Yaakov<!--NOT the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry-->|editor1-last=Gallagher|editor1-first=Eugene V.|editor2-last=Ashcraft|editor2-first=W. Michael|title=Jewish and Christian Traditions|accessdate=September 9, 2015|series=Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America|volume=2|year=2006|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport, Conn]]|isbn=978-0-275-98714-5|oclc=315689134|page=194|chapter=Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&pg=RA1-PA194&dq=When+the+term+resurfaced+in+Israel&hl=en&ei=ee9aTLToE8L-8AbUz_WyAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=When%20the%20term%20resurfaced%20in%20Israel&f=false|quote=|lccn=2006022954}}
<ref name=Ariel2006p194a>{{Cite book
|last = Ariel
|first = Yaakov<!--NOT the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry-->
|editor1-last=Gallagher
|editor1-first=Eugene V.
|editor2-last=Ashcraft
|editor2-first=W. Michael
|title= Jewish and Christian Traditions
|accessdate= September 9, 2015
|series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America
|volume= 2
|year= 2006
|publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]
|location= [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport, Conn]]
|isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5
|oclc= 315689134
|page= 194
|chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism
|chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&pg=RA1-PA194&dq=When+the+term+resurfaced+in+Israel&hl=en&ei=ee9aTLToE8L-8AbUz_WyAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=When%20the%20term%20resurfaced%20in%20Israel&f=false
|quote = But the generation that came of age in the 1960s and 1970s thought differently about these matters. They wanted to make their own choices and did not feel constrained by old boundaries and taboos. Judaism and Christianity could go hand in hand.…In the first phase of the movement, during the early and mid-1970s, Jewish converts to Christianity established several congregations at their own initiative.
|lccn = 2006022954}}
</ref>
</ref>
<ref name="Ariel2006p194b">{{Cite book|last=Ariel|first=Yaakov<!--NOT the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry-->|editor1-last=Gallagher|editor1-first=Eugene V.|editor2-last=Ashcraft|editor2-first=W. Michael|title=Jewish and Christian Traditions|accessdate=September 9, 2015|series=Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America|volume=2|year=2006|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=[[Westport, Connecticut|Westport, Conn]]|isbn=978-0-275-98714-5|oclc=315689134|pages=194–195|chapter=Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&pg=RA1-PA194&dq=When+the+term+resurfaced+in+Israel&hl=en&ei=ee9aTLToE8L-8AbUz_WyAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=When%20the%20term%20resurfaced%20in%20Israel&f=false|quote=|lccn=2006022954|pagină=}}
<ref name=Ariel2006p194b>{{Cite book
|last = Ariel
|first = Yaakov<!--NOT the Yaakov Ariel with a Wikipedia entry-->
|editor1-last=Gallagher
|editor1-first=Eugene V.
|editor2-last=Ashcraft
|editor2-first=W. Michael
|title= Jewish and Christian Traditions
|accessdate= September 9, 2015
|series= Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America
|volume= 2
|year= 2006
|publisher= [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]
|location= [[Westport, Connecticut|Westport, Conn]]
|isbn= 978-0-275-98714-5
|oclc= 315689134
|pages= 194–195
|chapter= Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism
|chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=oZiScvbS6-cC&pg=RA1-PA194&dq=When+the+term+resurfaced+in+Israel&hl=en&ei=ee9aTLToE8L-8AbUz_WyAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=When%20the%20term%20resurfaced%20in%20Israel&f=false
|quote = The term Messianic Judaism came into public use in America in the early 1970s.…The term, however was not entirely new. It was used in the internal debates in the community of converts as early as the beginning of the century.…Missionaries, such as the Southern Baptist Robert Lindsey noted that for Israeli Jews, the term ''notzrim'', "Christians" in Hebrew, meant, almost automatically, a alien hostile religion. Because such a term made it nearly impossible to convince Jews that Christianity was their religion, missionaries sought a more neutral term.…They chose ''Meshychim'', Messianic, to overcome the suspicion and antagonism of the term ''notzrim''.…It conveyed the sense of a new, innovative religion rather that ''[sic]'' an old, unfavorable one. The term was used in reference to those Jews who accepted Jesus as their personal savior, and did not apply to Jews accepting Roman Catholicism who in Israel have called themselves Hebrew Christians.
|lccn = 2006022954}}
</ref>
</ref>
<ref name =Ariel2000p223>{{Cite book
<ref name =Ariel2000p223>{{Cite book
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}}
</ref>
</ref>
<ref name="Cohn-Sherbok2010p100">{{cite book|last=Cohn-Sherbok|first=Dan|authorlink=Dan Cohn-Sherbok|title=Judaism Today|year=2010|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|location=[[London]]; [[New York City|New York]]|isbn=978-0-8264-2231-6|lccn=2009045430|page=100|chapter=Modern Jewish Movements|quote=}}
<ref name = "Cohn-Sherbok2010p100">{{cite book
| last = Cohn-Sherbok
| first = Dan
| authorlink = Dan Cohn-Sherbok
| title = Judaism Today
| year = 2010
| publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group
| location = [[London]]; [[New York City|New York]]
| isbn = 978-0-8264-2231-6
| lccn = 2009045430
| page = 100
| chapter = Modern Jewish Movements
| quote = In the 1970s a number of American Jewish converts to Christianity, known as Hebrew Christians, were committed to a church-based conception of Hebrew Christianity. Yet, at the same time, there emerged a growing segment of the Hebrew Christian community that sought a more Jewish lifestyle. Eventually, a division emerged between those who wished to identify as Jews and those who sought to pursue Hebrew Christian goals.... In time, the name of the movement was changed to Messianic Judaism.
}}
</ref>
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<ref name="Lewis2001p179">{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=James R.|authorlink=James R. Lewis (scholar)|title=Odd Gods: New Religions & the Cult Controversy|year=2001|publisher=Prometheus Books|location=|isbn=978-1-57392-842-7|page=179|quote=}}
<ref name = "Lewis2001p179">{{Cite book
| last =Lewis
| first = James R.
| authorlink = James R. Lewis (scholar)
| title = Odd Gods: New Religions & the Cult Controversy
| year = 2001
| publisher = Prometheus Books
| location =
| isbn = 978-1-57392-842-7
| page = 179
| quote = The origins of Messianic Judaism date to the 1960s when it began among American Jews who converted to Christianity.
}}
</ref>
</ref>
<!-- M -->
<!-- M -->
<ref name =Meltonp373a>[[J. Gordon Melton|Melton, J. Gordon]]. ''Encyclopedia of Protestantism''. Infobase Publishing, 2005,
<ref name="Meltonp373a">[[J. Gordon Melton|Melton, J. Gordon]]. ''Encyclopedia of Protestantism''. Infobase Publishing, 2005,
{{ISBN|978-0-8160-5456-5}}, p. 373.</ref>
{{ISBN|978-0-8160-5456-5}}, p. 373. "Messianic Judaism is a Protestant movement that emerged in the last half of the 20th century among believers who were ethnically Jewish but had adopted an Evangelical Christian faith... By the 1960s, a new effort to create a culturally Jewish Protestant Christianity emerged among individuals who began to call themselves Messianic Jews."</ref>
<ref name = "MJAA Statement of Faith">{{cite web
<ref name = "MJAA Statement of Faith">{{cite web
| url = http://www.familybible.org/Teaching/Messianic/StatementOfFaith.htm
| url = http://www.familybible.org/Teaching/Messianic/StatementOfFaith.htm
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</ref>
</ref>
<!-- S -->
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<ref name="Feher1998p140">{{cite book|last1=Feher|first1=Shoshana|date=April 2, 1998|chapter=Exodus and Communion|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJRNlnUmWZwC&pg=PA140|title=Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|AltaMira Press]]|page=140|isbn=978-0761989530|access-date=May 22, 2018|quote=|an=}}
<ref name="Feher1998p140">{{cite book
|last1=Feher
|first1=Shoshana
|date=April 2, 1998
|chapter=Exodus and Communion
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HJRNlnUmWZwC&pg=PA140
|title= Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism
|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|AltaMira Press]]
|page=140
|isbn=978-0761989530
|access-date=May 22, 2018
|quote=This interest in developing a Jewish ethnic identity may not be surprising when we consider the 1960s, when Messianic Judaism arose.
}}
</ref>
</ref>
<ref name = "Stemberger">{{Cite book
<ref name = "Stemberger">{{Cite book
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</ref>
</ref>
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<ref name="Philtar">{{cite web|last=Șenay|first=Bülent|url=http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/judaism/messiah.html|title=Messianic Judaism/Jewish Christianity|work=Overview of World Religions|publisher=Division of Religion and Philosophy at the [[University of Cumbria]]|accessdate=May 14, 2012|quote=|autor=}}
<ref name="Philtar">{{cite web
| last = Șenay
| first = Bülent
| url = http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/judaism/messiah.html
| title = Messianic Judaism/Jewish Christianity
| work = Overview of World Religions
| publisher = Division of Religion and Philosophy at the [[University of Cumbria]]
| accessdate = May 14, 2012
| quote = Hebrew Christians are quite happy to be integrated into local Christian churches, but Messianic Jews seek an 'indigenous' expression of theology, worship and lifestyle within the whole church. The latter group emerged in the 1960s when some Christian Jews adopted the name Messianic Jews ...
}}
</ref>
</ref>
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

Versiunea de la 16 iunie 2019 15:04

Iudaismul Mesianic este o mișcare religioasă sincretică modernă care combină Creștinismul —și cel mai important, credința că Isus este Mesia—și îmbină elemente de Iudaism și Tradiția Evreiască,[1][2][3][4][5]. Forma curentă actuală de Iudaism Mesianic apare în SUA între anii 1960-1970.[1][2][6][7][8][9][10][11]

Iudaismul Mesianic este o mișcare a poporului evreu, care crede că Ieșua (Isus în limba ebraică) este Mesia Evreu promis și Mântuitor Israelului și-al Lumii.[12]

Mesianicii sunt o categorie de evrei sau neevrei care cred ca Yeshua (Iisus) este Mesia (ha Mashiach, fiul lui Dumnezeu).

Mesianicii sunt păstrători ai religiei iudaice, în forma sa scripturală, serbând Shabbatul (Sabatul sau Sâmbăta;) ca zi de odihnă. Diferența dintre mesianici și evreii creștini o reprezintă tocmai rămânerea primilor lângă principiile de bază ale iudaismului combinat cu creștinismul primelor secole creștine (credința în Ieșua haMeșiah, serbarea șavatului, ținerea Frângerii Pâinii - Euharistia, ținerea unei diete cușer ș.a.).

În România, Mesianicii sunt prezenți de foarte mulți ani, încă din perioada secolului XIX, în special în mediul rural, cunoscuți și sub alte nume.

Istoric

Ante-Sec. XIX-lea

Eforturile ucenicilor evrei spre evrei prozeliți au început în primul secol, când Apostolul Pavel a predicat în sinagogile din fiecare oraș pe care la vizitat.[13] Totuși, scrierile extra-biblice ale misiunilor către evrei[14] nu menționează evreii convertiți în niciun rol de conducere în prozelitism.[15] Convertiți remarcabili din Iudaism care au încercat să se convertească pe alți teologi la începutul secolului al XIII-lea, când convertitul evreu a încercat să convertească la alți evrei. Totuși, de obicei această activitate avea lipsă vreo congregație evreiască-creștină independentă și a fost adesea impusă cu forța de către bisericile creștine organizate.[16]

Secolul XIX-lea și Începutul Secolului al XX-lea

Note

Referințe

[1] [7] [8] [5] [3] [13] [4] [10] [16] [9] [2] [17] [6] [15] [11]

  1. ^ a b c Ariel, Yaakov (). „Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism”. În Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael. Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. 2. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-275-98714-5. LCCN 2006022954. OCLC 315689134. Accesat în . La sfârșitul anilor 1960 și 1970, ambii evreii și creștinii din Statele Unite se întrebau despre o mișcare viguroasă a creștinilor evrei. Pentru mulți observatori, o astfel de combinație pare a fi ca un "oxymoron" (oxi-nărod), deoarece au văzut cele două credințe ca fiind complet diferite una de cealaltă. În timp ce Creștinismul a început în primul secol al Erei Comune ca grup evreiesc, el sa despărțit rapid de iudaism și a pretins că îl înlocuiește; de când relația dintre cele două tradiții a fost adesea tensionată Dar în secolul al XX-lea, grupuri de tineri evrei au susținut că au depășit cele două religii și au îmbinat tradițiile și obiceiurile evreiești cu credința creștină. Încercând să depășească diferențele istorice dintre cele două tradiții religioase, acești evrei convertiți la Creștinism se definesc înșiși ca Evrei Mesianici, punctând spre ideologia mișcării de întoarcere la rădăcinile credinței creștine. 
  2. ^ a b c Melton, J. Gordon. Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase Publishing, 2005, ISBN: 978-0-8160-5456-5, p. 373.
  3. ^ a b Kessler, Edward (). „Messianic Jews”. În Kessler, Edward; Wenborn, Neil. A Dictionary Of Jewish-Christian Relations. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-521-82692-1. LCCN 2005012923. [Messianic Judaism's] syncretism confuses Christians and Jews ... 
  4. ^ a b Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (). „Messianic Jewish mission”. Messianic Judaism. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8264-5458-4. OCLC 42719687. Accesat în . 
  5. ^ a b Ariel, Yaakov S. (). „Chapter 20: The Rise of Messianic Judaism”. Evangelizing the chosen people: missions to the Jews in America, 1880–2000 (Google Books). Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-8078-4880-7. OCLC 43708450. Accesat în . 
  6. ^ a b Feher, Shoshana (). „Exodus and Communion”. Passing over Easter: Constructing the Boundaries of Messianic Judaism. AltaMira Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0761989530. Accesat în . 
  7. ^ a b Ariel, Yaakov (). „Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism”. În Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael. Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. 2. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-275-98714-5. LCCN 2006022954. OCLC 315689134. Accesat în . 
  8. ^ a b Ariel, Yaakov (). „Judaism and Christianity Unite! The Unique Culture of Messianic Judaism”. În Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael. Jewish and Christian Traditions. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. 2. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-0-275-98714-5. LCCN 2006022954. OCLC 315689134. Accesat în . 
  9. ^ a b Lewis, James R. (). Odd Gods: New Religions & the Cult Controversy. Prometheus Books. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-57392-842-7. 
  10. ^ a b Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (). „Modern Jewish Movements”. Judaism Today. London; New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-8264-2231-6. LCCN 2009045430. 
  11. ^ a b Șenay, Bülent. „Messianic Judaism/Jewish Christianity”. Overview of World Religions. Division of Religion and Philosophy at the University of Cumbria. Accesat în . 
  12. ^ „Messianic Judaism”. bethyeshuainternational.com. Accesat în . 
  13. ^ a b Barnett, Paul (). „17.4 The Churches of Paul”. Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times (Google Books). Westmont, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. p. 367. ISBN 978-0-8308-2699-5. LCCN 99036943. Accesat în . Nonetheless, Paul appears always to have preached first in the synagogues to offer his fellow Israelites the first opportunity to hear about their Messiah ( cf. Rom 1:16). 
  14. ^ Cum ar fi ' menționează despre convertirea lui Iosif din Tiberiada și relatările lui despre convertirile altor evrei
  15. ^ a b Stemberger, Günter (). Jews and Christians in the Holy Land: Palestine in the Fourth Century. Continuum. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-567-08699-0. 
  16. ^ a b Flannery, Edward H. () [1965]. „An Oasis and an Ordeal”. The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-Three Centuries of Antisemitism (Google Books) (ed. 3rd revised). Paulist Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-0-8091-4324-5. LCCN 85060298. Accesat în . 
  17. ^ „Typical Messianic Statement of Faith”. Messianic Jewish Alliance of America. . Arhivat din original la . Accesat în . 

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