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*Tradução de '''[[:en:Cultural depictions of spiders|Cultural depictions of spiders]]'''
*Artigo [[Representações culturais de aranhas]]
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[[File:Spirospiderlarge.png|thumb|[[Pre-Columbian]] spider image from a [[conch]] [[shell gorget]] at the [[Spiro Mounds|Great Mound]] at [[Spiro, Oklahoma]]]]
Throughout history, [[spider]]s have been depicted in popular culture, mythology and in symbolism. From [[Greek mythology]] to [[African folklore]], the spider has been used to represent a variety of things, and endures into the present day with characters such as [[Shelob]] from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'' and [[Spider-Man]] from the eponymous comic series. It is also a symbol of mischief and malice for its toxic venom and the slow death it causes, which is often seen as a curse.<ref name ="Garai73">{{citar livro|último=Garai |primeiro=Jana |título=The Book of Symbols |ano=1973 |publicado=Simon & Schuster |local=New York |isbn=978-0-671-21773-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofsymbols0000gara }}</ref> In addition, the spider has inspired creations from an ancient [[geoglyph]] to a modern [[steampunk]] [[spectacle]]. Spiders have been the [[arachnophobia|focus of fears]], stories and mythologies of various cultures for centuries.<ref>{{citar livro|último=De Vos |primeiro=Gail |título=Tales, Rumors, and Gossip: Exploring Contemporary Folk Literature in Grades 7–12 |publicado=Libraries Unlimited |ano=1996 |isbn=1-56308-190-3 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=M8bvN93y-fIC&q=spiders+folklore+and+mythology&pg=PA186 |acessodata=2008-04-22 |página=186}}</ref>

The spider has symbolized patience and persistence due to its hunting technique of setting [[Spider web|webs]] and waiting for its prey to become ensnared. Numerous cultures attribute the spider's ability to spin webs with the origin of [[Spinning (textiles)|spinning]], [[weaving|textile weaving]], [[basket weaving]], [[knot]]work and [[Fishing net|net making]]. Spiders are associated with creation myths because they seem to weave their own artistic worlds.<ref>{{citar livro|último=De Laguna |primeiro=Frederica |título=American Anthropology: Papers from the American Anthropologist |publicado=University of Nebraska Press |ano=2002 |isbn=0-8032-8280-X |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XIFX-sSYURwC&q=Spider+creation+myth&pg=PA455 |acessodata=2008-04-21 |página=455}}</ref> Philosophers often use the spider's web as a [[metaphor]] or [[analogy]], and today terms such as the ''[[Internet]]'' or ''[[World Wide Web]]'' evoke the inter-connectivity of a spider web.<ref name=CSI(2006) />

== In folklore and mythology ==
The spider, along with its web, is featured in mythological fables, [[Religious cosmology|cosmology]], artistic spiritual depictions, and in [[oral tradition]]s throughout the world since ancient times. In [[Ancient Egypt]], the spider was associated with the goddess [[Neith]] in her aspect as spinner and weaver of destiny, this link continuing later through the [[Babylonia]]n [[Ishtar]] and the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] [[Arachne]],<ref name = "Cooper92">{{citar livro|último=Cooper |primeiro=J. C. |título=Symbolic and Mythological Animals |páginas=214–15 |ano=1992 |publicado= Aquarian Press |local=London |isbn=1-85538-118-4}}</ref>

===Near East===
[[Uttu]], the [[Sumerian religion|ancient Sumerian goddess]] of weaving, was envisioned as a spider spinning her web.<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Black |primeiro1=Jeremy |primeiro2=Anthony |último2=Green |título=Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary|local=London, England|publicado=The British Museum Press|ano=1992 |isbn= 0-7141-1705-6|página=182}}</ref> According to the myth of ''Enki and Ninsikila'', she was the daughter of the water god [[Enki]]. After being warned by Enki's wife [[Ninhursag]] that he would attempt to seduce her, Uttu ensconced herself inside her web, but agreed to let Enki in after he promised to marry her and give her fresh [[produce]] as a marriage gift. After giving Uttu the produce, Enki [[Alcohol intoxication|intoxicated]] her with [[beer]] and [[rape]]d her. Ninhursag heard Uttu's screams and rescued her, removing Enki's [[semen]] from her [[vagina]] and planting it in the ground to produce eight previously-nonexistent plants.<ref name="Jacobsen1987">{{citar livro|último=Jacobsen|primeiro=Thorkild|data=1987|título=The Harps that Once--: Sumerian Poetry in Translation|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=L-BI0h41yCEC&q=Uttu&pg=PA184 |local=New Haven, Connecticut|publicado=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-07278-3|página=184}}</ref>

An [[Islam]]ic [[Hadith|oral tradition]] holds that during the [[Hegira|Hijra]], the journey from [[Mecca]] to [[Medina]], [[Muhammad]] and his [[Companions of the Prophet|companion]] [[Abu Bakr]] were being pursued by [[Quraysh]] soldiers, and they decided to take refuge in the [[Cave of Thawr]]. The tale goes on to say that [[Allah]] commanded a spider to weave a web across the opening of the cave. After seeing the spider's web, the Quraysh passed the cave by, since Muhammad's entry to the cave would have broken the web. Since then, it has been held in many Muslim traditions that a spider, if not [[Al-Ankabut|holy]], is at least to be respected. A similar story occurs in the Jewish [[Aggadah|tradition]], where it is [[David]] who is being chased by [[Saul|King Saul]]. David hides in a cave, and Saul and his men do not bother to search the cave because, while David was hiding inside, a spider had spun a web over the mouth of the cave.<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Clarke |primeiro1=Adam |título=Holy Bible ...: With a Commentary and Critical Notes |data=1836 |página=236 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=FFAXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA236 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref>{{efn|The story of David hiding in a cave from Saul appears in the Bible ([[Book of Samuel]], Ch.24), but without the reference to the spiderweb.}}

===Ancient Greece and Rome===
A notable ancient legend from the [[Western canon]] that explains the origin of the spider comes from the Greek story of the [[weaving]] competition between [[Athena]] the goddess, and Arachne, sometimes described as a princess. This story may have originated in [[Lydia#Lydia in Greek mythology|Lydian mythology]];{{efn|Lydian mythology is virtually unknown, therefore myths involving [[Lydia]] are mainly from [[Greek mythology]].}} but the myth, briefly mentioned by [[Virgil]] in 29 BC,{{efn|"''Or spider, victim of Minerva's spite, &nbsp;Athwart the doorway hangs her swaying net. &nbsp;The more impoverished they, the keenlier all &nbsp;To mend the fallen fortunes of their race.''"<ref>[[s:Georgics/IV|''Georgics/IV'']] on [[Wikisource]]</ref> Virgil (ca. 029 B.C.) ''[[The Georgics]]'' (IV; lines 246—247)<ref>{{citar web|último=Jones|primeiro=C. J.|título=Arachne – Arachne, Then and Now|url= http://www.unc.edu/~cjjones/clas077_arachne2_cjj.html |obra=Mythology in Greek Literature, Spring 2000|publicado=The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|acessodata=25 de novembro de 2012|urlmorta= sim|arquivourl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110824215108/http://www.unc.edu/~cjjones/clas077_arachne2_cjj.html |arquivodata=24 de agosto de 2011}}</ref>}} is known from the later Greek mythos after [[Ovid]] wrote the poem ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' between the years AD 2 and 8.<ref>[[Ovid]] ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' (vi.5–54 and 129-145), also mentioned in [[Virgil]]'s ''[[Georgics]]'', iv, 246.</ref> The [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] "arachne" (αράχνη) means "spider",<ref name="Greek Myths and Legends">{{citar livro|último=Evans |primeiro=C.|autor2=Anne Millard |título=Usbourne Illustrated Guide to Greek Myths and Legends|ano=1985 |publicado=Usbourne Publishing|isbn=0-86020-946-6|página=15}}</ref><ref name="Mythology:MLF1">{{citar livro|último=Mills |primeiro=A.|título=Mythology: Myths, Legends & Fantasies|ano=2003 |publicado=Global Book Publishing Pty Ltd|local=Australia|isbn=0-7336-1499-X|páginas=62–64}}</ref> and is the origin of [[Arachnida]], the spiders' [[Class (biology)|taxonomic class]].<ref>{{citar web|último=Kraemer|primeiro=Elizabeth Wallis|título=A / arachnid|url= http://library.oakland.edu/information/people/personal/kraemer/edcm/a.html |obra=An Etymological Dictionary of Classical Mythology|acessodata=4 de dezembro de 2012|citação=[NL Arachnida, fr. Gk arachne spider, assoc. with the myth of Arachne, a Greek maiden who was turned into a spider after pridefully defeating Athena in a weaving contest] : any of a class (Arachnida) of arthropods comprising chiefly invertebrates, including spiders, scorpions, mites, etc.|urlmorta= sim|arquivourl= https://web.archive.org/web/20121111053116/http://library.oakland.edu/information/people/personal/kraemer/edcm/a.html |arquivodata=11 de novembro de 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Arachne.jpg|thumb|Arachne depicted as a half-spider half-human in [[Gustave Doré]]'s illustration for an 1861 edition of [[Dante Alighieri|Dante's]] ''[[Purgatorio]]'']]
This myth tells of Arachne, the daughter of a famous [[Tyrian purple]] wool dyer in [[Hypaepa]] of [[Lydia]]. Due to her father's skill with cloth dyeing, Arachne became adept in the art of weaving. Eventually, she began to consider herself to be a greater weaver than the goddess Athena herself, and challenged the goddess to a weaving contest to prove her superior skill. Athena wove the scene of her victory over [[Poseidon]] that had earned her the patronage of Athens, while Arachne wove a tapestry featuring many episodes of infidelity among the [[Gods of Olympus]], which angered Athena. The goddess conceded that Arachne's weaving was flawless, but she was infuriated by the mortal's pride. In a final moment of anger, Athena destroyed Arachne's tapestry and loom with her [[Shuttle (weaving)|shuttle]] and cursed Arachne to live with extreme guilt. Out of sadness, Arachne soon hanged herself. Taking pity on her, Athena brought her back to life transformed as a spider, using the poison [[Aconitum|aconite]];{{efn|Ovid describes the poison as "extract of herbs of Hecate";<ref name=Ovid-Met.6:87/> [[Hecate]] being the Greek goddess and sorceress said to have invented aconite ([[Aconitum napellus]]).<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Leyel|primeiro1=Mrs. M. Grieve; with an introduction by the editor, Mrs. C.F.|título=''"Aconite"'', in: ''A Modern Herbal''|data=1982|publicado=Dover Publications|local=New York|isbn=0486227987|edição=Botanical.com; online|url= https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/aconi007.html}}</ref>}} "—''and ever since, Arachne, as a spider, weaves her web''."<ref name=Ovid-Met.6:87>{{citar web|último1=More|primeiro1=Brookes|título=P. Ovidius Naso : ''Metamorphoses''; Book 6, lines 87–145|url= http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0959.phi006.perseus-eng1:6.87-6.145 |website=Perseus Digital Library Project|publicado=Cornhill Publishing Co.|local=Boston|ano=1922}}</ref>

The scholar [[Robert Graves]] proposed Ovid's tale may have its roots in the commercial rivalry between the Athenian citizenry of Greece and that of [[Miletus]] in Asia Minor, which flourished around 2000 BC. In Miletus, the spider may have been an important figure; seals with spider emblems have been recovered there.<ref>{{citar livro|último=Graves |primeiro=R |autorlink=Robert Graves |título=Greek Myths |ano=1955 |publicado=Penguin |local=London |isbn=0-14-001026-2 |capítulo=Athene's Nature and Deeds |página=[https://archive.org/details/greekmythsvolume00robe/page/100 100] |capítulourl=https://archive.org/details/greekmythsvolume00robe/page/100}}</ref>

===Africa===
In [[African mythology]], the spider is personified as a [[trickster]] character in [[African folklore|African traditional folklore]]. The most popular version of the West African spider trickster is [[Kwaku Ananse]] of the [[Ashanti people|Ashanti]], anglicized as [[Aunt Nancy]] (or Sister Nancy) in the [[West Indies]] and some other parts of the Americas, to name a few of many incarnations.<ref name="Mythology:MLF2">{{citar livro|último=Stanton]|primeiro=[chief consultant, Alice Mills; editors, Janet Parker, Julie|título=Mythology : Myths, Legends, & Fantasies|ano=2003|publicado=Global Book Pub.|local=Willoughby, NSW|isbn=1740480910|página=317}}</ref>
Stories of Ananse became such a prominent and familiar part of Ashanti oral culture that the word Anansesem—"spider tales"—came to embrace all kinds of fables. This fed into the ''Anansi toree'' or "spider tales"; stories that were brought over from Africa and told to children of [[Maroon people]] and other Africans in the [[diaspora]]. These tales are [[Apologue|allegorical stories]] that often also teach a [[Morality|moral lesson]].<ref>{{citar livro|último=Counter|primeiro=S. Allen|título=I Sought my Brother : An Afro-American Reunion|ano=1981|publicado=MIT Press|local=Cambridge, Mass.|isbn=0-262-03079-9|autor2=Evans, David L.|capítulourl=https://archive.org/details/isoughtmybrother00coun|capítulo=Met dank aan Albert Buys|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/isoughtmybrother00coun}}</ref> Major [[Arthur John Newman Tremearne|A.J.N. Tremearne]] observed that the [[Hausa people|Hausa]] also view the spider with high esteem as the most cunning of all animals and the king of all stories, even employing similar narrative storytelling devices of the Akan-Ashanti by attributing each of them to the spider, identified as Gizzo<ref>Tremearne, A. J. N. (Arthur John Newman). ''Hausa Superstitions And Customs: an Introduction to the Folk-lore And the Folk.'' London: J. Bale, sons & Danielsson, ltd., 1913. p. 31-32.</ref> or Gizo<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Mack |primeiro1=Beverly Blow |título=Muslim Women Sing: Hausa Popular Song |ano=2004 |publicado=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-34504-2 |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Muslim_Women_Sing/IFVb3j_gTosC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA68&printsec=frontcover |língua=en}}</ref> in their indigenous language. Author Neil Gaiman also popularised the spider god Anansi in his book, [[Anansi Boys]] where the protagonist learns that the trickster god was his father.<ref>{{citar web|título='Anansi Boys' contains serious message hidden beneath folly {{!}} The Spokesman-Review |url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/2005/oct/09/anansi-boys-contains-serious-message-hidden/ |website=www.spokesman.com |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |data=9 de outubro de 2005}}</ref>

===Americas===
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| caption1  = Spider depicted on a [[shell gorget]] by the [[Stone box grave|Stone Grave people]], from a [[Mound Builders|mound]] on Fain's Island, [[Tennessee]]<ref>{{citar livro|último=Thruston|primeiro=Gates Phillips|título=The Antiquities of Tennessee and the Adjacent States, and the state of aboriginal society in the scale of Civilization Represented by Them|publicado=The R. Clarke company, 1890|url= https://archive.org/details/antiquitiestenn01thrugoog |citação=Fains Island, Tennessee.|páginas=[https://archive.org/details/antiquitiestenn01thrugoog/page/n385 335]–336|ano=1890}}</ref>
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| caption2  = Ancient [[Moche culture|Moche]] people of Peru depict spiders in their art, such as this [[Larco Museum]] ceramic, ca. 300 [[Common Era|CE]].<ref name="berrinmuseum">Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. ''The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the [[Larco Museum|Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera]].'' New York: [[Thames and Hudson]], 1997.</ref>
}}

[[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|North American cultures]] have traditionally depicted spiders. The Native American [[Lakota people]]'s oral tradition also includes a spider-trickster figure, which is [[Iktomi|known by several names]]. As chronicled in the legend of ''The "Wasna" (Pemmican) Man and the Unktomi (Spider)'',<ref>{{citar livro|último=McLaughlin|primeiro=Marie L|título=Myths and Legends of the Sioux|ano=1974|publicado=Tumbleweed Press|local=Bismarck, N.D.|edição=Reprint of the c1916 ed. published by Bismarck Tribune Company, Bismarck, N.D|capítulourl=http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/58406|capítulo=The 'Wasna' (Pemmican Man) and the Unktomi (Spider)|acessodata=2012-11-17|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110011705/http://www.readbookonline.net/readOnLine/58406/|arquivodata=2012-11-10|urlmorta= sim}}</ref> a man encounters a hungry spider family, and the hero Stone Boy is tricked out of his fancy clothes by Unktomi, a trickster spider figure.<ref>{{citar web|título=1999 NEA National Heritage Fellow: Mary Louise Defender Wilson, Dakotah-Hidatsa Traditionalist/Storyteller|url= http://www.nea.gov/honors/heritage/fellows/fellow.php?id=1999_05&type=bio |obra=Lifetime Honors|publicado=National Endowment for the Arts|acessodata=15 de novembro de 2012|urlmorta= sim|arquivourl= https://web.archive.org/web/20101226043324/http://www.nea.gov/honors/heritage/fellows/fellow.php?id=1999_05&type=bio |arquivodata=26 de dezembro de 2010}}</ref> In some Native American myths, the spider is also seen in the legend about the origin of the constellation [[Ursa Major]]. The constellation was seen as seven men transformed into stars and climbing to paradise by unrolling a spider's web.<ref name ="Garai73"/> The [[Hopi]] have the creation myth of [[Spider Grandmother]] (KokyAngwuti). In this story, Spider Grandmother thought the world into existence through the conscious weaving of her webs. Spider Grandmother also plays an important role in the creation mythology of the [[Navajo Nation|Navajo]], and there are stories relating to Spider Woman in the heritage of many [[Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest|Southwestern native cultures]] as a powerful helper and teacher.<ref name="AMNH">{{citar web|título=The Spider Woman|url= http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/totems-to-turquoise/cosmology/the-spider-woman |publicado=American Museum of Natural History|acessodata=4 de janeiro de 2014|urlmorta= sim|arquivourl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140105175443/http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/totems-to-turquoise/cosmology/the-spider-woman |arquivodata=5 de janeiro de 2014}}</ref>

The South American [[Moche culture|Moche]] people of ancient [[Peru]] worshiped nature;<ref>{{citar livro|último=Benson|primeiro=Elizabeth|título=The Mochica: A Culture of Peru|local=New York, NY|publicado=Praeger Press|ano=1972}}</ref> they placed emphasis on animals and often depicted spiders in their art.<ref name="berrinmuseum" /> The people of the [[Nazca culture]] created expansive [[geoglyph]]s, including a large depiction of a spider on the Nazca plain in southern Peru. The purpose or meaning of the so-called "[[Nazca lines]]" is still uncertain.<ref>{{citar livro|último=Brown|primeiro=Cynthia Stokes|título=Big History|publicado=The New Press|local=New York|ano=2007|página=[https://archive.org/details/bighistoryfrombi00brow/page/167 167]|isbn=978-1-59558-196-9|url=https://archive.org/details/bighistoryfrombi00brow/page/167}}</ref> An [[adobe]] spider-god temple of the [[Cupisnique]] culture was discovered in the [[Lambayeque Region]] of Peru. It is part of the [[Ventarron]] temple complex and is known as Collud. The Cupisnique spider deity was associated with hunting nets, textiles, war, and power. One image depicts spider deities holding nets filled with decapitated human heads.<ref>{{citar web|último1=Orozco|primeiro1=José|título="Spider God" Temple Found in Peru|url= https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/10/081029-peru-temple.html |website=news.nationalgeographic.com|publicado=[[National Geographic Society]]|acessodata=21 de fevereiro de 2018|data=29 de outubro de 2008}}</ref>

===Oceania===

Spiders are depicted in [[Indigenous Australian art]], in [[rock painting|rock]] and [[bark painting]]s, and for [[Totem|clan totems]]. Spiders in their webs are associated with a sacred rock in central [[Arnhem Land]] on the Burnungku clan estate of the Rembarrnga/Kyne people. Their totem design is connected with a major regional ceremony, providing a connection with neighboring clans also having spider totems in their rituals.<ref>{{citar web|último=Evans|primeiro=Ondine|título=Spiders in Australian indigenous art|url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/Spiders-in-Australian-indigenous-art|publicado=Australian Museum|acessodata=14 de novembro de 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citar livro|último=Reid|primeiro=Marilyn|título=Mythical Star Signs|ano=2007|publicado=Lulu.com|isbn=978-1-84753-623-5 |edição=illustrated|página=116}}</ref> ''[[Nareau]]'', the Lord Spider, created the universe, according to the [[Religious cosmology|traditional Cosmology]] of [[Oceania]]'s [[Kiribati]] islanders<ref>{{citar livro|último=Knappert|primeiro=Jan|autorlink=Jan Knappert|título=Pacific Mythology|ano=1992|publicado=HarperCollins|local=London|isbn=1855381338}}</ref> of the Tungaru archipelago ([[Gilbert Islands]]);<ref>{{citar web|título=Kiribati|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Ja-Ma/Kiribati.html|obra=Countries and Their Cultures|publicado=Advameg, Inc.|acessodata=25 de novembro de 2012|autor=Alexandra Brewis|autor2=Sandra Crismon}}</ref> similarly, ''[[Areop-Enap]]'' ("Old Spider") plays an important part in the creation myth of the traditional [[Nauru]] islanders of [[Micronesia]].<ref>{{citar livro|último=Bartlett|primeiro=Sarah|título=The mythology bible : the definitive guide to legendary tales|ano=2009|publicado=Sterling|local=New York|isbn=978-1402770029|página=176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J7-QIwk7ezkC&pg=PA176}}</ref>

===Asia===
[[File:Yoshitoshi-Spider Princess.gif|thumb|''Apparition of the Spider Princess''<br />Depicting a [[Tsuchigumo]] (top right)<br />[[Woodblock print]] by [[Yoshitoshi]], 1887]]
The ''[[Tsuchigumo]]'' (translated as "Earth spiders"){{efn|The term ''Tsuchigumo'' also refers to a mythical ethnic group said to live in caverns beneath the mountains in the [[Japanese Alps]] until at least the [[Asuka period]]; also loosely used for bandits and thieves.<ref>{{citar livro|último=Hudson |primeiro=Mark |título=Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eTFMPO5NdKgC&q=Tsuchigumo&pg=PA201 |ano=1999 |publicado=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=0-8248-2156-4 |página=201 }}</ref>}} of [[Japan]], is a mythical, supernatural creature faced by the legendary [[Minamoto no Raiko]]. Depending on the version of the story, the ''Tsuchigumo'' was able to take the visage of either a boy or a woman. In one version, while on a search for a mythical giant skull, Raiko is lured to a dilapidated house using an illusion of a floating skull. Raiko and his companion [[Watanabe no Tsuna]] killed the ''Tsuchigumo'' at the end of the story, releasing spiders the size of children from its belly.<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Reider |primeiro1=Noriko T. |título=Seven Demon Stories from Medieval Japan |data=3 de outubro de 2016 |publicado=University Press of Colorado |isbn=978-1-60732-490-4 |página=67 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=y549DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref>

Another Japanese mythological spider figure is the ''[[Jorōgumo]]'' ("prostitute spider") which is portrayed as being able to transform into a seductive woman. In some instances, the ''Jorōgumo'' attempts to seduce and perhaps marry passing [[samurai]]. In other instances she is venerated as a goddess dwelling in the [[Jōren Falls]] who saves people from drowning. Her name also refers to a golden orb-spider species ''[[Trichonephila clavata]]'' (''Jorō-gumo'', which translates to "binding bride" or "whore spider").<ref>{{citar jornal|título=Asian "Fortune-Teller" Spider Found in U.S. for First Time |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/150319-joro-spiders-animals-science-invasive-species-asia-nation |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |obra=Animals |data=19 de março de 2015 |língua=en}}</ref>

In the [[Philippines]], there is a [[Bisayan languages|Visayan]] folk tale version of ''The Spider and the Fly'' which explains why the spider hates the fly.<ref>{{citar livro|último=Cole|primeiro=Mabel Cook|autorlink=Mabel Cook Cole|título=Philippine Folk Tales|ano=1916|publicado=A.C. McClurg & Co.|local=Chicago|edição=The Project Gutenberg EBook [#12814]|acessodata=18 de novembro de 2012|página=214|capítulourl=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12814/12814-h/12814-h.htm#d0e4541|capítulo= The Spider and the Fly}}</ref>

===Post-classical Europe===
The 10th-century Saint [[Conrad of Constance]] is sometimes represented as a [[Bishop of Constance|bishop]] holding a [[chalice]] with a spider. According to this story, while he was celebrating [[Easter]] [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]], a spider fell into the chalice. Ignoring the commonly-held belief of the time that all or most spiders were poisonous; as a token of faith, Conrad nevertheless drank the wine with the spider in it.<ref>{{citar livro|último=Thomas|primeiro=revised by Sarah Fawcett|título=Butler's lives of the saints.|ano=1997|publicado=Burns & Oates|local=London|isbn=0860122603|página=204|edição=New full }}</ref>

For King [[Robert the Bruce]] of Scotland, the spider is depicted as an inspirational symbol, according to an early 14th-century legend.{{efn|There are many versions of the story, and historians are unsure of the legend's truth and suggest that it is [[apocrypha]]l.<ref name="Bruce-Spider">{{citar web|título=The Spider Legend|url=http://www.brucerathlin1307.com/bruce_700_spider.asp|obra=Bruce Rathlin 700|publicado=The Ulster-Scots Agency|acessodata=29 de dezembro de 2012|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108200910/http://www.brucerathlin1307.com/bruce_700_spider.asp|arquivodata=8 de janeiro de 2014|urlmorta= sim}}</ref>}} The legend tells of Robert the Bruce's encounter with a spider during the time of a series of [[First War of Scottish Independence|military failures against the English]]. One version tells that while taking refuge in a cave on [[Rathlin Island]],<ref name="Bruce-Cave">{{citar web|título=Bruce's Cave|url=http://www.brucerathlin1307.com/bruce_700_cave.asp|obra=Bruce Rathlin 700|publicado=The Ulster-Scots Agency|acessodata=29 de dezembro de 2012|citação=Verifying Rathlin Island's connections with King Robert the Bruce|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021045920/http://www.brucerathlin1307.com/bruce_700_cave.asp|arquivodata=21 de outubro de 2011|urlmorta= sim}}</ref> he witnesses a spider continuously failing to climb its silken thread to its web. However, due to perseverance the spider eventually succeeds, demonstrating that, "if at first you don't succeed, try, try and try again".<ref name=Bruce-Spider /> Taking this as being symbolic of hope and perseverance, Bruce came out of hiding and eventually won [[Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton|Scotland's independence]].<ref name="1000 Facts">{{citar livro|último=Farndon |primeiro=J.|título=1000 Facts On Modern History|url=https://archive.org/details/factsonmodernhis00farn |url-access=limited |ano=2001 |publicado=Miles Kelly Publishing Ltd|local=Essex|isbn=1-84236-054-X|páginas=[https://archive.org/details/factsonmodernhis00farn/page/n16 18]–19}}</ref>

In [[Polish folklore]] and [[Polish literature|literature]], [[Pan Twardowski]] - a [[Magician (fantasy)|sorcerer]] who made a [[deal with the Devil]]<ref name="widacka">{{citar web|autor=Hanna Widacka |url=http://www.wilanow-palac.art.pl/index.php?enc=576 |título=Legendy i fakty o Mistrzu Twardowskim |obra=www.wilanow-palac.art.pl |acessodata=2009-03-20|língua=pl}}</ref> - is depicted as having escaped from the Devil who was taking him to Hell, and ending up living on the [[Moon in fiction|Moon]], his only companion being a spider; from time to time Twardowski lets the spider descend to [[Earth]] on a thread and bring him news and gossip from the world below.<ref>{{citar web|título=Who was the first man on the Moon? |url=https://www.polskidaily.eu/who-was-the-first-man-on-the-moon/ |website=Polski Daily |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |data=9 de junho de 2021}}</ref>

==In philosophy==
[[File:Spider web Luc Viatour.jpg|thumb|left|Morning [[dew]] on a spider's web]]
{{Rquote||
{{nobreak|Imagine a multidimensional spider's web}}<br />
{{nobreak|&nbsp; in the early morning covered with dew drops.}}<br />
{{nobreak|And every dew drop contains the reflection}}<br />
{{nobreak|&nbsp; of all the other dew drops.}}<br />
{{nobreak|—And so ''[[ad infinitum]]''.}}<br />
<br />
{{nobreak|That is the Buddhist conception of the universe in an image.}}
| [[Alan Watts]]| ''Following The Middle Way''<ref name="Watts">}}
[[Alan Watts|Watts, Alan]] (Podcast: ''[http://castroller.com/podcasts/AlanWattsPodcast/1747465-Following%20The%20Middle%20Way%203 Following The Middle Way #3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021072405/http://castroller.com/podcasts/AlanWattsPodcast/1747465-Following%20The%20Middle%20Way%203 |date=2010-10-21 }}'' Jul 25, 2010)</ref>
}}<!--end quote-->
{{Clear}}
In the [[Vedas|Vedic philosophy]] of [[India]], the spider is depicted as hiding the ultimate reality with the veils of illusion.<ref name="grand">{{citar livro|último=Cicchetti|primeiro=Jane |título=Dreams, Symbols, and Homeopathy: Archetypal Dimensions of Healing|publicado=North Atlantic Books|ano=2003|isbn=1-55643-436-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0al1ZZtrnrsC&q=Spider+Grandmother+navajo+creation&pg=PA50|acessodata=2008-04-21|página=50}}</ref> [[Indra's net]]{{efn|The Vedic god [[Indra]] is referred to as [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Śakra]] in Buddhism, or with the title Devānām Indra.}} is used as a metaphor for the Buddhist concept of [[Huayan|interpenetration]], which holds that all phenomena are intimately connected. Indra's net has a multifaceted jewel at each vertex, and each jewel is reflected in all of the other jewels.<ref name=Weiser(2000)>{{citar livro|editor-sobrenome1=Watson|editor-nome1=Gay|título=The Psychology of Awakening : Buddhism, Science, and Our Day-to-day Lives|ano=2000|publicado=S. Weiser|local=York Beach, Me|isbn=1578631726|página=225|edição=1st}}</ref>

As related in the book, ''[[Vermeer's Hat]]'' by historian [[Timothy Brook]]:
{{quote|
When Indra fashioned the world, he made it as a web, and at every knot in the web is tied a pearl. Everything that exists, or has ever existed, every idea that can be thought about, every datum that is true—every [[dharma]], in the language of Indian philosophy—is a pearl in Indra's net. Not only is every pearl tied to every other pearl by virtue of the web on which they hang, but on the surface of every pearl is reflected every other jewel on the net. Everything that exists in Indra's web implies all else that exists.<ref name="VH(p22)">{{citar livro
 |autor= Brook, Timothy
 |título=Vermeer's Hat the Seventeenth Century and the Dawn of the Global World.
 |ano= 2009
 |publicado= Profile Books
 |local= London
 | isbn = 978-1847652546
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RQgjb3kvDLEC&pg=PA22
 |página= 22
 |acessodata= 2012-11-26|autorlink=Timothy Brook
 }}</ref>
}}<!--end quote-->

== In literature ==
[[Imagem:William Strang spider battle in 1894 True History.jpg|thumb|The 2nd century novel, ''A True Story'' includes a battle with giant spiders, as depicted in this 1894 illustration]]
The epic poem ''[[Metamorphoses]]'', written by [[Ovid]] two millennia ago, includes the metamorphosis of [[Arachne]]. This was retold in [[Dante Alighieri]]'s depiction as the half-spider Arachne in the 2nd book of his ''[[Divine Comedy]]'', ''[[Purgatorio]]''.<ref>{{citar livro|último=Alighieri|primeiro=Dante|título=Divine Comedy|capítulo=Purgatorio, Canto XII|capítulourl= http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy/Purgatorio/Canto_XII |acessodata=2008-04-21}}</ref>

Considered as the earliest known work of science fiction in Western literature,<ref>{{citar web|autor1=S.C. Fredericks |título=Lucian's ''True History'' as SF|url= https://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/8/fredericks8art.htm |website=www.depauw.edu |acessodata=16 de setembro de 2018 |data=março de 1976 |citação=Reprint from Science Fiction Studies: # 8; Volume 3, Part 1}}</ref> the 2nd-century satirical novel, ''[[A True Story]]'' by [[Lucian of Samosata]] includes a battle between the People of the Moon and the People of the Earth featuring giant spiders that are bigger than the islands of [[Cyclades]].<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Samosata |primeiro1=Lucian of |título=Lucian's Wonderland: Being a Translation of the 'Vera Historia,' |data=1899 |publicado=W. Blackwood and Sons |página=27 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=kfbPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA27 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref>

In the 15th century, the [[List of French monarchs|French king]] [[Louis XI of France|Louis XI]] acquired the nickname "the universal spider" (''l'universelle aragne''), from [[Georges Chastelain]], a chronicler of the [[Duke of Burgundy|dukes of Burgundy]],<ref>{{citar web|url= http://delisle.enc.sorbonne.fr/enc/concours/concours/sites/default/files/texte_complet2008.pdf |título=Histoire du Moyen Âge|acessodata=29 de outubro de 2018}}</ref> referring to the king's tendency to implement schemes and plans during [[League of the Public Weal|his contention with Burgundy]] and the following conflicts with [[Charles the Bold]] who compared the king to a spider.<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Brown-Grant |primeiro1=Rosalind |último2=Hedeman |primeiro2=Anne D. |último3=Ribémont |primeiro3=Bernard |título=Textual and Visual Representations of Power and Justice in Medieval France: Manuscripts and Early Printed Books |data=5 de dezembro de 2016 |publicado=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-89545-3 |página=200 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=0hmoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT200 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref>

In the 16th-century Chinese folk novel, [[Wu Cheng'en]]'s ''[[Journey to the West]]'', the buddhist monk [[Tang Sanzang]]'s odyssey includes being trapped in a spider's cave and bound by beautiful women and many children, who are transformations of spiders.<ref>{{citar web|título=Personages in 'The Journey To The West'|url=http://godsdirectcontact.eu/eng/services/s-bc-journey.htm|obra=News 97, Noteworthy Book|publicado=The Supreme Master Ching Hai International Association|acessodata=15 de novembro de 2012}}</ref>

Published in 1808, the poem ''[[Marmion (poem)|Marmion]]'' by [[Walter Scott]]{{efn|Often misattributed to [[Shakespeare]], specifically from ''[[Macbeth]]''<ref>{{citar web|url=http://www.shakespeare-online.com/faq/misquotesfaq.html |título=Quotes Mistakenly Attributed to Shakespeare |publicado=Shakespeare on line |último=Mabillard |primeiro=Amanda |data=11 de junho de 2018 |acessodata=1 de março de 2019}}</ref>}} includes the popularly quoted line:
{{poemquote|Oh! what a tangled web we weave
When first we practise to deceive!<ref>Walter Scott, ''Marmion: A Tale of Flodden Field''; Canto VI, stanza XVII</ref>}}

The spider gained an evil reputation from the 1842 [[Biedermeier#Literature|Biedermeier]] [[novella]] by [[Jeremias Gotthelf]], ''[[The Black Spider]]''.<ref>{{citar periódico|último1=Gallagher |primeiro1=David |título=The Transmission of Ovid's Arachne Metamorphosis in Jeremias Gotthelf's Die Schwarze Spinne |periódico=Neophilologus |volume=92 |número=4 |páginas=699–711 |língua=en |doi=10.1007/s11061-007-9071-y |data=1 de outubro de 2008|s2cid=162479504 }}</ref> In this allegorical tale which was adapted to various media, the spider symbolizes evil works and represents the moral consequences of making a [[Deal with the Devil|pact with the devil]].<ref>{{citar jornal|último1=Ferber |primeiro1=Sandy |título=The Black Spider: A horror novella {{!}} Fantasy Literature: Fantasy and Science Fiction Book and Audiobook Reviews |url=https://www.fantasyliterature.com/reviews/the-black-spider/ |acessodata=16 de março de 2022}}</ref>

[[Clark Ashton Smith deities#Atlach-Nacha|Atlach-Nacha]] is the creation of [[Clark Ashton Smith]] and first appeared in his short story "The Seven Geases" (1934). Atlach-Nacha resembles a huge spider with an almost-human face. In the story, Atlach-Nacha is the reluctant recipient of a human sacrifice given to it by the toad-god [[Tsathoggua]].<ref>{{citar livro|título=Tales of the Lovecraft Mythos |data=18 de dezembro de 2007 |publicado=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-307-41679-7 |página=40 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=tNBd5dG4cAMC&pg=PA40 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref>

Spiders recur in themes for works by [[J. R. R. Tolkien]].<ref name="Tolkien beastiary">{{citar livro|último=Day |primeiro=D.|título=A Tolkien Beastiary|ano=2002 |publicado=Chancellor Press|local=London|isbn=0-7537-0459-5|páginas=220–221}}</ref>{{efn|Tolkien's use of giant spiders as foes was predated by [[Lord Dunsany]], from two stories written in 1907 and 1910.<ref name="rateliff">{{citar livro|último=Rateliff |primeiro=John D.|autorlink=John D. Rateliff|título=The History of The Hobbit: Mr. Baggins|ano=2007|publicado=HarperCollins|local=Hammersmith|isbn=978-0-00-723555-1|páginas=326–33}}</ref>}} Tolkien included giant spiders in his 1937 book ''[[The Hobbit]]'' where they roamed [[Mirkwood]], attacking and sometimes capturing the main characters.<ref name="Hobbit">{{citar livro|último=Tolkien |primeiro=J. R. R.|título=The Hobbit|ano=1974 |publicado=Unwin Books|local=London|isbn=0-04-823070-7}}</ref> The character of [[Ungoliant]] is featured as a spiderlike entity, and as a personification of Night from his earliest writings. In ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]'', the creature's final surviving daughter [[Shelob]] is encountered as Frodo and Sam move through the mountain pass of Cirith Ungol. Shelob was featured in the film adaption of the last book of the ''Lord of the Rings'' series.<ref name="LOTR">{{citar livro|último=Tolkien |primeiro=J. R. R.|título=The Lord of the Rings|ano=1994 |publicado=Harper Collins Publishers|local=London|isbn=0-261-10320-2}}</ref> Although described as giant spiders, Tolkien gave them fictional attributes such as compound eyes, beaks and the spinning of black webs. He also resurrected the [[Old English]] words ''cob'' and ''lob'' for "spider".<ref name="rateliff"/>

A key element of [[Richard Matheson]]'s novel ''[[The Shrinking Man]]'' and the film based on it ''[[The Incredible Shrinking Man]]'' is the struggle of the protagonist, shrunken to the size of an insect, with a voracious spider - ending with his waging an epic battle and killing the spider.<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Adams |primeiro1=Ted |título=The Shrinking Man |data=17 de fevereiro de 2016 |publicado=IDW Publishing |isbn=978-1-62302-903-6 |página=99 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=uUuACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT99 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref>

The 1952 children's novel ''[[Charlotte's Web]]'' written by [[E. B. White]], is notable in its portrayal of the spider in a positive manner<ref>{{citar livro|último=Scholastic Inc.|título=Bridge to Terabithia|publicado=Scholastic|isbn=0-439-41129-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5__TflJWZwC&q=charlotte%27s+web+arachnophobia&pg=PA18|acessodata=2008-04-21|página=18|ano=2002}}</ref> as a heroine<ref>{{citar livro|último=Boga|primeiro=Steven|título=Camping and Backpacking With Children|publicado=Stackpole Books|ano=1995|isbn=0-8117-2522-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t1mPn3apl6AC&q=charlotte%27s+web+arachnophobia&pg=PA154|acessodata=2008-04-21|página=154}}</ref>

More recently, giant spiders have featured in books such as the 1998 fantasy novel ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' by [[J. K. Rowling]].<ref name="Harry Potter">{{citar livro|último=Rowling |primeiro=J. K.|título=Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets|ano=1998 |publicado=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc|isbn=0-7475-3848-4}}</ref> This book was later followed by a motion picture of the same name, using the giant spider Aragog from the novel as a supporting character and friend of grounds keeper, [[Hagrid]].<ref name="riphouse1">{{citar livro|último1=Riphouse |primeiro1=Acascias |título=The Harry Potter Companion |data=julho de 2004 |publicado=Virtualbookworm Publishing |isbn=978-1-58939-582-4 |página=206 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=K5zOroHn_LYC&pg=PA206 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref> In ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'', a book about many of the creatures within the [[Wizarding World]], these giant spiders are also known as [[Acromantula]]s.<ref name="riphouse1"/>

[[File:Little Miss Muffet 1 - WW Denslow - Project Gutenberg etext 18546.jpg|thumb|[[William Wallace Denslow]]'s illustrations for ''[[Little Miss Muffet]]'', from a 1901 edition of [[Mother Goose]]]]
The spider is also found in modern children's tales. The [[nursery rhyme]]s "[[Itsy Bitsy Spider]]" and "[[Little Miss Muffet]]" have spiders as focal characters. The poem "[[The Spider and the Fly (poem)|The Spider and the Fly]]" (1829) by [[Mary Howitt]] is a cautionary tale of seduction and betrayal which later inspired a [[The Spider and the Fly (1949 film)|1949 film]] and a [[The Spider and the Fly (song)|1965 Rolling Stones song]], each sharing the same title, as well as a 1923 cartoon by [[Aesop's Fables (film series)|Aesop Fables Studio]].<ref>{{citar web|título=The Fable of the Spider and the Fly|data=4 de março de 1923|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0146710/|publicado=IMDb|acessodata=13 de novembro de 2012}}</ref>

The poet [[Walt Whitman]] describes a [[Ballooning (spider)|ballooning spider]] in his 1868 poem, ''[[A Noiseless Patient Spider]]''.<ref>Whitman, Walt; ''Leaves of Grass'' (Philadelphia: David McKay, 1891–92): 343. PS 3201 1891 Robarts Library. Publication Notes:
''Broadway Magazine'' (Oct. 1868)</ref><ref>{{citar web|último=Whitman|primeiro=Walt|título=A Noiseless Patient Spider|url=http://rpo.library.utoronto.ca/poems/noiseless-patient-spider|publicado=RPO, University of Toronto Libraries|acessodata=14 de novembro de 2012}}</ref>

===In comics and manga===
<!-- This use of this image has no rationale on the image's page. Please read [[Wikipedia:NFCC#10c]]
[[File:AmazingFantasy15.jpg|thumb|right|[[Spider-Man]] on the cover of ''[[Amazing Fantasy]] #15'' (August, 1962).]]
-->
In [[graphic novel]]s, spiders are often adapted by [[superhero]]es or [[villain]]s as their symbols or [[alter ego]]s due to the arachnid's strengths and weaknesses. One of the most notable characters in comic book history has taken his identity from the spider, the [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]] comic book hero [[Spider-Man]]. Peter Parker was accidentally bitten by a radioactive spider and then, as Spider-Man, was able to scale tall buildings and shoot web fluid from a device attached to his wrist. Along with these abilities, came super senses and instant reflexes. Writer [[Stan Lee]] and artist [[Steve Ditko]] originated this franchise.<ref>{{Cite comic | writer=[[Stan Lee|Lee, Stan]] | artist=[[Steve Ditko|Ditko, Steve]] | story= | title=[[Amazing Fantasy]] | issue=15 |date = August 1962| publisher=[[Marvel Comics]] | location=[[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] }}</ref> Due to the character's popularity, Spider-Man appeared in [[Spider-Man in other media|movies and various other media]]. In addition to Spider-Man, the [[Marvel Universe]] includes several subsequent characters using the spider as their patron; including [[Spider-Woman]], [[Spider-Girl (Mayday Parker)|Spider-Girl]], the [[Scarlet Spider]], [[Venom (Marvel Comics character)|Venom]], [[Araña]], the [[Black Widow (Natasha Romanova)|Black Widow]], and the [[Tarantula (Marvel Comics)|Tarantula]]. The [[DC Comics]] [[DC Universe|universe]] also include characters named [[Spider Girl]]<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Misiroglu |primeiro1=Gina Renée |último2=Eury |primeiro2=Michael |título=The Supervillain Book: The Evil Side of Comics and Hollywood |data=2006 |publicado=Visible Ink Press |isbn=978-0-7808-0977-2 |página=1981 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=_vHtAAAAMAAJ |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref> and the [[Tarantula (DC Comics)|Tarantula]].<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Thomas |primeiro1=Roy |título=The All-Star Companion Volume 2 |data=2006 |publicado=TwoMorrows Publishing |isbn=978-1-893905-37-5 |página=142 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=aXqPtKhc4IMC&pg=PA142 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref>

Many other comic book, [[manga]] and [[anime]] characters have taken the guise of a spider, such as the [[Black Spider]] from the [[Batman]] universe;<ref name ="Black spider">{{citar livro|último=Moench |autor2=Jones & Beatty |título=''Batman'' #518|data=maio de 1995 |publicado=[[DC Comics]]}}</ref> in the [[Pokémon]] franchise, [[Spinarak]] and [[Ariados]], [[Joltik]] and [[Galvantula]], and [[Dewpider]] and [[Araquanid]], are all variously based on spiders.<ref>{{citar jornal|último1=Hopely |primeiro1=Alex |título=Pokemon Fan Points Out Big Problem With the Franchise's 'Spiders' |url=https://gamerant.com/pokemon-spiders-eight-legs/ |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |obra=Game Rant |data=26 de fevereiro de 2022}}</ref> In the ''[[Static Shock]]'' series, the titular character meets another superhero called Anansi the Spider in Africa.<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Maberry |primeiro1=Jonathan |último2=Kramer |primeiro2=David F. |título=THEY BITE |data=25 de agosto de 2009 |publicado=Kensington Publishing Corp. |isbn=978-0-8065-3216-5 |página=410 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=JQh5Ceh4UF0C&pg=PP410 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref> He takes his name from the [[Anansi|African trickster god]].<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Lavender III |primeiro1=Isiah |título=Black and Brown Planets: The Politics of Race in Science Fiction |data=25 de setembro de 2014 |publicado=Univ. Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-1-62674-306-9 |página=78 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=qQAbBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT78 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref>

The [[light novel]] and manga series ''[[So I'm a Spider, So What?]]'', the protagonist is turned into a spider at the beginning of the story. Trapped in a world based around Japanese role-playing game [[Trope (literature)|trope]]s, she makes use of webs, various types of traps and poison attacks,<ref>{{citar jornal|último1=Theron |primeiro1=Martin |título=So I'm a Spider, So What? Novel 1 |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/review/so-im-a-spider-so-what/novel-1/.125189 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |obra=Anime News Network |data=14 de dezembro de 2017 |língua=en}}</ref> and her intellect to survive.<ref>Kakashi, A., & Baba, O. (n.d.). ''So I'm a Spider, So What?'' Retrieved from https://mangarock.com/manga/mrs-serie-143465 "So I'm a Spider, So What?" Official Japanese website</ref>

== In film and television ==

Spiders have been present for many decades both in film and on television, predominantly in the [[Horror fiction|horror genre]]. Those who suffer from [[arachnophobia]], an acute fear of spiders, become particularly horrified. The spider web is used as a motif to adorn dark passageways, depicting the recesses of the unknown.<ref>{{citar livro|último=O'Gaea|primeiro=Ashleen|título=Celebrating the Seasons of Life: Samhain to Ostara : Lore, Rituals, Activities, and Symbols|ano=2004|publicado=Career Press|isbn=1-56414-731-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFK7x0UeIxIC&q=spiderweb+symbol&pg=PA64}}
</ref>

Spider themes are featured in early film history. In [[Fritz Lang]]'s 1919 and 1920 ''[[The Spiders (film)|The Spiders]]'' adventure series, a spider is the [[Calling card (crime)|calling card]] for "The Spiders" criminal organization. ''Pan Si Dong'' (1927), 盘丝洞, (''[[The Cave of the Silken Web (1927 film)|The Cave of the Silken Web]]'') is a film adaptation of the classic tale of Xuánzàng's encounter from a chapter of the 16th-century [[Four Great Classical Novels|Great Classical Novel]], ''[[Journey to the West]]'',<ref>{{citar web|título=《The Cave of the Silken Web》(1927)|url=http://www.chinesemirror.com/index/2011/09/cave-of-the-silken-web-1927.html|obra=A Journal of Chinese Film History|publicado=The Chinese Mirror|acessodata=15 de novembro de 2012|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007031150/http://www.chinesemirror.com/index/2011/09/cave-of-the-silken-web-1927.html|arquivodata=7 de outubro de 2013|urlmorta= sim}}</ref> and was remade as [[The Cave of the Silken Web (1967 film)|a 1967 Hong Kong cinema production]].<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Nochimson |primeiro1=Martha P. |título=A Companion to Wong Kar-wai |data=26 de janeiro de 2016 |publicado=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-42424-7 |página=457 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=EBYFCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA457 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref>

Many horror films have featured the spider, including 1955's ''[[Tarantula!]]'', exploiting America's fear of atomic radiation during the [[nuclear arms race]],<ref name=FoSFF>{{citar livro|título=Films of Science Fiction and Fantasy|autor=Searles, B.|páginas=109–10|ano=1988 |publicado=Harry N. Abrams |local=New York|isbn=0-8109-0922-7}}</ref> the 1975 [[Low-budget film|low-budget]] [[cult film]] ''[[The Giant Spider Invasion]]'', and ''[[Kingdom of the Spiders]]'', a 1977 film starring [[William Shatner]] as a veterinarian who found himself facing a horde of spiders hiding in [[Verde Valley, Arizona]].<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Ultramod |primeiro1=Bunny |título=Ultra-Actors: William Shatner |data=20 de maio de 2011 |publicado=Bunny Ultramod |isbn=978-1-4580-3457-1 |página=57 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=6iEEYTu2vfgC&pg=PT57 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref>

The fear of spiders culminates in ''[[Arachnophobia (film)|Arachnophobia]]'', a [[1990 in film|1990 movie]] in which spiders multiply in large numbers. On the other hand, a person who admires spiders is referred to as an "arachnophile";<ref>{{citar livro|último=Munns|primeiro=Roger Harris|autor2=Peter Hutchison|autor3=illustrations Oliver Whalley|autor4=maps Alan Whitaker, Steve|título=Amazon : the Bradt travel guide|ano=2007|publicado=Bradt Travel Guides|local=Chalfont St. Peter|isbn=978-1841621739|página=146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3gke9RBxfQC&q=arachnophile+loves+spiders&pg=PA146|edição=3rd }}</ref> such as Virginia, a demented orphan who likes to play deadly spider games in the [[black comedy]] horror [[B movie]], ''[[Spider Baby]]''.<ref>{{citar web|último=McGrath|primeiro=Rick|título=Ojo Reviews ''Spider Baby''|url=http://www.culturecourt.com/Ajo/film/SpiderBaby.htm|publicado=Film Court|acessodata=20 de novembro de 2012}}</ref>

The [[Godzilla (franchise)|Godzilla franchise]] includes a giant spiderlike [[kaiju]] named [[Kumonga]] ("Spiga" in the English versions), first appearing in 1967's ''[[Son of Godzilla]]''. The 1999 film ''[[Wild Wild West]]'' features a giant mechanical spider. Experiments with spiders in space tend to go horribly wrong, as with a DNA experiment on board a NASA space shuttle in the 2000 film ''Spiders'',<ref>{{citar jornal|último=Gore|primeiro=Lucius|título=Horror Movie Review of Spiders (Gary Jones)|url=http://www.esplatter.com/reviews.php?id=133|acessodata=23 de novembro de 2012|jornal=Esplatter.com}}</ref><ref>{{citar web|título=Spiders (2000)|data=27 de dezembro de 2000|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0203940/|publicado=IMDb|acessodata=16 de novembro de 2012}}</ref> or mutant spiders from a derelict Soviet space station in the 2013 film ''[[Spiders 3D]]''.<ref>{{citar web|último1=Liebman|primeiro1=Martin|título=Spiders 3D Blu-ray Review|url=http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Spiders-3D-Blu-ray/63285/#Review|publicado=Blu-ray.com|acessodata=20 de junho de 2014|data=8 de abril de 2013}}</ref> Before there were ''[[Snakes on a Plane]]'' (2006), there were spiders on a plane in ''[[Tarantulas: The Deadly Cargo]]'' (1977). Radiation and spiders once again combine to wreak havoc in the 2002 film spoof ''[[Eight Legged Freaks]]'', this time due to nuclear waste.<ref>{{citar web|último1=Marley|primeiro1=Adele|título=Movie Review : Eight Legged Freaks|url=http://www2.citypaper.com/film/review.asp?rid=6661|publicado=[[Baltimore City Paper]]|acessodata=30 de julho de 2014}}</ref>

Several books featuring spiders have been adapted to film, including ''[[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]]'' featuring [[Shelob]]<ref name="LOTR"/> and ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' with [[Aragog]] the Acromantula.<ref name="Harry Potter"/> Charlotte A. Cavatica's positive portrayal of a spider character can be seen in two full-length feature versions of ''Charlotte's Web''. The [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|first ''Charlotte's Web'']] was a [[Hanna-Barbera]] musical animated film released in 1973, followed by a live-action [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|2006 film version]] of the original story. [[Walt Disney Pictures]] produced the 1996 film ''[[James and the Giant Peach (film)|James and the Giant Peach]]'' based on the 1961 [[James and the Giant Peach|novel of the same name]] by [[Roald Dahl]], in which the abused orphan James, whose only friends with a spider, finds more insect friends such as Spider and Centipede after entering a magical peach.<ref>{{citar jornal|último1=Maslin |primeiro1=Janet |título=FILM REVIEW;A Poor Little Boy Befriended by Bugs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/12/movies/film-review-a-poor-little-boy-befriended-by-bugs.html |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |obra=The New York Times |data=12 de abril de 1996}}</ref>

In [[Ingmar Bergman]]'s 1961 Swedish film adaptation ''[[Through a Glass Darkly (film)|Through a Glass Darkly]]'', the psychotic Karin believes she has an encounter with God as a spider. Surreal spider imagery<ref>{{citar web|último1=Cupryn|primeiro1=Isabel|título=Enemy – Review|url=http://canadianfilmreview.com/enemyreview/|publicado=Canadian Film Review|acessodata=29 de julho de 2014|urlmorta= sim|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314154339/http://canadianfilmreview.com/enemyreview/|arquivodata=14 de março de 2014}}</ref> symbolism<ref>{{citar web|último1=Lewis|primeiro1=Hilary|título='Enemy's' Sarah Gadon on Working With Two Jake Gyllenhaals and the Meaning of That Final Scene|data=20 de março de 2014|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/enemy-final-scene-jake-gyllenhaal-690139|publicado=The Hollywood Reporter|acessodata=29 de julho de 2014}}</ref> and themes<ref>{{citar web|último1=Wickman|primeiro1=Forrest|título=What Should We Make of ''Enemy''{{'}}s Shocking Ending?|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2014/03/14/enemy_movie_ending_explained_the_meaning_of_the_jake_gyllenhaal_and_denis.html|website=Slate|data=14 de março de 2014|publicado=The Slate Group|acessodata=29 de julho de 2014}}</ref> are featured prominently in the 2013 psychological thriller ''[[Enemy (2013 film)|Enemy]]''; director [[Denis Villeneuve]]'s film adaptation of the novel ''[[The Double (Saramago novel)|The Double]]'' by [[José Saramago]].<ref>{{citar web|último1=Debruge|primeiro1=Peter|título=Toronto Film Review: 'Enemy'|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/toronto-film-review-jake-gyllenhaal-enemy-1200655619/|website=Variety|data=21 de setembro de 2013|publicado=Variety Media|acessodata=29 de julho de 2014}}</ref>

On television, the 1990 miniseries ''[[It (1990 film)|Stephen King's It]]'' is based on his [[It (novel)|novel ''It'']], where the now adult members of the Losers' club confront the giant spider form of [[Pennywise the Dancing Clown]].<ref>{{citar jornal|último1=Hurley |primeiro1=Laura |título=One Thing About The IT Miniseries That Really Disappointed Tim Curry |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/television/1698899/one-thing-about-the-it-miniseries-that-really-disappointed-tim-curry |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |obra=CINEMABLEND |data=1 de setembro de 2017 |língua=en}}</ref> The plot of the 2018 ''[[Doctor Who]]'' episode "[[Arachnids in the UK]]" revolves around an infestation of giant spiders that has occurred as the result of a scientific experiment.<ref>{{citar web|primeiro=Huw|último=Fullerton|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2018-10-28/doctor-who-series-11-arachnids-in-the-uk-spider-science/|título=How accurate is the spider science in Doctor Who: Arachnids in the UK?|publicado=Radio Times|data=28 de outubro de 2018|acessodata=29 de outubro de 2018}}</ref>

==In music==
[[The Rolling Stones]] adapted themes from Mary Howitt's poem in their 1965 song "[[The Spider and the Fly (song)|The Spider and the Fly]]". Released in 1966, "[[Boris the Spider]]" was the first song written by [[John Entwistle]] for [[The Who]], and became a staple of their live concerts.<ref>{{citar web|título=A Quick One|url=http://thewho.com/album/a-quick-one/|publicado=The Who|acessodata=13 de fevereiro de 2014|citação=The very first song that John wrote for The Who endured as a live favourite while he was alive. The band even played it on their 25th anniversary reunion tour in 1989.}}</ref> "[[Spiderwebs (song)|Spiderwebs]]" became a hit for [[No Doubt]] in 1995.{{efn|39 weeks on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] chart, peak position: #18<ref>{{citar web|título=No Doubt : Chart history|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/312357/no+doubt/chart?f=350|website=Billboard Artist 100|publicado=Billboard|acessodata=1 de agosto de 2014}}</ref>}} [[Alice Cooper]]'s 2008 [[concept album]], ''[[Along Came a Spider (album)|Along Came a Spider]]'' is about a fictitious serial killer known as 'Spider', who wraps his victims in silk and cuts off one of their legs in order to create his own eight-legged arachnoid.<ref>{{citar web|último1=Graff|primeiro1=Gary|author-link1=Gary Graff|título=Alice Cooper Unleashing 'Killer' New Album|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1044681/alice-cooper-unleashing-killer-new-album|publicado=Billboard|acessodata=16 de junho de 2014|data=24 de julho de 2008}}</ref>

== Other depictions ==
[[File:La Princesse.jpg|thumb|''[[La Princesse]]'' roaming through Liverpool, England (September 2008)]]
[[File:Giant spider strikes again!.jpg|thumb|A bronze ''[[Maman (sculpture)|Maman]]'' outside the [[National Gallery of Canada]], [[Ottawa]]]]

[[Information technology]] terms such as the "web spider" (or "[[web crawler]]") and the [[World Wide Web]] imply the spiderlike connection of information accessed on the Internet.<ref name="CSI(2006)">{{citar livro|último=Dale|primeiro=Nell|autor2=John Lewis|título=Computer Science Illuminated|publicado=Jones & Bartlett Publishers|ano=2006|isbn=0-7637-4149-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGXRzbS3UO0C&q=world+wide+web+spider&pg=PA505|acessodata=2008-04-21|página=505}}</ref>

A dance, the [[tarantella]], refers to the purported victims of a bite from the spider ''[[Lycosa tarantula]]'' which were allegedly compelled to dance until they were exhausted.<ref>{{citar livro|título=The Etude |data=1916 |publicado=T. Presser |página=573 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=h40MAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA573 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref>

Giant spider sculptures (11 feet tall and 22 feet across) described as "looming and powerful protectresses, yet are nurturing, delicate, and vulnerable"<ref>{{citar web|título=Sculpture Garden|url=http://www.nga.gov/feature/sculpturegarden/sculpture/sculpture3.shtm|publicado=National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC|acessodata=18 de novembro de 2012|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010010752/http://www.nga.gov/feature/sculpturegarden/sculpture/sculpture3.shtm|arquivodata=10 de outubro de 2012|urlmorta= sim}}</ref> and a "favorite with children"<ref>{{citar jornal|último=MacMillan|primeiro=Kyle|título=Not all the art is within the walls|url=http://www.denverpost.com/artmuseum/ci_4435717|acessodata=18 de novembro de 2012|jornal=The Denver Post|data=5 de outubro de 2006}}</ref> have been found in [[Washington DC]], [[Denver CO]], and elsewhere. Even larger sculptures are found in places like [[Ottawa]] and [[Zürich]]. These sculptures, two series of six by [[Louise Bourgeois]], can be seen at the [[National Gallery of Art]], [[Denver Art Museum]], London's [[Tate Modern]] and in a few other select [[sculpture garden]]s. The larger series is titled ''[[Maman (sculpture)|Maman]]'' and the other simply titled ''[[Spider (Bourgeois)|Spider]]''. One ''Spider'' was sold at a [[Christie's]] auction house for over $10 million.<ref>{{citar web|título=Sale 2480 / Lot 29|url=http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/sculptures-statues-figures/louise-bourgeois-spider-5496701-details.aspx|publicado=Christie's LLC|acessodata=18 de novembro de 2012|citação=Price Realized: $10,722,500}}</ref>

A four-day [[performance art]] spectacle in [[Liverpool, England|Liverpool]] (September 2008) featured ''[[La Princesse]]'' by the French performance art company [[La Machine (production company)|La Machine]]. This giant [[steampunk]] spider climbed walls, stalked the streets and sprayed unwary citizens while in search of a nest.<ref>{{citar web|título=Attack of the Steampunk Spider Princess|url=http://www.neatorama.com/2009/02/01/attack-of-the-steampunk-spider-princess/|publicado=Neatorama|acessodata=20 de novembro de 2012}}</ref><ref>{{citar web|título=La Machine – Liverpool 5/6/7 September 2008|url=http://www.lamachine.co.uk/|publicado=Artichoke|acessodata=20 de novembro de 2012}}</ref>

=== Games and toys ===
Giant spiders appear in several [[role-playing game]]s, such as [[Lolth]], the Spider Queen of ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'',<ref>{{citar livro|último=Gygax |primeiro=Gary |autorlink=Gary Gygax |título=Monster Manual |ano=1977 |publicado=[[TSR, Inc.]]}}</ref><ref>[[Skip Williams]], [[Jonathan Tweet]], and [[Monte Cook]] ''[[Monster Manual]]'' ([[Wizards of the Coast]], 2000)</ref> and the first edition of ''[[Warcraft: The Roleplaying Game|Warcraft]]'', where spiders are described as being "of staggering size—perhaps 15 feet around—with great furred body."<ref>{{citar livro|último=Borgstrom |primeiro=R. Sean |título=Manual of Monsters |ano=2003 |publicado=[[White Wolf, Inc.]] |isbn=978-1-58846-070-7 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> In [[video game]]s, spiders or spider-shaped foes are common, such as the ''[[Metroid]]'' series where the trilogy's antagonist, Metroid Prime, has a spiderlike Metroid as her primary physical form. This trilogy also includes the Ing, antagonists of ''[[Metroid Prime 2: Echoes|Echoes]],'' whose warrior forms resemble five-legged spiders. ''[[Atlach-Nacha]]'' is an [[H-game]] centered on a spiderlike demoness disguising herself as a human. In ''[[The Legend of Zelda]]'' series, giant spiders are a frequent foe. In particular, ''[[Ocarina of Time]]'' features large spiders named Skulltulas, and ''[[Twilight Princess]]'' has an enormous spider [[Boss (video gaming)|boss]]. [[Monster Hunter 4]] introduced monster a called the Nerscylla,<ref>{{citar jornal|último1=Klepek |primeiro1=Patrick |título=Why Capcom Brought Creepy Spiders Back to Monster Hunter |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/n7vx4x/why-capcom-brought-creepy-spiders-back-to-monster-hunter |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |obra=www.vice.com |data=17 de março de 2021 |língua=en}}</ref> described in game as a "Temnoceran," based on the Chelicerate subphylum of arthropods, along with its subspecies, the Shrouded Nerscylla. An anthropomorphic spiderlike creature based on [[Little Miss Muffet]] named Muffet is featured in the 2015 video game [[Undertale]].<ref>{{citar web|último1=Starling |primeiro1=Sara |título=The Best Undertale Characters |url=https://wegotthiscovered.com/gaming/the-best-undertale-characters/ |website=We Got This Covered |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |data=27 de setembro de 2021}}</ref>

In the [[Lego]] toyline [[Bionicle]] series, the Visorak horde is a species consisting of six spiderlike breeds. They are created by the Brotherhood of Makuta to conquer islands; they possess [[mutagen]]ic venom and spin sticky green webs. In the [[Transformers]] franchise, [[List of Beast Wars characters|Tarantulas]] and [[Blackarachnia]] are both [[Predacons]] that turn into giant spiders.<ref>{{citar jornal|último1=Blackburn |primeiro1=Steven |título=Transformers Beast Wars Comic Empowers Blackarachnia More Than Show |url=https://screenrant.com/transformers-beast-wars-blackarachnia-better-comics/ |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |obra=ScreenRant |data=29 de agosto de 2021}}</ref>

=== Sports ===
Notable athletes with spider nicknames include Olympic skier [[Spider Sabich]], so named by his father due to his long, thin arms and legs as a baby,<ref>[http://home.earthlink.net/~elbroome/longet/burns.html Tribute to Spider Sabich] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508145308/http://home.earthlink.net/~elbroome/longet/burns.html |date=2013-05-08 }} – by Bob Burns, 20th anniversary (March 1996)</ref>
and UFC Middleweight Champion [[Anderson Silva|Anderson "The Spider" Silva]] who was dubbed "Brazil's Spiderman" by an announcer who thought he looked like a superhero in the ring.<ref>{{citar jornal|título=Anderson Silva explains the reason behind "The Spider" nickname|url=http://www.mmabay.co.uk/2011/01/17/anderson-silva-explains-the-reason-behind-%E2%80%9Cthe-spider%E2%80%9D-nickname/|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202105029/http://www.mmabay.co.uk/2011/01/17/anderson-silva-explains-the-reason-behind-%E2%80%9Cthe-spider%E2%80%9D-nickname/|urlmorta= sim|arquivodata=2 de fevereiro de 2014|acessodata=15 de dezembro de 2011|jornal=UFC/MMA News In One Place|data=17 de janeiro de 2011}}</ref> Spider mascots are associated with the [[Cleveland Spiders]] baseball team and the [[San Francisco Spiders]] hockey team, as well as the [[Richmond Spiders|University of Richmond]]'s athletic teams.<ref>{{citar jornal|último1=Caputo |primeiro1=Paul |título=The hair-raising story behind the University of Richmond Spiders |url=https://news.sportslogos.net/2014/08/09/the-hair-raising-story-behind-the-university-of-richmond-spiders/college/ |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |obra=SportsLogos.Net News |data=9 de agosto de 2014}}</ref>

=== Modern myths and urban legends === <!--Huntsman spider article links to here-->
The widespread [[urban legend]] that one swallows a high number of spiders during sleep in one's life has no basis in reality. A sleeping person causes all kinds of noise and vibrations by breathing, the beating heart, snoring etc. all of which warn spiders of danger.<ref>{{citar web|título=Spider Myths - Swallowing Spiders|url=http://www.burkemuseum.org/spidermyth/myths/whileyousleep.html|publicado=Burke Museum|acessodata=7 de junho de 2015|data=2010|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614003548/http://www.burkemuseum.org/spidermyth/myths/whileyousleep.html|arquivodata=14 de junho de 2015|urlmorta= sim}}</ref><ref>{{citar web|último1=Sneed|primeiro1=Annie|título=Fact or Fiction? People Swallow 8 Spiders a Year While They Sleep|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-people-swallow-8-spiders-a-year-while-they-sleep1/|publicado=Scientific American|acessodata=7 de junho de 2015|data=15 de abril de 2014}}</ref>

[[Huntsman spider]]s are large and swift, often eliciting [[arachnophobia|arachnophobic]] reactions from susceptible people, and are the subject of many superstitions, exaggerations and myths. The ''banana spider'' myth claims that the Huntsman spider lays its eggs in banana flower blossoms, resulting in spiders inside the tip of bananas, waiting to terrorize an unsuspecting consumer. This is supposed to explain why monkeys allegedly peel bananas from the "wrong" end.<ref name=Crawford-Myths>{{citar web|último=Crawford|primeiro=Rod|título=Spider Myths: How'd those eggs get in there?|url=http://www.burkemuseum.org/spidermyth/myths/banana.html|obra=The Spider Myths Site|publicado=Burke Museum of Natural History & Culture|acessodata=14 de novembro de 2012}}</ref>

According to another urban legend, daddy long legs ''([[Pholcidae]])'' have potent venom, but their fangs are too short to deliver the poison. This myth might have arisen due to its similarity in appearance with the [[Brown recluse spider]].<ref>{{citar livro|último=Taylor |primeiro=Jacqui|título=A baobab is big & other verses from Africa |publicado=Struik |ano=2005|página=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNdujWnq_ZkC&q=daddy+long+legs+poison+myth&pg=PT77 | isbn=978-1-86872-718-6}}</ref> In a [[MythBusters (2004 season)#Daddy Long-Legs|2004 episode]] of [[Discovery Channel]]'s ''[[MythBusters]]'', it was shown that host [[Adam Savage]] baits and survives a bite from a daddy long legs.<ref>{{citar jornal|título=The daddy longlegs myth that we keep falling for |url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/creatura-blog/2018/10/the-daddy-longlegs-myth-that-we-keep-falling-for/ |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |obra=Australian Geographic |data=14 de outubro de 2018 |língua=en-AU}}</ref>

A [[modern myth]] depicts a young woman who discovered that her [[beehive (hairstyle)|beehive hairdo]] was infested with [[latrodectus|Black widow spider]]s.<ref>{{citar livro|último=Holt|primeiro=David|título=Spiders in the Hairdo: Modern Urban Legends|publicado=august house|capítulo=The Belle at Biloni|isbn=0-87483-525-9|capítulourl=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCaO3LaHk8kC&q=spider+urban+legends&pg=PA70|acessodata=2008-04-22|página=[https://archive.org/details/spidersinhairdom0000holt_z0y3/page/70 70]|ano=1999|url=https://archive.org/details/spidersinhairdom0000holt_z0y3/page/70}}</ref>

[[The Spider Bite|''The Spider Bite'' legend]] emerged in Europe in the late 1970s. In most versions of this tale, a young vacationing female sunbather is bitten on the cheek by a spider. After seeking medical attention for the resultant swelling, hundreds of tiny spiders are discovered emerging from her lanced wound, which causes the victim to go insane.<ref>{{citar livro|último1=Brunvand |primeiro1=Jan Harold |título=Encyclopedia of Urban Legends |data=2001 |publicado=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-076-5 |página=408 |url=https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=H8Kk7bS66jMC&pg=PA408 |acessodata=16 de março de 2022 |língua=en}}</ref>

An [[hoax|email hoax]] describes the attacks by the South American Blush Spider in public toilets.<ref name="UCR(2004)">{{citar web|título=UCR Spiders Site: Internet Hoax |url=http://spiders.ucr.edu/debunk.html |website=spiders.ucr.edu |publicado=University of California, Riverside |acessodata=30 de outubro de 2018 |data=dezembro de 2004 |arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721034639/http://spiders.ucr.edu/debunk.html |arquivodata=21 de julho de 2017 |urlmorta= sim}}</ref> The alleged spider's scientific name is ''Arachnius gluteus'',<ref>{{citar web|título=Arachnius gluteus – the South American Blush Spider|url=http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/iiin/agluteus.html|publicado=Iowa State University of Science and Technology|acessodata=23 de novembro de 2012|ano=2005|arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103160846/http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/iiin/agluteus.html|arquivodata=3 de janeiro de 2013|urlmorta= sim}}</ref> where "arachnius" is a made-up word intended to mean "spider"{{efn|From the common root ''arachno-'' in compound words, from [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''ἀράχνη'', ''arachnē''; &nbsp;the [[Latin]] word for "spider" is "aranea" (plural: Araneae), a name for an [[Order (biology)|order]], not a genus.}} and "gluteus" is a reference to ''[[buttocks]]'' (''cf'': [[gluteus maximus]]). The hoax spider shares some characteristics with the [[Telamonia dimidiata|two-striped telamonia]] ''(Telamonia dimidiata)'', and there is an updated version of the hoax using that name for the spider's species, with the rest of the text left unchanged,<ref>[[Snopes]]: [http://www.snopes.com/horrors/insects/telamonia.asp Urban Legends Reference Pages: Two-Striped Telamonia Spider]. Retrieved 2007-02-25.</ref> except for details such as locations.<ref name="UCR(2004)" /> This hoax began in 1999 and has since spread to social media where it continues to circulate.<ref>{{citar web|título=FACT CHECK: Two-Striped Telamonia Spider |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/two-striped-telamonia-spider/ |website=Snopes.com |acessodata=30 de outubro de 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Arthropods in culture]]
*[[Cobweb painting]]
*[[Dreamcatcher]] — Native American cultural object, styled after a spider's web
*''[[Earth vs. the Spider]]'' — 1958 science-fiction/horror film
**[[Earth vs. the Spider (2001 film)|2001 film]], an homage to the original
*[[Las Hilanderas (Velázquez)|''Las Hilanderas''&nbsp; (Velázquez)]] — Baroque painting, c. 1657; (a.k.a. ''The Fable of Arachne'')
*"[[The Spider's Thread]]" — 1918 short story by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa
*[[Great Goddess of Teotihuacan]] — Teotihuacan Spider Woman
*"[[Legend of the Christmas Spider]]" — Eastern European folk tale
*"[[The Redback on the Toilet Seat]]" — Australian country music novelty song by Slim Newton

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==Further reading==

*{{citar periódico|primeiro1=Justine T.|último1=Snow|título=The Spider's Web. Goddess of Light and Loom: Evidence for the Indo-European Origin of Two Ancient Chinese Deities|url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp118_chinese_weaving_goddess.pdf|data=junho de 2002|número=118|issn=2157-9687|oclc=78771783|periódico=[[Sino-Platonic Papers]]}}
*{{citar livro|último1=Katarzyna|último2=Michalski|primeiro2=Sergiusz|título=Spider|data=2010|publicado=Reaktion Books|local=London|isbn=978-1861898883}}

==External links==
*{{citar web|autor1=Rod Crawford|título=Spider Myths|url=http://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/curated/spider-myths|website=[[Burke Museum]]|data=15 de outubro de 2015}}