Mostrar código-fonte de História da criação no Gênesis

{{Bíblia}}
A '''história da criação''' é um [[mito de criação]]{{Nota de rodapé|O termo [[mito]] é usado aqui em seu sentido acadêmico, significando "uma história tradicional que consiste em eventos que são ostensivamente históricos, embora muitas vezes sobrenaturais, explicando as origens de uma prática cultural ou fenômeno natural". Não está sendo usado para significar "algo que é falso".}} originado do [[judaísmo]] e do [[cristianismo]], descrito nos primeiros capítulos do livro do [[Gênesis]], na [[Bíblia]].

Consiste na ideia de que  [[Deus]] criou o [[universo]] e os [[seres vivos]] de forma [[sobrenatural]].<ref name="steven">{{citar periódico|| autor =Steven Engler
 | ano = 2007
 | mes = junho
 | titulo = Tipos de Criacionismos Cristãos
 | jornal = Revista de Estudos da Religião
 | paginas = 83-107
 | editora = http://www.pucsp.br/rever/rv2_2007/t_engler.pdf
 | issn = 1677-1222}}</ref><ref>''Evolution Vs. Creationism'', [[Eugenie Scott]], Niles Eldredge, p. 114</ref> No entanto, o termo é mais comumente usado para se referir à rejeição, por motivos [[Religião|religiosos]], de certos processos biológicos, particularmente a [[evolução]].<ref name="NCSEcreationism">{{citar web|url=http://ncse.com/creationism |título=NCSE : National Center for Science Education - Defending the Teaching of Evolution in Public Schools. |data= 2008 |obra=Creationism |publicado= |acessodata=22/06/2009}}</ref><ref>{{citar livro|título=New Dictionary of the History of Ideas|volume=2|ano=2005|autor=Maryanne Cline Horowitz|citação="O criacionismo, em um sentido geral, refere-se à teoria de que Deus fez o mundo sozinho, por meios miraculosos, do nada. Mais especificamente, na América atual, o criacionismo é a teoria de que a Bíblia, em particular os primeiros capítulos do Gênese, é um guia literalmente verdadeiro da história do universo e da história da vida aqui na Terra, inclusive de nós seres humanos."}}</ref> Criacionistas, em geral, rejeitam a idade do universo e da [[Terra]] estipulada pela ciência moderna e defendem que o universo surgiu em apenas seis dias há menos de 10 mil anos e sua [[cosmologia]] é originária do [[literalismo bíblico]].<ref>{{citar web
 |url= http://www.crmariocovas.sp.gov.br/noticia.php?it=9002
 |título=Site criacionista se contrapõe à Wikipédia
 |autor=Christian Stöcker
 |obra=crmariocovas.sp.gov.br
 |acessodata=28 de novembro de 2010
}}</ref><ref name="TopicIndex">{{citar web|url=http://www.counterbalance.net/history/intro-frame.html |título=Creationism History: Topic Index |autor =Ronald L. Numbers |autorlink =Ronald L. Numbers |publicado=Counterbalance Meta-Library |acessodata=22/06/2009}}</ref><ref name="Campbell_2006">Campbell D (2006, 21 February). [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2006/feb/21/religion.highereducation "Academics fight rise of creationism at universities"]. ''[[The Guardian]]''. Visitado em 7 de abril de 2010.</ref> Existem, no entanto, um espectro contínuo de tipos de criacionismo, variando desde o criacionismo da Terra plana até a aceitação das teorias científicas modernas sem conflito com a leitura da [[Bíblia]].<ref name="steven" /><ref>
{{citar web
 |url=http://pessoas.hsw.uol.com.br/criacionismo2.htm
 |título=HowStuffWorks - Tipos de Criacionismo: terra plana e geocêntrico
 |obra=pessoas.hsw.uol.com.br
 |acessodata=28 de novembro de 2010
 |arquivourl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130040205/http://pessoas.hsw.uol.com.br/criacionismo2.htm
 |arquivodata=2011-11-30
 |urlmorta=yes
 }}
</ref> Uma vertente do criacionismo cristão é o [[criacionismo científico]], que entraram em conflito com a [[teoria da evolução]] nas escolas e tribunais dos [[Estados Unidos da América]] na [[Década de 2000|primeira década do século XXI]].<ref name="steven" />

Atualmente, para muitos [[cristão]]s e [[judeu]]s, os sete dias da criação do mundo, de que fala a Bíblia, não devem ser entendidos literalmente e representam apenas uma forma metafórica e alegórica de explicar a criação do Universo.<ref name="BentoXVI1">http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/speeches/2007/july/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20070724_clero-cadore_en.html (em inglês), (26/11/2010).</ref><ref name="ag.org">http://ag.org/top/beliefs/Position_Papers/pp_downloads/PP_The_Doctrine_of_Creation.pdf {{Wayback|url=http://ag.org/top/beliefs/Position_Papers/pp_downloads/PP_The_Doctrine_of_Creation.pdf |date=20100917094806 }} (em inglês), (26/11/2010).</ref> Mas, mesmo assim, algumas correntes cristãs, denominadas [[Fundamentalismo cristão|fundamentalistas]], originárias em certas regiões dos [[Estados Unidos]], ainda acreditam numa leitura literal da Bíblia. Alguns [[judaísmo|judeus]] ortodoxos defendem pontos de vistas semelhantes a de cristãos fundamentalistas e rejeitam a teoria da evolução por considerarem-na incompatível com os livros da [[Torá]], porém os judeus são consensualmente contrários ao criacionismo cristão. A principal razão disto é que consideram o criacionismo cristão baseado na [[bíblia do Rei James]] e não em textos hebraicos originais, que incorporam comentários adicionais ao texto bíblico.<ref>{{citar livro|título=Jewish tradition and the challenge of Darwinism
 |autor=G. N. Cantor,Marc Swetlitz|url=http://books.google.com.br/books?id=5DaJwW432SIC&pg=PA77&dq=%22christian+creationism%22&hl=pt-br&ei=nKT2TO_ZB4KclgfgodyvBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22christian%20creationism%22&f=false}}</ref>

== História narrativa ==
{{AP|Gênesis 1:1|Gênesis 1:2}}
[[Ficheiro:Francisco de Holanda, The First day of Creation.jpg|miniaturadaimagem|''Caos e Criação da Luz'' (1545) por [[Francisco de Holanda]]. Em ''[[De Aetatibus Mundi Imagines]]'']]
Embora a frase inicial de [[Gênesis 1:1]] geralmente traduzido como escrito acima, o hebraico é ambíguo e pode ser traduzido de pelo menos três maneiras:

# como uma declaração de que o cosmos teve um começo absoluto ("No princípio, Deus criou os céus e a terra"),
# como uma declaração que descreve a condição do mundo quando Deus começou a criar ("Quando, no princípio, Deus criou os céus e a terra, a terra estava sem forma e vazia");
# tomando toda Gênesis 1:2 como informação de base ("Quando, no princípio, Deus criou os céus e a terra, a terra estava sem forma e vazia, Deus disse: Faça-se a luz!").{{sfn|Bandstra|1999|pp=38–39}}

O segundo parece ser o significado pretendido pelo autor sacerdotal original: o verbo ''bara'' é usado apenas para Deus (as pessoas não participam do ''bara'') e refere-se à atribuição de papéis, como em a criação das primeiras pessoas como "masculino" e "feminino" (isto é, ele lhes designa sexos): em outras palavras, o poder de Deus é mostrado não pela criação da matéria, mas pela fixação de destinos.{{sfn|Walton|2006|p=183}}

"Os céus e a terra" são uma frase estabelecida que significa "tudo", isto é, o [[cosmo]]. Consistia em três níveis: a terra habitável no meio, os céus acima, um [[submundo]] abaixo, todos [[Oceano cósmico|cercados por um ''oceano'' aquático de caos]] como a [[Tiamat]] babilônico.{{sfn|Spence|2010|p=72}} A própria terra era um disco plano, cercado por montanhas ou mar. Acima dela estava o [[firmamento|expansão]], uma cúpula transparente, mas sólida que repousava nas montanhas, permitindo aos homens ver o azul das águas acima, com "janelas" para permitir a entrada de chuva, e que continha o Sol, a Lua e as estrelas. As águas se estendiam abaixo da terra, que repousavam sobre pilares afundados nas águas, e no submundo estava o [[Sheol]], a morada dos mortos.{{sfn|Knight|1990|pp=175–76}}

A abertura de Gênesis 1 continua: "A terra estava sem forma e vazia...". A frase "sem forma e vazio" é uma tradução do hebraico [[tohu va-bohu]], (hebraico: תֹהוּ וָבוה), caos; a condição que ''bara'': ordenante, que remedia.{{sfn|Walton|2001|p=}} Tohu em si significa "vazio, inutilidade", é usado para descrever o deserto do deserto; bohu não tem significado conhecido e foi aparentemente cunhado para rimar e fortalecer tohu.{{sfn|Alter|2004|p=17}} A frase também aparece em {{Citar bíblia|Jeremias|4|23}}, onde o profeta adverte Israel que a rebelião contra Deus levará ao retorno das trevas e do caos, "Olho para a terra: tudo é caótico e deserto; para o céu: dele desapareceu toda a luz.".{{sfn|Thompson|1980|p=230}}

A abertura de Gênesis 1 conclui com uma declaração de que "havia trevas na face do abismo"; a "[[escuridão]]" e o "[[Abismo (religião)|abismo]]" (hebraico: [[tehom]] תְהוֹםk tehôm) são dois dos três elementos do caos representados no tohu va-bohu (o terceiro é a "terra confusa"). No Enuma Elish, o "abismo" é personificado como a deusa [[Tiamat]], a inimiga de [[Marduk]]; aqui está o corpo sem forma de água primitiva que cerca o mundo habitável, que mais tarde será liberado durante o dilúvio, quando "todas as fontes do grande abismo" das águas abaixo da terra e as "quedas" do céu foram quebradas.{{sfn|Wenham|2003a|p=29}}

O ''[[ruach]]'' de Elohim se move sobre a face do abismo antes do início da criação. Ruach (hebraico: רוּחַ) tem o significado de "vento, espírito, respiração", e Elohim pode significar "grande" e "Deus": ruach Elohim pode significar "o vento/sopro de Deus" (o vento da tempestade é o sopro de Deus nos {{Citar bíblia|Salmos|18|16}} e em outros lugares, e o vento de Deus retorna na história do dilúvio como o meio pelo qual Deus restaura a terra), ou o "espírito" de Deus, um conceito que é um tanto vago na [[Bíblia hebraica]], ou simplesmente significa um grande vento de tempestade.{{sfn|Blenkinsopp|2011|pp=33–34}}

==== Seis dias da criação (Gênesis 1:3–2:3) ====
{{AP|Gênesis 1:3|Gênesis 1:4|Gênesis 1:5|Gênesis 1}}
O primeiro ato de Deus foi a criação de luz indiferenciada; as trevas e a luz se separavam noite e dia; sua ordem (antes da manhã) significava que aquele era o dia litúrgico; então o Sol, a Lua e as estrelas foram criados para marcar os horários adequados para os festivais da semana e do ano. Somente quando isso é feito, Deus cria o homem e a mulher e os meios para sustentá-los (plantas e animais). No final do sexto dia, quando a criação está completa, o mundo é um templo cósmico no qual o papel da humanidade é adoração a Deus. Isso é paralelo ao mito babilônico (o [[Enuma Elish]]) e também ecoa o Capítulo 38 do [[Livro de Jó]], onde Deus lembra como as estrelas, os "filhos de Deus", cantaram, quando a pedra fundamental da criação foi lançada.{{sfn|Blenkinsopp|2011|pp=21–22}}

<gallery>
Ficheiro:Nuremberg chronicles - f 2v.png|''Deus cria luz e escuridão no cosmo'' no primeiro dia da criação, <small>por ''[[Crônica de Nuremberg]]'' publicado em 1493</small>
Ficheiro:God2-Sistine Chapel.png|''Homem criado por Deus'' no sexto dia da criação, <small>por ''A Criação de Adão'' de [[Michelangelo]], na [[Capela Sistina]]</small>
Ficheiro:Am Anfang schuffF GOtt Himel vnd Erden.jpg|Ilustração da Bíblia de Lutero, que inclui a tradução do Novo Testamento de Erasmo
</gallery>

== Catolicismo ==
{{Artigo principal|[[Doutrina da Igreja Católica#A doutrina e o conhecimento cient.C3.ADfico|Igreja Católica e Ciência]]}}

Os [[católico]]s, que herdaram a [[Gênesis|crença criacionista]] oriunda da tradição judaica, acreditam que a explicação da "''feitura do universo''" dada pela Bíblia pode ser compatível com uma verdadeira explicação científica, pois Deus não pode contradizer-se criando uma verdade natural em contraposição com outra sobrenatural.{{Carece de fontes}}

Atualmente, muitos deles, defendendo a [[Doutrina da Igreja Católica#A doutrina e o conhecimento cient.C3.ADfico|posição oficial da Igreja Católica]], não são estritamente criacionistas, porque, apesar de acreditarem na [[criação (teologia)|criação divina]], eles aceitam ao mesmo tempo as teorias da [[evolução]] e do [[Big-Bang]]. Neste caso, que pode ser chamado de ''criacionismo evolucionista'' ou ''evolucionismo criacionista'', os católicos defendem que estas teorias científicas não negam a origem divina do mundo, tendo somente a função de descrever o método com que Deus tenha criado todas as coisas.<ref name="BentoXVI1" /> Aliás, a própria Igreja Católica, através do seu [[Magistério da Igreja Católica|Magistério]], não considera o criacionismo e o [[design inteligente]] como teorias científicas ou teológicas.<ref>{{Citar web |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29484902/ |título=Vatican official calls atheist theories 'absurd' / Cardinal Levada: No conflict between evolution science and faith in God|língua=inglês |autor= |obra= |data=3 de Março de 2009 |acessodata=28 de Abril de 2010}}</ref>

== Ver também ==
{{dividir em colunas}}
* [[Teoria da Evolução]]
* [[Gênesis]]
* [[Teologia cristã]]
* [[Controvérsia da criação versus evolução]]
* [[Críticas à Igreja Católica#A relação da Igreja com a Ciência e com os pensadores laicos|Igreja Católica vs Ciência]]
* [[Relação entre religião e ciência]]
* [[Design inteligente]]
* [[Criação (teologia)]]
{{dividir em colunas fim}}

{{notas}}

{{referências}}

== Bibliografia ==
{{InícioRef|2}}
* {{cite book
  | last       = Alter
  | first      = Robert
  | authorlink = Robert Alter
  | title      = The Art of Biblical narrative
  | date       = 1981
  | publisher  = Basic Books
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=ptw4DgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref        = 
  | isbn       = 9780465004270
}}
* {{cite book
  | last       = Alter
  | first      = Robert
  | authorlink = Robert Alter
  | title      = The Five Books of Moses
  | date       = 2004
  | publisher  = W. W. Norton & Company
  | isbn       = 0-393-33393-0
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=ZcMhkJ8a708C&printsec=frontcover&dq=he+Five+Books+of+Moses#v=onepage&q=he%20Five%20Books%20of%20Moses&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Andersen
  | first     = Francis I.|author-link                       = Francis Andersen
  | chapter   = On Reading Genesis 1–3|editor1-last                      = O'Connor|editor1-first                     = Michael Patrick|editor2-last                      = Freedman|editor2-first                     = David Noel
  | title     = Backgrounds for the Bible
  | publisher = Eisenbrauns
  | date      = 1987
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=8AZt990zCKYC&pg=PA137&dq=Genesis+1-3#v=onepage&q=The%20text%20of%20Genesis%201-3%20has%20been%20read%20for%20thousands%20of%20years&f=false
  | isbn      = 9780931464300
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last1      = Aune
  | first1     = David E.
  | authorlink = David Aune
  | title      = Westminster Dictionary of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature
  | chapter    = Cosmology| date       = 2003
  | publisher  = Westminster John Knox Press
  | isbn       = 9780664219178
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=nhhdJ-fkywYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+New+Testament#v=onepage&q=cosmology&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Bandstra
  | first     = Barry L.
  | title     = Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible
  | date      = 2008
  | publisher = Wadsworth Publishing Company
  | isbn      = 0-495-39105-0
  | pages     = 576
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=vRY9mTUZKJcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bandstra#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Blenkinsopp
  | first     = Joseph
  | title     = Creation, Un-Creation, Re-Creation: A Discursive Commentary on Genesis 1–11
  | date      = 2011
  | publisher = T&T Clarke International
  | isbn      = 9780567372871
  | pages     =
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=B12qwOSMD20C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Blenkinsopp+Genesis+commentary#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Bouteneff
  | first     = Peter C.
  | title     = Beginnings: Ancient Christian Readings of the Biblical Creation Narrative
  | location  = Grand Rapids, Michigan
  | publisher = Baker Academic
  | date      = 2008
  | url = https://books.google.com/?id=aANpcJF5jDUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Beginnings:+Ancient+Christian+Readings+of+the+Biblical+Creation+Narrative#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | isbn      = 978-0-8010-3233-2
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Brettler
  | first     = Mark Zvi
  | title     = How To Read the Bible
  | date      = 2005
  | publisher = Jewish Publication Society
  | isbn      = 9780827610019
  | pages     =
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=39nQafdJ_ssC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Brettler#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last       = Brueggemann
  | first      = Walter
  | title      = Interpretation of Genesis
  | chapter    = Genesis 1:1–2.4
  | authorlink = Walter Brueggemann
  | date       = 1982
  | publisher  = Westminster John Knox Press
  | isbn       = 978-0-8042-3101-5
  | page      = 382
  | url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=HYG1vlmpvIEC
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last1      = Carr
  | first1     = David M.
  | authorlink =
  | title      = Reading the Fractures in Genesis
  | chapter    = | date       = 1996
  | publisher  = Westminster John Knox Press
  | isbn       = 0-664-22071-1
  | url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=8UJctZxFHikC&lpg=PP1&dq=Reading%20the%20Fractures%20in%20Genesis&pg=PA64#v=onepage&q=%22combination%20of%20parallel%20character%22&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last1      = Carr
  | first1     = David M.
  | authorlink =
  | title      = An Introduction to the Old Testament
  | chapter    = The Garden of Eden Story| date       = 2011
  | publisher  = John Wiley & Sons
  | isbn       = 9781444356236
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=OzHhuvuEQxQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=An+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament#v=onepage&q=An%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Old%20Testament%3A%20Sacred%20Texts%20and%20Imperial%20Contexts&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Cotter
  | first     = David W
  | title     = Genesis
  | publisher = Liturgical Press
  | date      = 2003
  | url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=6lCVzr4cT9QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Genesis+David+W.+Cotter#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | isbn      = 9780814650400
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last       = Cross
  | first      = Frank Moore
  | authorlink = Frank Moore Cross
  | title      = Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel
  | date       = 1973
  | publisher  = Harvard University Press
  | isbn       = 0-674-09176-0
  | page     = 394
  | chapter    = The Priestly Work
  | url = https://books.google.com/?id=bJqwWRDOMgEC&pg=PA293&dq=Cross+The+Priestly+Work#v=onepage&q=Cross%20The%20Priestly%20Work&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Dalley
  | first     = Stephanie
  | authorlink = Stephanie Dalley
  | title     = Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others
  | date      = 2000
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | isbn      = 9780192835895
  | pages     =
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Myths#v=onepage&q=Myths%20from%20Mesopotamia%3A%20Creation%2C%20The%20Flood%2C%20Gilgamesh%2C%20and%20others&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Davidson
  | first     = Robert
  | title     = Genesis 1–11
  | date      = 1973
  | publisher = Cambridge University Press
  | isbn      = 9780521097604
  | pages     =
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=7cIb7DvR5BsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=genesis#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Davies
  | first     = G.I.
  | chapter   = Introduction to the Pentateuch
  |editor1-last           = Barton
  |editor1-first          = John
  |editor2-last           = Muddiman
  |editor2-first          = John
  | title     = Oxford Bible Commentary
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=DWUTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=%22The+first+major+comprehensive+Pentateuchal+narrative%22
  | date      = 2007
  | ref       = 
| isbn     = 9780199277186
  }}
* {{cite journal |first=Shawna |last=Dolansky |title=The Multiple Truths of Myths |volume=42 |number=1 |pages = 18, 60|year=2016 |journal=Biblical Archeology Review |url=http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=42&Issue=1&ArticleID=10
| ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last       = Fishbane
  | first      = Michael
  | authorlink =
  | title      = Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking
  | date       = 2003
  | publisher  = Oxford University Press
  | url = https://books.google.com/?id=6qZg42W9EFcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Biblical+Myth+and+Rabbinic+Mythmaking#v=onepage&q=Biblical%20Myth%20and%20Rabbinic%20Mythmaking&f=false
  | isbn       = 0-19-826733-9
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Friedman
  | first     = Richard Elliott
  | title     = The Bible with Sources Revealed
  | date      = 2003
  | publisher = HarperCollins
  | location  =
  | isbn      = 9780061951299
  | pages     =
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=iw39_Eaq85QC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Friedman#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Ginzberg
|first=Louis |
|date=1909
|title=The Legends of the Jews
|publisher=Jewish Publication Society
|pages=695
|url=http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf
|ref        = 
|isbn= }}
* {{cite book
|last1=Graves
|first1=Robert |
last2=Patai
|first2=Raphael
|date=1986
|title=Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis
|publisher=Random House
|pages=
|url=https://books.google.com/?id=4sqWAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Hebrew+Myths:+The+Book+of+Genesis.+Random+House#v=onepage&q&f=false
| ref        = 
|isbn=9780795337154 }}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Hamilton
  | first     = Victor P
  | title     = The Book of Genesis:  Chapters 1–17
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=WW31E9Zt5-wC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | series    = New International Commentary on the Old Testament (NICOT)
  | date      = 1990
  | publisher = William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
  | location  = Grand Rapids
  | isbn      = 0-8028-2521-4
  | pages     = 540
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Hastings
  | first     = James
  | title     = Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Part 10
  | date      = 2003
  | publisher = Kessinger Publishing
  | isbn      = 978-0-7661-3682-3
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last       = Heidel
  | first      = Alexander
  | authorlink = Alexander Heidel
  | title      =  Babylonian Genesis
  | publisher  = Chicago University Press
  | edition    = 2nd
  | date       = 1963
  | url = https://books.google.com/?id=ge3AT4SewpgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Babylonian+Genesis#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | isbn       = 0-226-32399-4
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last       = Heidel
  | first      = Alexander
  | authorlink = Alexander Heidel
  | title      =  The Gilgamesh Epic and Old Testament Parallels
  | publisher  = Chicago University Press
  | edition    = 2nd Revised
  | date       = 1963
  | url =    https://books.google.com/?id=iRwMQVdZegAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Gilgamesh+Epic+and+Old+Testament+Parallels#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | isbn       = 0-226-32398-6
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Hugenberger
  | first     = G.P.
  | chapter   = Rib|editor1-last=Bromiley|editor1-first=Geoffrey W.
  | title     = The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Volume 4
  | publisher = Eerdmans
  | date      = 1988
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=6OJvO2jMCr8C&pg=PA184&dq=adam+rib+side#v=onepage&q=adam%20rib%20side&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780802837844
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Hutton
  | first     = Jeremy
  | title     = Isaiah 51:9–11 and the Rhetorical Appropriation and Subversion of Hostile Theologies
  | date      = 2007
  | journal   = Journal of Biblical Literature
  | publisher = Society of Biblical Literature
  | volume    = 126
  | issue     = 2
  | ref       = 
  | jstor     = 27638435
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Hyers
  | first     = Conrad
  | title     = The Meaning of Creation: Genesis and Modern Science
  | date      = 1984
  | publisher = Westminster John Knox
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=ePfMEo2UAzsC&pg=PA74&dq=The+Numerology+of+Genesis#v=onepage&q=The%20Numerology%20of%20Genesis&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780804201254
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Jacobs
  | first     = Mignon R
  | title     = Gender, Power, and Persuasion: The Genesis Narratives and Contemporary Perspectives
  | date      = 2007
  | publisher = Baker Academic
  | isbn      =
  | pages     =
  | url       =
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Janzen
  | first     = David
  | title     = The Social Meanings of Sacrifice in the Hebrew Bible: A Study of Four Writings
  | date      = 2004
  | publisher = Walter de Gruyter Publisher
  | isbn      = 978-3-11-018158-6
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=nbSyWMaHH_cC&printsec=frontcover&dq=writings#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last1      = Kaiser
  | first1     = Christopher B.
  | authorlink =
  | title      = Creational Theology and the History of Physical Science
  | chapter    = | date       = 1997
  | publisher  = Brill
  | isbn       = 9004106693
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=BBgXuy_D8WEC&pg=PA28&dq=number+heavens+biblical+cosmology#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last       = Kaplan
  | first      = Aryeh
  | title      = The Aryeh Kaplan Reader: The Gift He Left Behind
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=bv5lmlmRmbwC&pg=PA93&lpg=PA93&dq=hashem+elokim+mercy+justice#v=onepage&q=hashem%20elokim%20mercy%20justice&f=false
  | chapter    = Hashem/Elokim: Mixing Mercy with Justice
  | date       = 2002
  | page     = 224
  | publisher  = Mesorah Publication, Ltd.
  | isbn       = 0-89906-173-7
  | accessdate = 
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last1     = Keel
  | first1    = Othmar
  | title     = The Symbolism of the Biblical World| date      = 1997
  | publisher = Eisenbrauns
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=Fy4B1iMg33YC&pg=PA20&dq=similar#v=onepage&q=similar&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9781575060149
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = King
  | first     = Leonard
  | title     = Enuma Elish: The Seven Tablets of Creation; The Babylonian and Assyrian Legends Concerning the Creation of the World and of Mankind
  | publisher = Cosimo Inc
  | date      = 2010
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Kissling
  | first     = Paul
  | title     = Genesis, Volume 1
  | publisher = College Press
  | date      = 2004
  | volume    =
  | isbn      = 9780899008752
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=lotBnvqdmeQC&pg=PP4&dq=Genesis#v=onepage&q=In%20the%20beginning&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Knight
  | first     = Douglas A
  | editor    = Watson E. Mills (General Editor)
  | title     = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
  | publisher = Mercer University Press
  | chapter   = Cosmology
  | date      = 1990
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA176&dq=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible+Cosmology#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780865543737
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Knohl
  | first     = Israel
  | title     = The Divine Symphony: The Bible's Many Voices
  | publisher = Jewish Publication Society
  | date      = 2003
  | url       = https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Divine_Symphony.html?id=t9WlYeg1NrYC
  | ref       = 
| isbn     = 9780827610187
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Kooij
  | first     = Arie van der
  | chapter   = The Story of Paradise in the Light of Mesopotamian Culture and Literature|editor1-last=Dell|editor1-first=Katherine J|editor2-last=Davies|editor2-first=Graham|editor3-last=Koh|editor3-first=Yee Von
  | title     = Genesis, Isaiah, and Psalms
  | publisher = Brill
  | date      = 2010
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=1DXDt2-eJsYC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=The+story+of+Paradise+in+the+light+of+Mesopotamian+culture+and+literature#v=onepage&q=The%20story%20of%20Paradise%20in%20the%20light%20of%20Mesopotamian%20culture%20and%20literature&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9004182314
}}
* {{cite book
  | last1     = Kugler
  | first1    = Robert
  | last2     = Hartin
  | first2    = Patrick
  | title     = An Introduction to the Bible
  | publisher = Eerdmans
  | date      = 2009
  | url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Robert+Kugler,+Patrick+Hartin#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780802846365
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Kutsko
  | first     = John F.
  | title     = Between Heaven and Earth: Divine Presence and Absence in the Book of Ezekiel
  | publisher = Eisenbrauns
  | date      = 2000
  | isbn      = 9781575060415
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=ydAh7kxQuzMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Between+Heaven+and+Earth:+divine+presence+and+absence+in+the+Book+of+Ezekiel#v=onepage&q=Between%20Heaven%20and%20Earth%3A%20divine%20presence%20and%20absence%20in%20the%20Book%20of%20Ezekiel&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book| editor-last   = Kvam| editor-first  = Kristen E.| editor2-last  = Schearing| editor2-first = Linda S.| editor3-last  = Ziegler| editor3-first = Valarie H.
  | title     = Eve and Adam: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Readings on Genesis and Gender
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=Ux3bSDa2rHkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Eve+and+Adam:+Jewish,+Christian,+and+Muslim+readings+on+Genesis+and+gender#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | date      = 1999
  | publisher = Indiana University Press
  | isbn      = 0-253-21271-5
  | pages     = 515
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite news
|title = A New Look at the Babylonian Background of Genesis
|first = W. G.
|last = Lambert
|year=1965
|journal = The Journal of Theological Studies
|volume = 16
|number = 2
|pages = 287–300
| ref       = 
|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23959032?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
}}
* {{cite book
  | title     = Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia
  | last      = Leeming
  | first     = David A.
  | publisher = ABC-CLIO
  | volume    = 1
  | date      = 2010
  | url       = https://books.google.com/books/about/Creation_Myths_of_the_World_Parts_I_II.html?id=9I62BcuPxfYC
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9781598841749
}}
* {{cite book
  | title      = The Oxford Companion to World Mythology
  | last       = Leeming
  | first      = David A.
  | publisher  = Oxford University Press
  | chapter    = Biblical creation
  | date       = 2004
  | accessdate = 
  | url        = http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t208.e229
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | title      = The Oxford Companion to World Mythology
  | last1      = Leeming
  | first1     = David A.
  | last2      = Leeming
  | first2     = Margaret
  | publisher  = Oxford University Press
  | chapter    = A dictionary of creation myths
  | date       = 2009
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=vetARxZS-bMC&pg=PA113&dq=%22Genesis+contains+the+creation+myth+that+forms+the+basis+of+the+Judeo-Christian+tradition%22#v=onepage&q=%22Genesis%20contains%20the%20creation%20myth%20that%20forms%20the%20basis%20of%20the%20Judeo-Christian%20tradition%22&f=false
  | ref        = 
| isbn      = 9780195102758
  }}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Levenson
  | first     = Jon D.| editor1-last  = Berlin| editor1-first = Adele| editor2-last  = Brettler| editor2-first = Marc Zvi
  | title     = The Jewish study Bible
  | chapter   = Genesis: Introduction and Annotations
  | date      = 2004
  | pages     =
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | isbn      = 9780195297515
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=aDuy3p5QvEYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Jewish+study+Bible#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | chapter   = Introduction
  | editor    = Andrew Louth
  | title     = Genesis 1–11
  | last      = Louth
  | first     = Andrew
  | publisher = InterVarsity Press
  | date      = 2001
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=mw4uH4RIywEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Louth+Genesis+1-11#v=onepage&q=Louth%20Genesis%201-11&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780830814718
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = May
  | first     = Gerhard
  | title     = Creatio Ex Nihilo
  | publisher = T&T Clarke International
  | location  =
  | date      = 2004
  | isbn      = 9780567083562
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=eu4RBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179&dq=%22tension+between+the+idea+of+world-formation%22#v=onepage&q=%22tension%20between%20the%20idea%20of%20world-formation%22&f=false
  | edition   = Traducción inglesa de 1994
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | title     = Reading the Pentateuch: A Historical Introduction
  | last      = McDermott
  | first     = John J.
  | publisher = Paulist Press
  | date      = 2002
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=Dkr7rVd3hAQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reading+the+Pentateuch:+a+historical+introduction#v=onepage&q=Reading%20the%20Pentateuch%3A%20a%20historical%20introduction&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780809140824
}}
* {{cite book
  | last           = McMullin
  | first          = Ernin
  |editor1-last    = Burrell
  |editor1-first     = David B.
  |editor2-last      = Cogliati
  |editor2-first     = Carlo
  |editor3-last      = Soskice
  |editor3-first     = Janet M.
  |editor4-last      = Stoeger 
  |editor4-first     = William R.
  | title          = Creation and the God of Abraham
  | publisher      = Cambridge University Press
  | location       = Cambridge
  | isbn           = 9781139490788
  | chapter        = Creation Ex Nihilo: Early History
  | date           = 2010
  | url            = https://books.google.com/?id=iV-dWv_WhG0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Creation+and+the+God+of+Abraham#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref            = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last1     = Nebe
  | first1    = Gottfried
  | chapter   = Creation in Paul's Theology| editor1-last       = Hoffman| editor1-first      = Yair| editor2-last       = Reventlow| editor2-first      = Henning Graf
  | title     = Creation in Jewish and Christian Tradition
  | date      = 2002
  | publisher = Sheffield Academic Press
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=tz_8VGMy014C&pg=PA111&dq=Gottfried+Nebe+Creation+in+Paul%27s+Theology#v=onepage&q=Gottfried%20Nebe%20Creation%20in%20Paul%27s%20Theology&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780567573933
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Parrish
  | first     = V. Steven
  | editor    = Watson E. Mills (General Editor)
  | title     = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
  | publisher = Mercer University Press
  | chapter   = Creation
  | date      = 1990
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA183&dq=Creation,+Wisdom+and+the+Torah#v=onepage&q=Creation%2C%20Wisdom%20and%20the%20Torah&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780865543737
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Penchansky
  | first     = David
  | title     = Twilight of the Gods: Polytheism in the Hebrew Bible
  | publisher = Westminster/John Knox Press
  | location  = U.S.
  | date      = Nov 2005
  | isbn      = 0-664-22885-2
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=BDq7AUgIYacC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Twilight+of+the+Gods:+Polytheism+in+the+Hebrew+Bible#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last       = Propp
  | first      = W.H.
  | authorlink = | editor1-last  = Propp| editor1-first = W.H.| editor2-last  = Halpern| editor2-first = Baruch| editor3-last  = Freedman| editor3-first = D.N.
  | title      = The Hebrew Bible and its Interpreters
  | date       = 1990
  | publisher  = Eisenbrauns
  | location   =
  | language   =
  | isbn       = 9780931464522
  | pages      =
  | chapter    = Eden Sketches
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=93eMm1X80vcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Hebrew+Bible+and+its+interpreters#v=onepage&q=The%20Hebrew%20Bible%20and%20its%20interpreters&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last       = Ruiten
  | first      = Jacques T. A. G. M.
  | authorlink =
  | title      = Primaeval History Interpreted
  | date       = 2000
  | publisher  = Brill
  | location   =
  | language   =
  | isbn       = 9004116583
  | pages      =
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=1xxo82l7TeQC&pg=PA9&dq=framework#v=onepage&q=eight%20acts%20of%20creation%20six%20day%20framework&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Rogerson
  | first     = John William
  | title     = Genesis 1–11
  | publisher = T&T Clark
  | date      = 1991
  | url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=EFle13pCS0wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Genesis+1-11+John+William+Rogerson#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780567083388
}}
* {{cite book
  | last       = Sarna
  | first      = Nahum M.
  | authorlink = Nahum Sarna| editor-last  = Feyerick| editor-first = Ada
  | title      = Genesis: World of Myths and Patriarchs
  | date       = 1997
  | publisher  = NYU Press
  | location   = New York
  | language   =
  | isbn       = 0-8147-2668-2
  | pages      = 560
  | chapter    = The Mists of Time: Genesis I–II
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=c7BSe16MeRsC&pg=PA49&dq=Sarna#v=onepage&q=The%20Mists%20of%20Time%3A%20Genesis%20I-II%20Nahum%20Sarna&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | authorlink =
  | title      = Dictionary of Biblical Imagery
  | chapter    = Cosmology| editor1-last       = Ryken| editor1-first      = Leland| editor2-last       = Wilhoit| editor2-first      = Jim| editor3-last       = Longman| editor3-first      = Tremper| editor4-last       = Duriez| editor4-first      = Colin|editor5-first=Douglas|editor5-last=Penney|editor6-first=Daniel G.|editor6-last=Reid
  | date       = 1998
  | publisher  = InterVarsity Press
  | isbn       = 9780830867332
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=qjEYEjVVEosC&pg=PA172&dq=biblical+firmament#v=onepage&q=biblical%20firmament&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Sawyer
  | first     = John F.A.
  | chapter   = The Image of God, the Wisdom of Serpents, and the Knowledge of Good and Evil
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=x6qOWyyQ87cC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Morris+Sawyer+A+Walk+in+the+Garden#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | editor    = Paul Morris, Deborah Sawyer
  | title     = A Walk in the Garden: Biblical, Iconographical and Literary Images of Eden
  | publisher = Sheffield Academic Press Press
  | date      = 1992
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780567024473
}}
* {{cite book
|last1=Schwartz |first1=Howard |last2=Loebel-Fried |first2=Caren |last3=Ginsburg |first3=Elliot K. |date=2007 |title=Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=704 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=60iVk1p8Y9IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tree+of+Souls+:+The+Mythology+of+Judaism:+The+Mythology+of+Judaism#v=onepage&q=Tree%20of%20Souls%20%3A%20The%20Mythology%20of%20Judaism%3A%20The%20Mythology%20of%20Judaism&f=false
| ref = 
|isbn=9780195358704 }}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Seidman
  | first     = Naomi
  | chapter   = Translation
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=H4JvhWo04oEC&pg=PA166&lpg=PA166&dq=%22on+the+subject+of+creation+biblical+tradition+aligned+itself+with+the+traditional+tenets+of+Babylonian+science%22#v=onepage&q=%22on%20the%20subject%20of%20creation%20biblical%20tradition%20aligned%20itself%20with%20the%20traditional%20tenets%20of%20Babylonian%20science%22&f=false
  | editor    = Ronald Hendel
  | title     = Reading Genesis: Ten Methods
  | publisher = Cambridge University Press
  | date      = 2010
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780521518611
}}
* {{cite journal
  | last1     = Seeley
  | first1    = Paul H.
  | date      = 1991
  | title     = The Firmament and the Water Above: The Meaning of ''Raqia'' in Genesis 1:6–8
  | journal   = Westminster Theological Journal
  | volume    = 53
  | pages     = 227–40
  | publisher = Westminster Theological Seminary
  | url       = http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/OTeSources/01-Genesis/Text/Articles-Books/Seely-Firmament-WTJ.pdf
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite journal
  | last1     = Seeley
  | first1    = Paul H.
  | date      = 1997
  | title     = The Geographical Meaning of 'Earth' and 'Seas' in Genesis 1:10
  | journal   = Westminster Theological Journal
  | volume    = 59
  | publisher = Westminster Theological Seminary
  | pages     = 231–55
  | url       = http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/OTeSources/01-Genesis/Text/Articles-Books/Seely_EarthSeas_WTJ.pdf
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Ska
  | first     = Jean-Louis
  | title     = Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch
  | publisher = Eisenbrauns
  | date      = 2006
  | url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Introduction+to+reading+the+Pentateuch+Jean+Louis+Ska#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9781575061221
}}
* {{cite book
  | authorlink = Mark S. Smith
  | last       = Smith
  | first      = Mark S.
  | title      = The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel
  | publisher  = William B Eerdmans Publishing Co
  | edition    = 2nd
  | date       = Out 2002
  | isbn       = 0-8028-3972-X
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Early+History+of+God#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | authorlink = Mark S. Smith
  | last       = Smith
  | first      = Mark S.
  | title      = The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts
  | publisher  = Oxford University Press USA
  | edition    = New
  | date       = Nov 2001
  | isbn       = 0-19-516768-6
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=qKBlFnQj4AEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Origins#v=onepage&q=he%20Origins%20of%20Biblical%20Monotheism%3A%20Israel%27s%20Polytheistic%20Background%20and%20the%20Ugaritic%20Texts&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last           = Soskice
  | first          = Janet M.
  | chapter        = Creatio ex nihilo: its Jewish and Christian foundations|editor1-last      = Burrell|editor1-first     = David B.|editor2-last      = Cogliati|editor2-first     = Carlo|editor3-last      = Soskice|editor3-first     = Janet M.|editor4-last      = Stoeger|editor4-first     = William R.
  | title          = Creation and the God of Abraham
  | date           = 2010
  | publisher      = Cambridge University Press
  | url            = https://books.google.com/?id=iV-dWv_WhG0C&pg=PA24&dq=Creatio+ex+nihilo+its+jewish+and+christian+foundations+Janet+Soskice#v=onepage&q=Creatio%20ex%20nihilo%20its%20jewish%20and%20christian%20foundations%20Janet%20Soskice&f=false
  | ref            = 
  | isbn           = 9781139490788
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Speiser
  | first     = Ephraim Avigdor
  | title     = Genesis
  | publisher = Doubleday
  | date      = 1964
  | isbn      =
  | pages     =
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=HhYSAQAAIAAJ&dq=Pentateuch+a+composite+work%2C+the+product+of+many+hands+and+periods&q=composite+work#search_anchor
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Spence
  | first     = Lewis
  | title     = Myths and Legends of Babylonia and Assyria
  | origyear  = 1916
  | date      = 2010
  | publisher = Cosimo, Inc.
  | isbn      = 978-1616404642
  | page      = 72
  | url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=nla68_sQEhoC&pg=PA72#v=onepage&q=Tiawath%20%22Old%20Testament%22&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Stenhouse
  | first     = John
  | editor    = Gary B. Ferngren
  | title     = The History of Science and Religion in the Western Tradition: An Encyclopedia
  | publisher = Garland Publishing, Inc
  | location  = New York, London
  | page      = 76
  | isbn      = 0-8153-1656-9
  | chapter   = Genesis and Science
  | date      = 2000
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Stagg
  | first     = Evelyn and Frank
  | title     = Woman in the World of Jesus
  | publisher = Westminster Press
  | location  = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
  | page      = 135
  | isbn      = 0-664-24195-6
  | chapter   = Genesis and Science
  | date      = 1978
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | authorlink =
  | last       = Stordalen
  | first      = Terje
  | title      = Echoes of Eden
  | publisher  = Peeters
  | edition    =
  | date       = 2000
  | isbn       = 9789042908543
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=UIXwojA2_nYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Echoes+of+Eden#v=onepage&q=Echoes%20of%20Eden%3A%20Genesis%202-3%20and%20symbolism%20of%20the%20Eden%20garden%20in%20Biblical&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | authorlink =
  | last       = Thomas
  | first      = Matthew A.
  | title      = These Are the Generations: Identity, Covenant and the Toledot Formula
  | publisher  = T&T Clark (Continuum)
  | edition    =
  | date       = 2011
  | isbn       = 9780567487643
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=wkpoApcZJTAC&pg=PA96&dq=Generations#v=onepage&q=These%20Are%20the%20Generations%3A%20Identity%2C%20Covenant%20and%20the%20Toledot%20Formula&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Thompson
  | first     = J. A.
  | title     = Jeremiah
  | edition   = 2nd
  | series    = New International Commentary on the Old Testament
  | date      = 1980
  | publisher = Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
  | isbn      = 0-8028-2530-3
  | pages     = 831
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=lm6tdzZwNOEC&pg=PP4&dq=Thompson#v=onepage&q=J.A%20Thompson%20Jeremiah&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Tsumura
  | first     = David Toshio
  | title     = Creation And Destruction: A Reappraisal of the Chaoskampf Theory in the Old Testament
  | date      = 2005
  | publisher = Eisenbrauns
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=qevX11bQRi8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Creation+And+Destruction:+A+Reappraisal+of+the+Chaoskampf+Theory+in+the+Old+Testament
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9781575061061
}}
* {{cite book
  | last       = Turner
  | first      = Laurence A.
  | authorlink =
  | title      = Genesis
  | date       = 2009
  | publisher  = Sheffield Phoenix Press
  | isbn       = 9781906055653
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=SvxTWrBZVtwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Turner+Genesis#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Van Seters
  | first     = John
  | chapter   = The Pentateuch
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&pg=PA3&dq=Van+Seters+The+Pentateuch+The+Hebrew+bible+today#v=onepage&q=Van%20Seters%20The%20Pentateuch%20The%20Hebrew%20bible%20today&f=false|editor1-last=McKenzie|editor1-first=Steven L.|editor2-last=Graham|editor2-first=M. Patrick
  | title     = The Hebrew Bible Today: An Introduction to Critical Issues
  | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
  | date      = 1998
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780664256524
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Van Seters
  | first     = John
  | title     = Prologue to History: The Yahwist As Historian in Genesis
  | edition   =
  | series    = New International Commentary on the Old Testament
  | date      = 1992
  | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press
  | isbn      = 0-664-22179-3
  | pages     =
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=zRl8aj_KiM4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Prologue+to+History#v=snippet&q=Creation%20Genesis&f=false
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Walsh
  | first     = Jerome T.
  | title     = Style and Structure in Biblical Hebrew Narrative
  | series    =
  | volume    =
  | date      = 2001
  | publisher = Liturgical Press
  | pages     =
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=hGeXrcQTZ2kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Walsh#v=onepage&q=Walsh%20Style%20and%20structure%20in%20Biblical%20Hebrew%20narrative&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780814658970
}}
* {{cite journal
 |last1=Waltke
 |first1=Bruce
 |date=1991
 |title=The Literary Genre of Genesis, Chapter One
 |journal=Crux
 |volume=27:4
 |pages=
 |publisher=Westminster Theological Seminary
 |url=http://home.comcast.net/~oregonstate-fscf/fscf_apr_19_2006_acro5.pdf
 |ref=
 |deadurl=yes
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429190036/http://home.comcast.net/~oregonstate-fscf/fscf_apr_19_2006_acro5.pdf
 |archivedate=29 de abril de 2014
 |df=dmy
}}
* {{cite book
  | authorlink = John H. Walton (theologian)
  | last       = Walton
  | first      = John H.
  | title      = Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible
  | publisher  = Baker Academic
  | date       = 2006
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=rhb20fH7cZYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ancient+Near+Eastern+Thought+and+the+Old+Testament:+Introducing+the+Conceptual+World+of+the+Hebrew+Bible#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | isbn       = 0-8010-2750-0
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Walton
  | first     = John H.
  | chapter   = Creation
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=Ao5ecZ0ZsG8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+the+Old+Testament:+Pentateuch+Alexander#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | editor    = T. Desmond Alexander, David Weston Baker
  | title     = Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch
  | publisher = InterVarsity Press
  | date      = 2003
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780830817818
}}
* {{cite book
  | authorlink = John H. Walton (theologian)
  | last       = Walton
  | first      = John H.
  | title      = Genesis
  | publisher  = Zondervan
  | date       = 2001
  | isbn       = 978-0-310-86620-6
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=qNbx-84TAwQC&pg=PT77&dq=God+and+the+forces+of+Chaos+%281:2%29#v=onepage&q=God%20and%20the%20forces%20of%20Chaos%20%281%3A2%29&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last1      = Walton
  | first1     = John H.
  | last2      = Matthews
  | first2     = Victor H.
  | last3      = Chavalas
  | first3     = Mark W.
  | authorlink =
  | title      = The IVP Bible Background Commentary: Old Testament
  | chapter    = Genesis
  | date       = 2000
  | publisher  = InterVarsity Press
  | isbn       = 9780830814190
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=wIA3tH9HqY4C&pg=PA505&dq=cosmology+hebrew+bible#v=onepage&q=cosmology%20hebrew%20bible&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Wenham
  | first     = Gordon
  | title     = Exploring the Old Testament: A Guide to the Pentateuch
  | series    = Exploring the Bible Series
  | volume    = 1
  | date      = 2003a
  | publisher = IVP Academic
  | pages     = 223
  | ref       = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Wenham
  | first     = Gordon
  | chapter   = Genesis|editor1-last=Dunn|editor1-first=James Douglas Grant|editor2-last=Rogerson|editor2-first=J. John William
  | title     = Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible
  | publisher = Eerdmans
  | date      = 2003b
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA32&dq=Eerdmans+Commentary+on+the+Bible+Genesis#v=onepage&q=Eerdmans%20Commentary%20on%20the%20Bible%20Genesis&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780802837110
}}
* {{cite book
  | authorlink = Gordon Wenham
  | last       = Wenham
  | first      = Gordon
  | url        =
  | title      = Genesis 1–15
  | volume     = 1 and 2
  | publisher  = Word Books
  | date       = 1987
  | isbn       = 0-8499-0200-2
  | location   = Texas
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Whybray
  | first     = R.N
  | chapter   = Genesis
  | editor    = John Barton
  | title     = Oxford Bible Commentary
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | date      = 2001
  | url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&pg=PA38&dq=Whybray#v=onepage&q=4.%20Genesis%20Whybray%20Genesis%20and%20the%20Pentateuch&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780198755005
}}
* {{cite book
  | last      = Wood
  | first     = Ralpth C
  | editor    = Watson E. Mills (General Editor)
  | title     = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
  | publisher = Mercer University Press
  | chapter   = Genre, Concept of
  | date      = 1990
  | url       = https://books.google.com/?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA323&lpg=PA323&dq=Mercer+dictionary+bible+genre+concept#v=onepage&q=Mercer%20dictionary%20bible%20genre%20concept&f=false
  | ref       = 
  | isbn      = 9780865543737
}}
* {{cite book
  | last1      = Wright
  | first1     = J. Edward
  | authorlink =
  | title      = The Early History of Heaven
  | chapter    = | date       = 2002
  | publisher  = Oxford University Press
  | isbn       = 9780195348491
  | url        = https://books.google.com/?id=lKvMeMorNBEC&pg=PA42&dq=Mesopotamian#v=onepage&q&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
* {{cite book
  | last       = Wylen
  | first      = Stephen M.
  | title      = The Seventy Faces of Torah: The Jewish way of Reading the Sacred Scriptures
  | date       = 2005
  | publisher  = Paulist Press
  | isbn       = 0-8091-4179-5
  | pages      = 256
  | chapter    = Chapter 6 Midrash
  | chapterurl = https://books.google.com/books?id=0EqnRc4FF30C&pg=PA108&dq=divine+names+mercy+justice+judaism&ei=tFQeS8KoGYHMM-uekfoI&cd=10#v=onepage&q=&f=false
  | ref        = 
}}
{{-fim|2}}

== Ligações externas ==
{{Commons|Gênesis}}
* {{link|pt|2=http://www.shalomhaverim.org|3=Estudos bíblicos do livro do Gênesis e vídeos sobre os mesmos temas}}
* {{link|pt|2=http://www.judaismovirtual.com|3=Explicação do livro do Gênesis e outros textos da Torá}}
* {{link|la|2=http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_genesis_lt.html|3=Livro do Gênesis}}

{{Criacionismo}}
{{Portal3|Religião|Cristianismo|Catolicismo}}

[[Categoria:Cosmogonias]]
[[Categoria:Mitologia judaica]]
[[Categoria:Criacionismo]]