Jump to content

د "يمن" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير

د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا
Content deleted Content added
و robot Adding: mn:Йемен
ود سمون لنډیز نسته
نښلن: 2017 source edit
 
(د همدغه کارن لخوا کينډۍ:پلورل)
۱ کرښه: ۱ کرښه:
{{هراړخيز مالوماتبکس}}یمن، په رسمي ډول د یمن جمهوري هېواد (عربي: ٱلْجُمْهُورِيَّةُ ٱلْيَمَنِيَّةُ) چې له تاریخي پلوه د سویلي عربستان (عربي: العربية الجنوبية) په نوم پېژندل کېږي، د لویدیځې آسیا هېواد دی چې د عرب ټاپووزمې په سویلي څنډه کې موقعیت لري. له شمال لوري له سعودي عربستان او له شمال ختیځ لوري له عمان سره ګاونډی دی او له ایرتیریا، جیپوتي او سومالیا سره ګډې سمندري پولې لري. دغه هېواد، د مساحت له مخې په عرب ټاپووزمه کې دویم لوی عربي خپلواک هېواد دی، چې مساحت یې ۵۵۵ زره کیلومتر مربع (۲۱۴ زره مایل مربع) دی. ساحلې کرښې یې نږدې ۲۰۰۰ کیلومتره (۱۲۰۰ مایله) اوږدوالی لري. د اساسي قانون له مخې د دغه هېواد پلازمېنه او لوی ښار صنعا دی. په ۲۰۲۱ ز کال کې د دغه هېواد د وګړو شمېر ۳۰ میلیونه او  ۴۹۱۰۰۰ کسه اټکل شوی دی.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQvhZaEVzjcC|title=Yemen|last=McLaughlin|first=Daniel|date=1 February 2008|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-212-5|page=3}}</ref>
{{ delete |The article is compeletly in English, not in Pashto}}


په لرغوني مهال کې، یمن د سبائیانو کور او یو سوداګریز هېواد و چې د معاصرې ایتوپیا او ایرتیریا یو شمېر برخې په کې شاملېدلې. په ۲۷۵ ز کال کې د حمیر پاچهي (په یمن کې د هغه مهال پاچهي وه چې یمن ته هم د حمیر هېواد ویل کېده) د یهودیت تر اغېز لاندې راغله. عیسویت په څلورمه پېړۍ کې دغه هېواد ته راغی. اسلام په دغه هېواد کې په اوومه پېړۍ کې په پراخه کچه پراختیا ومونده او په لومړنیو اسلامي فتوحاتو کې یمني ځواکونو مهم رول درلود. له ۹ مې پېړۍ نه تر ۱۶ مې پېړۍ پورې ګڼ شمېر واکمنې سلسلې، لکه: بنو رسول (یا رسول کورنۍ) رامنځته شوې. په ۱۸۰۰ مه لسیزه کې دغه هېواد د عثماني سترواکۍ او بریتانوي سترواکۍ ترمنځ ووېشل شو. له لومړۍ نړیوالې جګړې وروسته او په ۱۹۶۲ ز کال کې د یمن د جمهوریت له تاسیس وړاندې د یمن د زیدي متوکليانو پاچهي جوړه شوه. سویلي یمن تر ۱۹۶۷ ز کال پورې، هغه مهال چې دغه هېواد خپلواکي واخیسته، د بریتانیا تر ملاتړ لاندې و او د عدن تحت الحمایت یې باله، وروسته په یوه مارکسیست - لېننیست هېواد واوښت. دوه یمني دولتونه د یمن د معاصر جمهوریت (عربي: الجمهوریه الیمنیه) د جوړېدو په موخه، په ۱۹۹۰ ز کال کې سره یو موټي شول. د دغه نوي جمهوریت لومړی ولسمشرعلي عبدالله صالح و چې په ۲۰۱۲ ز کال کې یې د عرب پسرلي پر مهال استعفا ورکړه.<ref name="Burrowes2010">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tjXRfqBv_0UC|title=Historical Dictionary of Yemen|last=Burrowes|first=Robert D.|date=2010|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-5528-1|pages=319}}</ref><ref name="Simpson2002">{{cite book|author=St. John Simpson|year=2002|title=Queen of Sheba: treasures from ancient Yemen|page=8|publisher=British Museum Press|isbn=0-7141-1151-1}}</ref><ref name="Kitchen2003">{{cite book|author=Kenneth Anderson Kitchen|year=2003|title=On the Reliability of the Old Testament|url=https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc|url-access=limited|page=[https://archive.org/details/onreliabilityold00kitc/page/n139 116]|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|isbn=0-8028-4960-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Yaakov Kleiman|year=2004|title=DNA & Tradition: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews|page=70|publisher=Devora Publishing|isbn=1-930143-89-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Marta Colburn|year=2002|title=The Republic of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century|page=13|publisher=CIIR|isbn=1-85287-249-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Karl R. DeRouen|title=Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Volume 1|author2=Uk Heo|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1-85109-919-1|page=810}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Laura Etheredge|title=Saudi Arabia and Yemen|year=2011|page=137|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-61530-335-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Burrowes|first1=Robert|title=Why Most Yemenis Should Despise Ex-president Ali Abdullah Saleh|url=http://www.yementimes.com/en/1550/opinion/488/Why-most-Yemenis-should-despise--ex-president-Ali-Abdullah-Saleh.htm|website=Yemen Times|access-date=20 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616171932/http://www.yementimes.com/en/1550/opinion/488/Why-most-Yemenis-should-despise--ex-president-Ali-Abdullah-Saleh.htm|archive-date=16 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{Infobox_Country|
|native_name = الجمهورية اليمنية<br>''Al-Ǧumhūriyyah al-Yamaniyyah''
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Yemen
|common_name = Yemen
|image_flag = Flag of Yemen.svg
|image_coat = Yemen_Coat.jpg
|image_map = LocationYemen.png
|national_motto = none
|national_anthem = [[United Republic]]
|official_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
|capital = [[Sana'a]]
|latd=15 |latm=21 |latNS=N |longd=12 |longm=24 |longEW=E |
|largest_city = [[Sana'a]]
|government_type = [[Parliamentary republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of Yemen|President]]
|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Yemen|Prime Minister]]
|leader_name1 = [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]]
|leader_name2 = [[Abdul Qadir Bajamal]]
|area_rank = 49th
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area= 527,970
|areami²= 203,850<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
|percent_water = negligible
|population_estimate = 20,975,000
|population_estimate_year = July 2005
|population_estimate_rank = 51st
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density = 39
|population_densitymi² =101 <!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
|population_density_rank = 160th
|GDP_PPP_year= 2005
|GDP_PPP = $17.2 Billion <!--cia-->
|GDP_PPP_rank = 110th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $751
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 175th
|sovereignty_type = [[History of Yemen|Unification]]
|sovereignty_note = [[May 22]], [[1990]]
|HDI_year = 2003
|HDI = 0.489
|HDI_rank = 151st
|HDI_category = <font style="color:#E0584E">low</font>
|currency = [[Yemeni rial]]
|currency_code = YER
|country_code = YEM
|time_zone =
|utc_offset = +3
|time_zone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST = +4
|cctld = [[.ye]]
|calling_code = 967
|footnotes =
}}
{{otheruses}}
'''Yemen''', officially the '''Republic of Yemen''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: الجمهورية اليمنية), composed of former [[North Yemen|North]] and [[South Yemen]], is a country on the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in [[Southwest Asia]] and is a part of the [[Middle East]], bordering the [[Arabian Sea]] and [[Gulf of Aden]] on
the south and the [[Red Sea]] on the west. It borders [[عمان]] to the northeast and [[سعودي عربستان]] elsewhere. Its territory includes the remote island of [[Socotra]], about 350 kilometres (217 [[mile|mi]]) to the south off the coast of [[East Africa]].


له ۲۰۱۱ ز کال وروسته، یمن د سیاسي کړکېچ شاهد و چې د بې وزلۍ، بېکارۍ، فساد او د ولسمشر صالح د هغه پلان په اړه چې غوښتل یې د اساسي قانون په تعدیل سره د ولسمشرۍ د دورو محدودیت له منځه یوسي، اړوند لاریونونه پیل شول. ولسمشر صالح استعفا ورکړه او واک عبدربه منصور هادي ته ولېږدول شو. له دې وروسته، دغه هېواد د یو شمېر دولتي بنسټونو ترمنځ د داخلي جګړې شاهد و (په دغه جګړه کې سعودي عربستان، د هادي دولت د بیا واکمنېدو په موخه نظامي لاسوهنه کړې) چې په کې د یمن کابینه، عالي سیاسي شورا او د سویل انتقالي شورا شامل دي. د ۲۰۱۶ ز کال له جنوري میاشتې وروسته، لږ تر لږه ۵۶ زره ملکي وګړي او جنګیالي، د دغه هېواد په وسله وال تاوتریخوالي کې وژل شوي  دي. جګړه د قحطي لامل شوې، چې ۱۷ میلیونه وګړې یې تر اغېز لاندې راغلي دي. <ref name="Gelvin">{{cite book|author=James L. Gelvin|title=The Arab Uprisings: What Everyone Needs to Know|year=2012|page=68|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-989177-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://muftah.org/houthis-successful-yemen/#.VCicqfldWSo|author=Mareike Transfeld|title=Capturing Sanaa: Why the Houthis Were Successful in Yemen|date=2014|website=Muftah|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/ipi_e_pub_mediating_transition.pdf|author=Steven A. Zyck|title=Mediating Transition in Yemen: Achievements and Lessons|date=2014|website=International Peace Institute|access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/monkey-cage/wp/2014/09/26/shifting-balances-of-power-in-yemens-crisis/|author=Silvana Toska|title=Shifting balances of power in Yemen's crisis|date=26 September 2014|website=The Washington Post|access-date=24 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="glorious">{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/02/houthi-leader-vows-defend-glorious-revolution-150207145038603.html|agency=Al Jazeera|title=Houthi leader vows to defend 'glorious revolution'|date=8 February 2015|access-date=7 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yemen's fate was sealed six years ago|first=Noha|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/yemen-fate-sealed-years-171123110813931.html|last=Aboueldahab|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Yemen war death toll is five times higher than we think – we can't shrug off our responsibilities any longer|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/yemen-war-death-toll-saudi-arabia-allies-how-many-killed-responsibility-a8603326.html|work=The Independent|date=26 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bin Javaid|first1=Osama|title=A cry for help: Millions facing famine in Yemen|work=[[Al-Jazeera]]|date=25 April 2017|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/news/2017/04/raises-famine-alarm-yemen-170425075042281.html|access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bin Javaid|first1=Osama|title=A cry for help: Millions facing famine in Yemen|work=[[Al-Jazeera]]|date=25 April 2017|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/news/2017/04/raises-famine-alarm-yemen-170425075042281.html|access-date=28 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/05/saudi-led-naval-blockade-worsens-yemen-humanitarian-disaster|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|title=Saudi-led naval blockade leaves 20&nbsp;m Yemenis facing humanitarian disaster|date=5 June 2015|first=Julian|last=Borger|author-link=Julian Borger|access-date=31 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/yemen-air-strike-bomb-kills-140-saudi-arabia-usa-white-house-a7352386.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|title=Saudi-led coalition in Yemen accused of 'genocide' after airstrike on funeral hall kills 140|date=October 9, 2016|first=Benjamin|last=Kentish|access-date=August 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=US complicity in the Saudi-led genocide in Yemen spans Obama, Trump administrations|url=https://theconversation.com/us-complicity-in-the-saudi-led-genocide-in-yemen-spans-obama-trump-administrations-106896|last=Bachman|first=Jeff|date=November 26, 2018|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|access-date=January 13, 2020|quote=As a scholar of genocide and human rights, I believe the destruction brought about by these attacks combined with the blockade amounts to genocide.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|type=Essay|last=Taves|first=Harold|date=2019-02-23|title=Genocide in Yemen-Is the West Complicit?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331306103|quote=Is there a genocide in Yemen? Based on the definition of genocide: The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. The answer is an unequivocal YES.}}</ref>
== History ==
{{main|History of Yemen}}
[[Image:Hajarin.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The town of Hajarin, which features some of the oldest "skyscrapers" in the world - six story buildings made of mud bricks and mortar.]]
Yemen was one of the oldest centres of civilization in the Near East. Between the 9th century [[BC]] and the 6th century [[Anno Domini|AD]], it was part of the [[Minaean]], [[Sabaean]], [[Himyarite]], [[Qataban]]ian, [[Hadhramawt]]ian, and [[Awsan]]ian kingdoms, which controlled the lucrative spice trade. It was known to the [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] as "Arabia Felix" ("Happy Arabia") because of the riches its trade generated; [[Augustus Caesar]] attempted to annex it, but the expedition failed; [[Persia]]n [[Monarch|kings]] were more successful and Yemen became a [[Sassanid]] Persian province in 597/8 under a Persian [[satrap]]. In the 6th and early 7th centuries, Yemen was successively incorporated into the Ethiopian and Persian Sassanid empires. In the [[7th century]], Islamic [[caliph]]s began to exert control over the area. After this caliphate broke up, the former north Yemen came under control of [[Imams]] of various dynasties usually of the [[Zaidi]] sect, who established a theocratic political structure that survived until modern times. (Imam is a religious term. The [[Shiites]] apply it to the prophet Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, his sons Hassan and Hussein, and subsequent lineal descendants, whom they consider to have been divinely ordained unclassified successors of the prophet.)


یمن د عربي ټولنې، ملګرو ملتونو، ناپېیلي غورځنګ او د اسلامي همکاریو سازمان غړی دی. «د تلپاتې ودې د شاخصونو په برخه کې د سختو محدودیتونو» له امله، دغه هېواد د لږ پرمختللو هېوادونو ډلې ته اړوندېږي. په ۲۰۱۹ ز کال کې ملګرو ملتونو راپور ورکړ چې، یمن هغه هېواد چې ګڼ شمېر وګړې يې، چې شمېر یې نږدې ۲۴ میلیونه تنو ته رسېږي او د وګړو د شمېر ۸۵٪ یې جوړوي، بشري مرستو ته اړتیا لري. په ۲۰۲۰ ز کال کې، دغه هېواد د هېوادونو د زیان منلو د شاخص له مخې، د دغو هېوادونو په سر کې ځای درلود. یمن د نړیوالې لوږې په نوملړ کې دویم ځای لري، یوازې ترې د مرکزي افریقا جمهوریت مخکې دی او د انساني ودې د شاخص له مخې، په ټولو غیر افریقايي هېوادونو کې وروستی هېواد دی.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-05-25|title=LDCs at a Glance {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category/ldcs-at-a-glance.html|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Economic Analysis & Policy Division {{!}} Dept of Economic & Social Affairs {{!}} United Nations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-09-23|title=Least Developed Countries (LDCs) {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/least-developed-country-category.html|access-date=2020-07-29|website=Economic Analysis & Policy Division {{!}} Dept of Economic & Social Affairs {{!}} United Nations}}</ref><ref name="ReliefWeb 2019">{{cite web|title=Yemen: 2019 Humanitarian Needs Overview &#91;EN/AR&#93;|website=ReliefWeb|publisher=United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA)|date=2019-02-14|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/yemen/yemen-2019-humanitarian-needs-overview-enar|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref><ref name="fragilestatesindex.org">{{Cite web|title=Global Data {{!}} Fragile States Index|url=https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/|access-date=2020-07-29|website=fragilestatesindex.org}}</ref>
Egyptian [[Sunni]] Caliphs occupied much of north Yemen throughout the 11th century. By the [[16th century]] and again in the [[19th century]], north Yemen was part of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and in some periods its Imams exerted control over south Yemen.


== سیاست ==
[[North Yemen]] became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1918 and became a republic in 1962. The British, who had set up a protective area around the southern port of [[Aden]] in the [[19th century]], withdrew in 1967 from what became [[South Yemen]]. In 1970, the southern government adopted a [[Communist]] governmental system. The two countries were formally [[political union|united]] as the Republic of Yemen on [[May 22]], [[1990]].
یمن د دوو قانون جوړوونکو جرګو لرونکی جمهوریت دی. د ۱۹۹۱ ز کال د اساسي قانون له مخې، ټاکل کېدونکی ولسمشر، ۳۰۱ چوکۍ لرونکې ولسي جرګه او ۱۱۱ غړي لرونکې مشورتي شورا لري، چې ترمنځ یې واک وېشل شوی دی. ولسمشر د دولت رئیس او لومړی وزیر د حکومت مشر دی. په صنعا کې، عالي سیاسي شورا (چې په نړیواله کچه په رسمیت نه ده پېژندل شوې) حکومت جوړوي.


د ۱۹۹۱ ز کال د اساسي قانون له مخې، ولسمشر باید د لږ تر لږه دوو نوماندانو له منځه، چې د پارلمان د غړو لږ تر لږه ۱۵ موافقې رایې له ځان سره ولري، د عامه ټاکنو له مخې وټاکل شي. په خپل وار سره لومړی وزیر، د ولسمشر له خوا ټاکل کېږي او باید د پارلمان له درېیو نه دوه برخې رایې ترلاسه کړي. ولسمشریزه دوره یې اووه کاله ده او ټاکل کېدونکې پارلماني دوره یې هم شپږ کاله ده. د اتلسو کلونو او له هغه نه زیات عمر لرونکي کسان، د رایو ورکولو حق لري، خو یوازې مسلمانان کولای شي، ټاکنیز منصب ولري.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51614.htm|title=Yemen|work=State.gov|date=8 November 2005|access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref>
== Politics ==
<!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series-->
{{morepolitics|country=Yemen}}


ولسمشر علي عبدالله صالح، له ۱۹۹۹ ز کال وروسته د بیاځلي یو موټي یمن لومړنی ټاکل شوی ولسمشر دی (په داسې حال کې چې له ۱۹۹۰ ز کال وروسته د یو موټي یمن او له ۱۹۷۸ ز کال وروسته د شمالي یمن ولسمشر و). هغه بیاځلي په ۲۰۰۶ ز کال کې د ولسمشر په توګه وټاکل شو. د صالح بریا د هغو ټاکنو له مخې اعلان شوه چې، نړیوالو څارونکو هغه «تر یوه بریده آزادې» ټاکنې وبللې، په داسې حال کې چې دغه ټاکنې له تاوتریخوالي، د مطبوعاتو د آزادۍ له محدودیت او ټاکنیزو درغلیو له تورونو سره مل وې. پارلماني ټاکنې د ۲۰۰۳ ز کال په اپریل میاشت کې تر سره شوې او د خلکو عمومي کانګرس (General People's Congress) په کې خپل اکثریت وساته. صالح تر ۲۰۱۱ ز کال پورې، له سیالیو پرته په خپله چوکۍ پاتې شو، تر هغه مهاله چې د بیاځلي ټاکنو د نه ترسره کېدو اړوند سیمه ییزې ناهیلۍ او په ۲۰۱۱ ز کال کې د عرب پسرلي اغېزې د دې لامل شوې، څو ګڼ شمېر ټولیز لاریونونه رامنځته شي. په ۲۰۱۲ ز کال کې هغه اړ شو، چې له واک نه استعفا ورکړي، خو بیا هم په یمني سیاست کې فعال لوبغاړی پاتې شواو د ۲۰۱۰ مې لسیزې په نیمايي کې له حوثیانو سره یوځای شو.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/yemen|title=Freedom in the World – Yemen (2007)|publisher=Freedomhouse.org|year=2007|access-date=17 October 2010|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311113508/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2007/yemen|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Lewis 2012">{{cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Alexandra|title=Changing Seasons: The Arab Spring's Position Within the Political Evolution of the Yemeni State|journal=Post-war Reconstruction and Development Unit Working Paper Series|date=May 2012|series=3|url=http://www.york.ac.uk/media/politics/prdu/documents/publications/PRDU%20Working%20Paper%203%20May%5B1%5D.pdf}}{{dead link|date=December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/05/cloneofcloneofcloneofstrikes-yemen-saada-breach--150510143647004.html|title=Yemen's Saleh declares alliance with Houthis|agency=Al Jazeera|date=10 May 2015|access-date=5 January 2016}}</ref>
Yemen is a republic with a [[bicameral]] legislature. Under the constitution, an elected president, an elected 301-seat House of Representatives, and an appointed 111-member [[Shura|Shura Council]] share power. The president is head of state, and the prime minister is head of government. The constitution provides that the president be elected by popular vote from at least two candidates endorsed by Parliament; the prime minister is appointed by the president. The presidential term of office is 7 years, and the parliamentary term of elected office is 6 years. Suffrage is universal over 18.


اساسي قانون، د یوې خپلواکې قضایې قوې د جوړېدو امر کوي. پخواني سویلي او جنوبي حقوقي قوانین سره یو موټی شوي دي. په حقوقي سیستم کې جلا سوداګریزې محکمې او په صنعا کې ستره محکمه شاملېږي. اسلامي شریعت یې د قوانینو اصلي سرچینه ده، چې د ډېرۍ محکمو دوسیې یې، د دیني قوانینو له مخې ارزول کېږي او ډېری قاضیان یې دیني عالمان دي.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mangan|first1=Fiona|title=Prisons in Yemen|date=March 2015|publisher=United States Institute of Peace|location=Washington, DC|page=9|url=https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo58370|access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref>
[[President of Yemen|President]] [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]] was elected in 1999; the next presidential elections are scheduled for 2006 in which President Saleh does not intend to run, although a survey indicates that 86% of the population still wants him to.{{citation needed}} In April 2003 parliamentary elections, the [[General People's Congress]] (GPC) maintained an absolute majority. International observers judged elections to be generally free and fair, and there was a marked decrease from previous years in election-related violence; however, there were some problems with underage voting, confiscation of ballot boxes, voter intimidation, and election-related violence.


=== بهرنی سیاست ===
The constitution calls for an independent judiciary. The former northern and southern legal codes have been unified. The legal system includes separate commercial courts and a Supreme Court based in [[Sanaá]]. Since the country is an Islamic state, the Islamic holy book, the [[Koran]], is the basis for all laws, and no law may contradict the [[Koran]]. Indeed many court cases are debated by the religious basis of the laws i.e. by interpretations of the [[Koran]]. For this reason, many Judges are religious scholars as well as legal authorities. Unlike Saudi Arabia and other Islamic states, the consumption of alcohol by foreigners is tolerated, and the mild narcotic [[Khat|Qat]] is chewed by Yemenis of all strata of society, despite being banned or frowned upon by other Islamic countries and groups.
د شمالي یمن جغرافیه او د هغو امامانو واکمنانو دغه هېواد، له ۱۹۶۲ ز کال وړاندې له بهرنۍ اغېز لرې ساتلی و. له سعودي عربستان سره د دغه هېواد اړیکې، د ۱۹۳۴ ز کال په طایف هوکړه کې تعریف شوې دي، چې د دواړو هېوادونو ترمنځ شمالي پوله یې معلومه او د سوداګرۍ او نورو راکړو ورکړو لپاره یې چوکاټ جوړ کړ. د طایف تړون، په ۲۰ کلنه دوره کې نوی او پراخېږي او اعتبار یې په ۱۹۹۵ ز کال بیاځلي تائید شو. په عدن او سویل کې له بریتانوي ښکېلاکي چارواکو سره یې اړیکې تل خرابې( ترینګلې) وې.<ref>{{cite book|last=[[Robin Leonard Bidwell|Bidwell]]|first=Robin|title=The Two Yemens|url=https://archive.org/details/twoyemens00bidw|url-access=registration|year=1983|publisher=Longman and Westview Press|location=Harlow|isbn=978-0-86531-295-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/twoyemens00bidw/page/243 243–244]}}</ref><ref>F. Gregory Gause. Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence. p. 26</ref>


یمن د ملګرو ملتونو، عربي ټولنې، اسلامي همکاریو سازمان او د ناپېیلي غورځنګ غړیتوب لري.
Recently Mr. Ali Saif Hassan, a member of the Political Develpement Forum[http://www.pdf-yemen.com] in Yemen, spoke in the "Dissent and Reform in the Arab World" forum that was hosted by the AEI (American Enterprise Institute).


== Governorates ==
=== پوځ ===
په یمن کې د نظامي پرسونل شمېر یو څه زیات دی، په ټولیز ډول یمن په عرب ټاپووزمه کې له سعودي عربستان وروسته دویم لوی پوځي ځواک لري. په ۲۰۱۲ ز کال کې یې فعاله وسله وال ځواک په دې توګه تشرېح شوی: پوځ ۳۹۰۰۰۰ کسه، سمندریز ځواک ۷۰۰۰ تنه او هوايي ځواک ۵۰۰۰ کسه.  د ۲۰۰۷ ز کال په سپتمبر میاشت کې، حکومت د عسکري خدمت د بیاځلي جبري کولو اعلان وکړ. په ۲۰۰۶ ز کال کې، د یمن دفاعي بودیجه ،د ټولې دولتي بودیجې ۴۰ سلنه وه. په ۲۰۱۲ ز کال کې، یمن ۴۰۱۰۰۰ کسه فعال پوځي پرسونل درلود.
{{main|Governorates of Yemen}}
As of January 2004, Yemen is divided into 21 [[governorate]]s (20 proper governorates and a municipality) ([http://www.statoids.com/uye.html]. The size, in terms of population, of each governorate is as follows:


==تاریخ==
{| class="wikitable"
==کلتور==
|align=left|Ta`izz
==جغرافیه==
|align=right|438,656
==اقتصاد==
|-
|align=left|`Taiz
|align=right|590,413
|-
|align=left|Al Bayda'
|align=right|571,778
|-
|align=left|Al Dali'
|align=right|470,460
|-
|align=left|Al Hudaydah
|align=right|2,161,379
|-
|align=left|Al Jawf
|align=right|451,426
|-
|align=left|Al Mahrah
|align=right|89,093
|-
|align=left|Al Mahwit
|align=right|495,865
|-
|align=left|Amran
|align=right|872,789
|-
|align=left|Dhamar
|align=right|1,339,229
|-
|align=left|Hadramawt
|align=right|1,029,462
|-
|align=left|Hajjah
|align=right|1,480,897
|-
|align=left|Ibb (إب)
|align=right|2,137,546
|-
|align=left|Lahij
|align=right|727,203
|-
|align=left|Ma'rib
|align=right|241,690
|-
|align=left|Raimah
|align=right|395,076
|-
|align=left|Sa`dah
|align=right|693,217
|-
|align=left|San`a'
|align=right|918,379
|-
|align=left|San`a' [City] (Capital)
|align=right|1,747,627
|-
|align=left|Shabwah
|align=right|466,889
|-
|align=left|'''Total: 21 divisions'''
|align=right|'''19,721,643'''
|}


{{sectstub}}


== Geography ==
{{main|Geography of Yemen}}
[[Image:Yemen-map.gif|thumb|Map of Yemen]]


== سرچينې ==
Yemen is in the [[Middle East]], in the south of [[Arabia]], bordering the [[Arabian Sea]], [[Gulf of Aden]], and [[Red Sea]], west of [[Oman]] and south of [[Saudi Arabia]]. It is considered to be one of the fifteen states that comprise the [[Cradle of Humanity]].
{{لړسرچينې}}


The [[Red Sea]] islands: [[Hanish Islands]], [[Kamaran]] and [[Perim]] as well as [[Socotra]] in the [[Arabian Sea]] belong to the Yemen


Until recently its northern border was undefined because the [[Arabian Desert]] prevented any human habitation there.


[[وېشنيزه:یمن ]]
The country can be divided geographically into four main regions: the coastal plains in the west, the western highlands, the eastern highlands, and the [[Rub al Khali]] in the east.

The Tihamah ("hot lands") form a very arid and flat coastal plain. Despite the aridity, the presence of many [[lagoon]]s makes this region very marshy and a suitable breeding ground for [[malaria]]l [[mosquito]]es. There are also extensive crescent-shaped [[sand dune]]s. The evaporation in the Tihama is so great that streams from the highlands never reach the sea, but they do contribute to extensive [[groundwater]] reserves - which today are heavily exploited for agricultural use.

The Tihamah ends abruptly at the escarpment of the western highlands. This area, now heavily [[terracing|terraced]] to meet the demand for food, receives the highest rainfall in Arabia, rapidly increasing from 100[[millimetre|mm]] (4 [[inch]]es) per year to about 760mm (30 inches) in [[Ta'izz]] and over 1000mm (40 inches) in [[Ibb]]. Agriculture here is very diverse, with such crops as [[sorghum]] dominating, but [[cotton]] and many [[fruit]] trees are also grown, with [[mango]]es being the most valuable. Temperatures are hot in the day but fall dramatically at night. There are perennial streams in the highlands but these never reach the sea because of high evaporation in the Tihama.

[[Image:Sanaa.JPG|thumb|left|300px|[[Sanaá]], the capital of Yemen.]]
The central highlands are a extensive high plateau over 2,000 metres (6,560 [[foot (length)|feet]]) in elevation. This area is drier than the western highlands because of rain-shadow influences, but still receives sufficient rain in wet years for extensive cropping. Diurnal temperature ranges are among the highest in the world: ranges from 30°C (86°F) in the day to 0°C (32°F) at night are normal. Water storage allows for [[irrigation]] and the growing of [[wheat]] and [[barley]]. [[Sana'a]] is located in this region. The highest point in Yemen is Jabal an Nabi Shu'aya, at 3,760 meters (12,336&nbsp;[[foot (unit of length)|ft]]).

The [[Rub al Khali]] in the East is much lower, generally below 1,000 metres, and receives almost no rain. It is populated only by Bedouin herders of [[Arabian Camel|camels]].

== Economy ==
{{main|Economy of Yemen}}

In terms of [[GDP per capita]], Yemen is the poorest country in the Arab world and one of the poorest nations in the world. At unification, both the YAR and the PDRY were struggling, underdeveloped economies. In the north, disruptions of civil war (1962-70) and frequent periods of [[drought]] had dealt severe blows to a previously prosperous agricultural sector. [[Coffee]], formerly the north's main export and principal form of foreign exchange, declined as the cultivation of [[khat|qat]] increased. Low domestic industrial output and a lack of raw materials made the YAR dependent on a wide variety of imports.

Remittances from Yemenis working abroad and [[foreign aid]] paid for perennial trade deficits. Substantial Yemeni communities exist in many countries of the world, including Yemen's immediate neighbors on the Arabian Peninsula, [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[East Africa]], and also the [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]]. Beginning in the mid-[[1950]]s, the [[Soviet Union]] and [[China]] provided large-scale assistance.

In the south, pre-independence economic activity was overwhelmingly concentrated in the port city of Aden. The seaborne transit trade, which the port relied upon, collapsed with the closure of the [[Suez Canal]] and Britain's withdrawal from Aden in [[1967]].

Since unification, the government has worked to integrate two relatively disparate economic systems. However, severe shocks, including the return in 1990 of approximately 850,000 Yemenis from the Gulf states, a subsequent major reduction of aid flows, and internal political disputes culminating in the 1994 civil war hampered economic growth. Yemen, the fastest growing democracy in the Middle East, is attempting to climb into the middle human development region through ongoing political and economic reform.

Since the conclusion of the war, the government entered into agreement with the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) to implement a structural adjustment program. Phase one of the IMF program included major financial and monetary reforms, including floating the currency, reducing the budget deficit, and cutting subsidies. Phase two will address structural issues such as civil service reform. The [[World Bank]] also is active in Yemen, with 22 active projects in 2004, including projects to improve governance in the public sector, water, and education. Since 1998, the government of Yemen has sought to implement World Bank economic and fiscal recommendations. In subsequent years, Yemen has lowered its debt burden through Paris Club agreements and restructuring U.S. foreign debt. In [[2003]], government reserves reached $5 billion.

The main oil produced and used in Yemen is Marib oil. Marib oil contains associated [[natural gas]]. Proven reserves of 10 to 13 trillion [[cubic feet]] (283 to 368 km³) could sustain a liquid natural gas (LNG) export project.

==Foreign relations==
The geography and ruling Imams of [[north Yemen]] kept the country isolated from foreign influence before 1962. The country's relations with Saudi Arabia were defined by the Taif Agreement of 1934, which delineated the northernmost part of the border between the two kingdoms and set the framework for commercial and other intercourse. The Taif Agreement has been renewed periodically in 20-year increments, and its validity was reaffirmed in [[1995]]. Relations with the British colonial authorities in [[Aden]] and the south were usually tense.

The Soviet and Chinese Aid Missions established in [[1958]] and [[1959]] were the first important non-Muslim presence in north Yemen. Following the September [[1962]] revolution, the [[Yemen Arab Republic]] became closely allied with and heavily dependent upon Egypt. Saudi Arabia aided the royalists in their attempt to defeat the Republicans and did not recognize the Yemen Arab Republic until [[1970]]. Subsequently, Saudi Arabia provided Yemen substantial budgetary and project support. At the same time, Saudi Arabia maintained direct contact with Yemeni tribes, which sometimes strained its official relations with the Yemeni Government. Hundreds of thousands of Yemenis found employment in Saudi Arabia during the late [[1970]]s and [[1980]]s.

In February [[1989]], north Yemen joined [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], and [[Egypt]] in forming the [[Arab Cooperation Council]] (ACC), an organization created partly in response to the founding of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council]], and intended to foster closer economic cooperation and integration among its members. After unification, the Republic of Yemen was accepted as a member of the ACC in place of its YAR predecessor. In the wake of the Gulf crisis, the ACC has remained inactive. Yemen is not a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council.

British authorities left southern Yemen in November [[1967]] in the wake of an intense rebellion. The [[People's Democratic Republic of Yemen]], the successor to British colonial rule, had diplomatic relations with many nations, but its major links were with the Soviet Union and other [[Marxism|Marxist]] countries. Relations between it and the conservative Arab states of the Arabian Peninsula were strained. There were military clashes with Saudi Arabia in 1969 and 1973, and the PDRY provided active support for the [[Dhofar]] rebellion against the Sultanate of Oman. The PDRY was the only Arab state to vote against admitting new Arab states from the Persian Gulf area to the United Nations and the Arab League. The PDRY provided sanctuary and material support to various insurgent groups around the Middle East.

Yemen is a member of the United Nations, the Arab League, and the Organization of the Islamic Conference. Yemen participates in the nonaligned movement. The Republic of Yemen accepted responsibility for all treaties and debts of its predecessors, the YAR and the PDRY. Yemen has acceded to the nuclear nonproliferation treaty. The Gulf crisis dramatically affected Yemen's foreign relations. As a member of the UN Security Council (UNSC) for [[1990]] and [[1991]],Yemen abstained on a number of UNSC resolutions concerning Iraq and Kuwait and voted against the "use of force resolution." Western and Gulf Arab states reacted by curtailing or canceling aid programs and diplomatic contacts. At least 850,000 Yemenis returned from Saudi Arabia and the Gulf.

Subsequent to the liberation of [[Kuwait]], Yemen continued to maintain high-level contacts with Iraq. This hampered its efforts to rejoin the Arab mainstream and to mend fences with its immediate neighbors. In 1993, Yemen launched an unsuccessful diplomatic offensive to restore relations with its Persian Gulf neighbors. Some of its aggrieved neighbors actively aided the south during the 1994 civil war. Since the end of that conflict, tangible progress has been made on the diplomatic front in restoring normal relations with Yemen's neighbors. The Omani-Yemeni border has been officially demarcated. In the summer of 2000, Yemen and Saudi Arabia signed an International Border Treaty settling a 50-year-old dispute over the location of the border between the two countries. Yemen settled its dispute with [[Eritrea]] over the [[Hanish Islands]] in 1998.

== Demographics ==
[[Image:Yemenite merchants.jpg|thumb|400px|Yemeni men at market]]
{{main|Demographics of Yemen}}

Unlike other people of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] who have historically been nomads or semi-nomads, Yemenis are almost entirely sedentary and live in small villages and towns scattered throughout the highlands and coastal regions.

Yemenis are divided into two principal Islamic religious groups: 42% Shi'i and 55% Sunni. 30-35% of the Zaidi order of Shi'a Islam, 7-12% of the Ja'fari and Isma'ili orders of Shi'a Islam, 55% of the Shafi'i order of Sunni Islam.

The Shi'is are predominantly in the north and northwest of Yemen whilst the Sunnis are predominantly in the south and southeast.

Yemenis are mainly of Semitic origin. Arabic is the official language, although English is increasingly understood in major cities. In the [[Mahra]] area (the extreme east), several non-Arabic languages are spoken. When the former states of north and south Yemen were established, most resident minority groups departed.

The [[Yemenite Jews]] once formed a sizeable Jewish minority in Yemen with a distinct culture. This community is reduced to a few hundred individuals, following the [[Jewish exodus from Arab lands]].

The country has one of the world's highest birth rates; the average Yemeni woman bears seven children. Although this is similar to the rate in [[Somalia]] to the south, it is roughly twice as high as that of Saudi Arabia and nearly three times as high as those in the more modernized Persian Gulf states.

==Languages==
{{main|Languages of Yemen}}
While the national language is Arabic (spoken in several regional dialects), Yemen is one of the main homelands of the [[South Semitic]] family of languages, which includes the non-Arabic language of the ancient Sabaean Kingdom. Its modern Yemeni descendents are closely related to the modern Semitic languages of [[Eritrea]] (Tigrinya) and [[Ethiopia]] (Amharic). However, only a small remnant of those languages exists in modern Yemen, notably on the island of [[Socotra]] and in the back hills of the [[Hadhramaut]] coastal region. Modern [[South Arabian]] languages spoken in Yemen include [[Mehri language|Mehri]], with 70,643 speakers, [[Soqotri language|Soqotri]], with an estimated 43,000 speakers (2004 census) mainly on the island of [[Socotra]], and [[Bathari language|Bathari]] (with an estimated total of only 200 speakers).

English is used as foreign language and is taught in public schools, starting from grade 7, though the quality of instruction is suspect in public school. Private schools using a British or American system teach English and produce the most proficient English speakers in Yemen, but Arabic is the main language of communication. The new generation is proud to learn English, but the availability of English speakers is small compared to other Arab countries such as Egypt, Lebanon, UAE and Saudi Arabia.

== Culture ==
<!-- Unsourced image removed: [[Image:dar_al_hajjar.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Dar al-hajjar (the rock palace) in wadi Dhaher, 50Km north of Sana'a]] -->
{{main|Culture of Yemen}}

===Holidays===
<table border="1" align="center" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="60%" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-color:gray">
<tr>
<th style="background:#efefef;">Date</th>
<th style="background:#efefef;">English Name</th>
<th style="background:#efefef;">Local Name</th>
<th style="background:#efefef;">Remarks</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[January 1]]</td>
<td>[[New Year's Day]]</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[March 21]]</td>
<td>[[Mother's Day]]</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[May 22]]</td>
<td>Day of National Unity</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Celebrates Unification of Republic of Yemen</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>[[September 26]]</td>
<td>Revolution Day 1962 (against the Imams in the North)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[October 14]]</td>
<td>Revolution Day 1967 (against the British in the South)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[November 30]]</td>
<td>Independence Day (from the British in the South)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr><th colspan="4">Dates following the [[lunar calendar|lunar]] [[Islamic calendar]]</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Dhul Hijjah]]&nbsp;10</td>
<td>[[Eid al-Adha]]</td>
<td>[[Eid al-Adha]]</td>
<td>Islamic Festival</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Shawwal]] 1</td>
<td>[[Eid al-Fitr]]</td>
<td>[[Eid al-Fitr]]</td>
<td>Islamic Festival</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>[[Muharram]] 1</td>
<td>[[Muharram]]</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Start of Islamic New Year</td>
</tr>
</table>
*[[Music of Yemen]]

==References==
*[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ym.html CIA World Factbook: Yemen]
*[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35836.htm US State Department Background Notes: Yemen]

==See also==
* [[Prince Naseem]]
* [[Isra Girgrah]]
* [[Communications in Yemen]]
* [[Foreign relations of Yemen]]
* [[Islam in Yemen]]
* [[List of cities in Yemen]]
* [[Military of Yemen]]
* [[Transport in Yemen]]

== External links ==
{{sisterlinks|Yemen}}

'''Government'''
*[http://www.yemen.gov.ye/egov/egov-english/index.html Yemen Government Homepage]
*[http://www.presidentsaleh.gov.ye/en/ President of Yemen]

'''General information'''
*[http://www.al-bab.com/yemen/ Arab Gateway - ''Yemen'']
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/784383.stm BBC News Country Profile - ''Yemen'']
*[http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ym.html CIA World Factbook - ''Yemen'']
*[http://dmoz.org/Regional/Middle_East/Yemen/ Open Directory Project - ''Yemen''] directory category
*[http://www.state.gov/p/nea/ci/c2423.htm US State Department - ''Yemen''] includes Background Notes, Country Study and major reports
*[http://dir.yahoo.com/regional/countries/yemen/ Yahoo! - ''Yemen''] directory category
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90981 South Arabian Semitic languages] family tree from SIL's Ethnologue.
*[http://www.tisjunior.com/ Turkish International Schools- Junior Section]
*[http://www.ysaa.org/phpBB2/ Yemeni Students Association Abroad (YSAA)]
*[http://www.shababyemeni.com/ ShababYemeni Newsletter]
*[http://www.yca-sandwell.org.uk/ Yemeni Community Association in Sandwell (YCA) U.K]

{{Southwest_Asia}}
{{Middle_East}}

[[Category:Yemen| ]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern countries]]
[[Category:Southwest Asian countries]]
[[Category:Arab League]]

<!-- interwiki -->

[[af:Jemen]]
[[als:Jemen]]
[[an:Yemen]]
[[ang:Gemen]]
[[ar:اليمن]]
[[arc:ܝܡܢ]]
[[as:ইয়েমেন]]
[[ast:Yemen]]
[[az:Yəmən]]
[[bat-smg:Jemens]]
[[be:Емен]]
[[be-x-old:Емэн]]
[[bg:Йемен]]
[[bn:ইয়েমেন]]
[[bo:ཡེ་མེན]]
[[bpy:ইয়েমেন]]
[[br:Yemen]]
[[bs:Jemen]]
[[ca:Iemen]]
[[ceb:Yemen]]
[[crh:Yemen]]
[[cs:Jemen]]
[[csb:Jemen]]
[[cv:Йемен]]
[[cy:Yemen]]
[[da:Yemen]]
[[de:Jemen]]
[[diq:Yemen]]
[[dsb:Jemen]]
[[dv:ޔަމަން]]
[[el:Υεμένη]]
[[en:Yemen]]
[[eo:Jemeno]]
[[es:Yemen]]
[[et:Jeemen]]
[[eu:Yemen]]
[[fa:یمن]]
[[fi:Jemen]]
[[fr:Yémen]]
[[frp:Yèmen]]
[[fy:Jemen]]
[[ga:Poblacht Éimin]]
[[gd:Iemen]]
[[gl:Iemen - اليمن]]
[[gv:Yn Yeaman]]
[[hak:Ya̍p-mùn]]
[[he:תימן]]
[[hi:यमन]]
[[hr:Jemen]]
[[hsb:Jemen]]
[[ht:Yemèn]]
[[hu:Jemen]]
[[hy:Եմեն]]
[[id:Yaman]]
[[ie:Yemen]]
[[ilo:Yemen]]
[[io:Yemen]]
[[is:Jemen]]
[[it:Yemen]]
[[ja:イエメン]]
[[jv:Yaman]]
[[ka:იემენი]]
[[kk:Йемен]]
[[ko:예멘]]
[[ku:Yemen]]
[[kw:Yemen]]
[[la:Iemenia]]
[[lad:Teman]]
[[lb:Jemen]]
[[li:Jeme]]
[[lij:Yemen]]
[[lt:Jemenas]]
[[lv:Jemena]]
[[mk:Јемен]]
[[ml:യെമന്‍]]
[[mn:Йемен]]
[[mr:यमनचे प्रजासत्ताक]]
[[ms:Yaman]]
[[nah:Yemen]]
[[nap:Yemen]]
[[nds:Jemen]]
[[nl:Jemen]]
[[nn:Jemen]]
[[no:Jemen]]
[[nov:Yemen]]
[[oc:Iemèn]]
[[os:Йемен]]
[[pam:Yemen]]
[[pl:Jemen]]
[[pms:Yemen]]
[[pt:Iémen]]
[[qu:Yaman]]
[[ro:Yemen]]
[[ru:Йемен]]
[[sa:यमन]]
[[scn:Yemen]]
[[se:Jemen]]
[[sh:Jemen]]
[[simple:Yemen]]
[[sk:Jemen]]
[[sl:Jemen]]
[[so:Yamen]]
[[sq:Jemeni]]
[[sr:Јемен]]
[[sv:Jemen]]
[[sw:Yemen]]
[[szl:Jymyn]]
[[ta:யெமென்]]
[[te:యెమన్]]
[[tg:Яман]]
[[th:ประเทศเยเมน]]
[[tl:Yemen]]
[[tr:Yemen]]
[[udm:Йемен]]
[[uk:Ємен]]
[[ur:یمن]]
[[uz:Yaman]]
[[vec:Jemen]]
[[vi:Yemen]]
[[vo:Yämän]]
[[wo:Yaman]]
[[yi:תימן]]
[[yo:Yemen]]
[[zh:也门]]
[[zh-min-nan:Yemen]]

د ۰۴:۳۵, ۱۴ مې ۲۰۲۴ پورې تازه بڼه

يمن
الجمهورية اليمنية (عربي )
la République du Yémen (فرانسوي)[۱] ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا
اړوند
پلازمېنه
ترټولو لوړه څوکه
ټوليز مالومات
عمومي مالومات
وګړو شمېر
  لړۍ...
۲۸٬۲۵۰٬۴۲۰[۲] — ۱۹٬۶۸۵٬۱۶۱ — ۲۶٬۱۸۳٬۶۷۶[۳] — ۱۵٬۸۳۱٬۷۵۷ — ۹٬۴۰۲٬۰۷۰[۳] — ۲۴٬۲۵۹٬۵۶۱ — ۲۲٬۴۹۲٬۰۳۵ ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا
پکي شاملې اداري سیمې
رسمي ژبه
ځايي ژبې
  لړۍ...
Modern Standard Arabic (en) ژباړلSanʽani Arabic (en) ژباړلYemeni Arabic (en) ژباړلHadhrami Arabic (en) ژباړلRazihi (en) ژباړلTaʽizzi-Adeni Arabic (en) ژباړلJudeo-Yemeni Arabic (en) ژباړلSoqotri (en) ژباړلMehri (en) ژباړلHobyót (en) ژباړل ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا
د حکومت مشر
وګړنوم
  لړۍ...
jemeniيمنيونYemeniYemenanoYämänanيمنييمنيةйеменцыתימניתימנייהyemenițiyemenityemenităইয়ামেনিyemenitayemenitiiamaniyemenínyemeninaيمنياتiemenitaiemenitesYéménite[۱]jemeniojemeniijemeniejemeniaيامانييامانيةيامانيينيامانياتJemenecJemenkaÉimineach[۵] ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا
فزیکي ځای
غړی د
هېواد
 يمن ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا
ځایناستی د
کچه او لوړوالی
د ځای کچه
۵۵۵٬۰۰۰ كيلومتر مربع[۱۸][۱۹]
۵۲۷٬۹۷۰ كيلومتر مربع ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا
نور اړين مالومات
برخه د
نور مالومات
وېب‌پاڼه
کورډي‌نېشن
۱۵°۳۰′شمال ۴۸°۰۰′ختیځ / 15.5°شمال 48°ختيځ / 15.5; 48 ددې ځانګړني سمول پر ویکي‌ډېټا
Map

یمن، په رسمي ډول د یمن جمهوري هېواد (عربي: ٱلْجُمْهُورِيَّةُ ٱلْيَمَنِيَّةُ) چې له تاریخي پلوه د سویلي عربستان (عربي: العربية الجنوبية) په نوم پېژندل کېږي، د لویدیځې آسیا هېواد دی چې د عرب ټاپووزمې په سویلي څنډه کې موقعیت لري. له شمال لوري له سعودي عربستان او له شمال ختیځ لوري له عمان سره ګاونډی دی او له ایرتیریا، جیپوتي او سومالیا سره ګډې سمندري پولې لري. دغه هېواد، د مساحت له مخې په عرب ټاپووزمه کې دویم لوی عربي خپلواک هېواد دی، چې مساحت یې ۵۵۵ زره کیلومتر مربع (۲۱۴ زره مایل مربع) دی. ساحلې کرښې یې نږدې ۲۰۰۰ کیلومتره (۱۲۰۰ مایله) اوږدوالی لري. د اساسي قانون له مخې د دغه هېواد پلازمېنه او لوی ښار صنعا دی. په ۲۰۲۱ ز کال کې د دغه هېواد د وګړو شمېر ۳۰ میلیونه او  ۴۹۱۰۰۰ کسه اټکل شوی دی.[۲۱]

په لرغوني مهال کې، یمن د سبائیانو کور او یو سوداګریز هېواد و چې د معاصرې ایتوپیا او ایرتیریا یو شمېر برخې په کې شاملېدلې. په ۲۷۵ ز کال کې د حمیر پاچهي (په یمن کې د هغه مهال پاچهي وه چې یمن ته هم د حمیر هېواد ویل کېده) د یهودیت تر اغېز لاندې راغله. عیسویت په څلورمه پېړۍ کې دغه هېواد ته راغی. اسلام په دغه هېواد کې په اوومه پېړۍ کې په پراخه کچه پراختیا ومونده او په لومړنیو اسلامي فتوحاتو کې یمني ځواکونو مهم رول درلود. له ۹ مې پېړۍ نه تر ۱۶ مې پېړۍ پورې ګڼ شمېر واکمنې سلسلې، لکه: بنو رسول (یا رسول کورنۍ) رامنځته شوې. په ۱۸۰۰ مه لسیزه کې دغه هېواد د عثماني سترواکۍ او بریتانوي سترواکۍ ترمنځ ووېشل شو. له لومړۍ نړیوالې جګړې وروسته او په ۱۹۶۲ ز کال کې د یمن د جمهوریت له تاسیس وړاندې د یمن د زیدي متوکليانو پاچهي جوړه شوه. سویلي یمن تر ۱۹۶۷ ز کال پورې، هغه مهال چې دغه هېواد خپلواکي واخیسته، د بریتانیا تر ملاتړ لاندې و او د عدن تحت الحمایت یې باله، وروسته په یوه مارکسیست - لېننیست هېواد واوښت. دوه یمني دولتونه د یمن د معاصر جمهوریت (عربي: الجمهوریه الیمنیه) د جوړېدو په موخه، په ۱۹۹۰ ز کال کې سره یو موټي شول. د دغه نوي جمهوریت لومړی ولسمشرعلي عبدالله صالح و چې په ۲۰۱۲ ز کال کې یې د عرب پسرلي پر مهال استعفا ورکړه.[۲۲][۲۳][۲۴][۲۵][۲۶][۲۷][۲۸][۲۹]

له ۲۰۱۱ ز کال وروسته، یمن د سیاسي کړکېچ شاهد و چې د بې وزلۍ، بېکارۍ، فساد او د ولسمشر صالح د هغه پلان په اړه چې غوښتل یې د اساسي قانون په تعدیل سره د ولسمشرۍ د دورو محدودیت له منځه یوسي، اړوند لاریونونه پیل شول. ولسمشر صالح استعفا ورکړه او واک عبدربه منصور هادي ته ولېږدول شو. له دې وروسته، دغه هېواد د یو شمېر دولتي بنسټونو ترمنځ د داخلي جګړې شاهد و (په دغه جګړه کې سعودي عربستان، د هادي دولت د بیا واکمنېدو په موخه نظامي لاسوهنه کړې) چې په کې د یمن کابینه، عالي سیاسي شورا او د سویل انتقالي شورا شامل دي. د ۲۰۱۶ ز کال له جنوري میاشتې وروسته، لږ تر لږه ۵۶ زره ملکي وګړي او جنګیالي، د دغه هېواد په وسله وال تاوتریخوالي کې وژل شوي  دي. جګړه د قحطي لامل شوې، چې ۱۷ میلیونه وګړې یې تر اغېز لاندې راغلي دي. [۳۰][۳۱][۳۲][۳۳][۳۴][۳۵][۳۶][۳۷][۳۸][۳۹][۴۰][۴۱][۴۲]

یمن د عربي ټولنې، ملګرو ملتونو، ناپېیلي غورځنګ او د اسلامي همکاریو سازمان غړی دی. «د تلپاتې ودې د شاخصونو په برخه کې د سختو محدودیتونو» له امله، دغه هېواد د لږ پرمختللو هېوادونو ډلې ته اړوندېږي. په ۲۰۱۹ ز کال کې ملګرو ملتونو راپور ورکړ چې، یمن هغه هېواد چې ګڼ شمېر وګړې يې، چې شمېر یې نږدې ۲۴ میلیونه تنو ته رسېږي او د وګړو د شمېر ۸۵٪ یې جوړوي، بشري مرستو ته اړتیا لري. په ۲۰۲۰ ز کال کې، دغه هېواد د هېوادونو د زیان منلو د شاخص له مخې، د دغو هېوادونو په سر کې ځای درلود. یمن د نړیوالې لوږې په نوملړ کې دویم ځای لري، یوازې ترې د مرکزي افریقا جمهوریت مخکې دی او د انساني ودې د شاخص له مخې، په ټولو غیر افریقايي هېوادونو کې وروستی هېواد دی.[۴۳][۴۴][۴۵][۴۶]

سیاست

یمن د دوو قانون جوړوونکو جرګو لرونکی جمهوریت دی. د ۱۹۹۱ ز کال د اساسي قانون له مخې، ټاکل کېدونکی ولسمشر، ۳۰۱ چوکۍ لرونکې ولسي جرګه او ۱۱۱ غړي لرونکې مشورتي شورا لري، چې ترمنځ یې واک وېشل شوی دی. ولسمشر د دولت رئیس او لومړی وزیر د حکومت مشر دی. په صنعا کې، عالي سیاسي شورا (چې په نړیواله کچه په رسمیت نه ده پېژندل شوې) حکومت جوړوي.

د ۱۹۹۱ ز کال د اساسي قانون له مخې، ولسمشر باید د لږ تر لږه دوو نوماندانو له منځه، چې د پارلمان د غړو لږ تر لږه ۱۵ موافقې رایې له ځان سره ولري، د عامه ټاکنو له مخې وټاکل شي. په خپل وار سره لومړی وزیر، د ولسمشر له خوا ټاکل کېږي او باید د پارلمان له درېیو نه دوه برخې رایې ترلاسه کړي. ولسمشریزه دوره یې اووه کاله ده او ټاکل کېدونکې پارلماني دوره یې هم شپږ کاله ده. د اتلسو کلونو او له هغه نه زیات عمر لرونکي کسان، د رایو ورکولو حق لري، خو یوازې مسلمانان کولای شي، ټاکنیز منصب ولري.[۴۷]

ولسمشر علي عبدالله صالح، له ۱۹۹۹ ز کال وروسته د بیاځلي یو موټي یمن لومړنی ټاکل شوی ولسمشر دی (په داسې حال کې چې له ۱۹۹۰ ز کال وروسته د یو موټي یمن او له ۱۹۷۸ ز کال وروسته د شمالي یمن ولسمشر و). هغه بیاځلي په ۲۰۰۶ ز کال کې د ولسمشر په توګه وټاکل شو. د صالح بریا د هغو ټاکنو له مخې اعلان شوه چې، نړیوالو څارونکو هغه «تر یوه بریده آزادې» ټاکنې وبللې، په داسې حال کې چې دغه ټاکنې له تاوتریخوالي، د مطبوعاتو د آزادۍ له محدودیت او ټاکنیزو درغلیو له تورونو سره مل وې. پارلماني ټاکنې د ۲۰۰۳ ز کال په اپریل میاشت کې تر سره شوې او د خلکو عمومي کانګرس (General People's Congress) په کې خپل اکثریت وساته. صالح تر ۲۰۱۱ ز کال پورې، له سیالیو پرته په خپله چوکۍ پاتې شو، تر هغه مهاله چې د بیاځلي ټاکنو د نه ترسره کېدو اړوند سیمه ییزې ناهیلۍ او په ۲۰۱۱ ز کال کې د عرب پسرلي اغېزې د دې لامل شوې، څو ګڼ شمېر ټولیز لاریونونه رامنځته شي. په ۲۰۱۲ ز کال کې هغه اړ شو، چې له واک نه استعفا ورکړي، خو بیا هم په یمني سیاست کې فعال لوبغاړی پاتې شواو د ۲۰۱۰ مې لسیزې په نیمايي کې له حوثیانو سره یوځای شو.[۴۸][۴۹][۵۰]

اساسي قانون، د یوې خپلواکې قضایې قوې د جوړېدو امر کوي. پخواني سویلي او جنوبي حقوقي قوانین سره یو موټی شوي دي. په حقوقي سیستم کې جلا سوداګریزې محکمې او په صنعا کې ستره محکمه شاملېږي. اسلامي شریعت یې د قوانینو اصلي سرچینه ده، چې د ډېرۍ محکمو دوسیې یې، د دیني قوانینو له مخې ارزول کېږي او ډېری قاضیان یې دیني عالمان دي.[۵۱]

بهرنی سیاست

د شمالي یمن جغرافیه او د هغو امامانو واکمنانو دغه هېواد، له ۱۹۶۲ ز کال وړاندې له بهرنۍ اغېز لرې ساتلی و. له سعودي عربستان سره د دغه هېواد اړیکې، د ۱۹۳۴ ز کال په طایف هوکړه کې تعریف شوې دي، چې د دواړو هېوادونو ترمنځ شمالي پوله یې معلومه او د سوداګرۍ او نورو راکړو ورکړو لپاره یې چوکاټ جوړ کړ. د طایف تړون، په ۲۰ کلنه دوره کې نوی او پراخېږي او اعتبار یې په ۱۹۹۵ ز کال بیاځلي تائید شو. په عدن او سویل کې له بریتانوي ښکېلاکي چارواکو سره یې اړیکې تل خرابې( ترینګلې) وې.[۵۲][۵۳]

یمن د ملګرو ملتونو، عربي ټولنې، اسلامي همکاریو سازمان او د ناپېیلي غورځنګ غړیتوب لري.

پوځ

په یمن کې د نظامي پرسونل شمېر یو څه زیات دی، په ټولیز ډول یمن په عرب ټاپووزمه کې له سعودي عربستان وروسته دویم لوی پوځي ځواک لري. په ۲۰۱۲ ز کال کې یې فعاله وسله وال ځواک په دې توګه تشرېح شوی: پوځ ۳۹۰۰۰۰ کسه، سمندریز ځواک ۷۰۰۰ تنه او هوايي ځواک ۵۰۰۰ کسه.  د ۲۰۰۷ ز کال په سپتمبر میاشت کې، حکومت د عسکري خدمت د بیاځلي جبري کولو اعلان وکړ. په ۲۰۰۶ ز کال کې، د یمن دفاعي بودیجه ،د ټولې دولتي بودیجې ۴۰ سلنه وه. په ۲۰۱۲ ز کال کې، یمن ۴۰۱۰۰۰ کسه فعال پوځي پرسونل درلود.

تاریخ

کلتور

جغرافیه

اقتصاد

سرچينې

  1. ۱٫۰ ۱٫۱ سرچينې تړی: http://cnig.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/CNT-PVM_r%C3%A9vis%C3%A9_2020-01-27-1.pdf.
  2. "World Bank Open Data". نړیوال بانک. نه اخيستل شوی 8 اپرېل 2019.
  3. ۳٫۰ ۳٫۱ سرچينې تړی: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL.
  4. ذکر کېدنه: Constitution of Yemen. Section, verse, paragraph, or clause: 2.
  5. ذکر کېدنه: The National Terminology Database for Irish. اثر ژبه: ايرلينډي ژبه.
  6. سرچينې تړی: https://www.oic-oci.org/states/?lan=en. Retrieved: ۲۹ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۲.
  7. سرچينې تړی: https://www.interpol.int/Member-countries/World. Publisher: نړيوال پوليس. Retrieved: ۷ ډيسمبر ۲۰۱۷.
  8. سرچينې تړی: https://www.interpol.int/Who-we-are/Member-countries/Asia-South-Pacific/YEMEN. Retrieved: ۲۳ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۲. Type of reference: official member page. Supports qualifier: پيل نېټه.
  9. سرچينې تړی: https://www.opcw.org/about-opcw/member-states/. Publisher: کېميايي وسلو نه د کار اخيستلو د مخنيوي سازمان. Retrieved: ۷ ډيسمبر ۲۰۱۷.
  10. سرچينې تړی: https://www.opcw.org/about-us/member-states/yemen. Retrieved: ۲۹ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۲. Type of reference: official member page. Supports qualifier: پيل نېټه.
  11. سرچينې تړی: http://www.unesco.org/eri/cp/ListeMS_Indicators.asp.
  12. سرچينې تړی: http://www.upu.int/en/the-upu/member-countries.html. Retrieved: ۴ مې ۲۰۱۹.
  13. سرچينې تړی: https://www.upu.int/en/Universal-Postal-Union/About-UPU/Member-Countries?csid=-1&cid=328. Retrieved: ۲۸ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۲. Type of reference: official member page. Supports qualifier: پيل نېټه.
  14. سرچينې تړی: https://www.itu.int/online/mm/scripts/gensel8. Retrieved: ۴ مې ۲۰۱۹.
  15. سرچينې تړی: https://public.wmo.int/en/members/yemen. Retrieved: ۲۶ مې ۲۰۲۰.
  16. سرچينې تړی: https://www.who.int/choice/demography/by_country/en/. Retrieved: ۲۱ جولای ۲۰۲۰.
  17. سرچينې تړی: https://www.wcoomd.org/-/media/wco/public/global/pdf/about-us/wco-members/list-of-members-with-membership-date.pdf. Retrieved: ۱۶ مارچ ۲۰۲۴. Page(s): 7. Supports qualifier: پيل نېټه.
  18. "World Atlas of Oil and Gas Basins". p. 206.
  19. Mahfouth A Bamashmus (۱ جنوري ۲۰۰۸). "Causes of Blindness among Adult Yemenis: A Hospital-based Study". Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology (په انګرېزي ژبه) (1): 3–6. doi:10.4103/0974-9233.53367.{{cite journal}}: سرچينه ساتل:ناپېژانده ژبه (link)
  20. سرچينې تړی: https://www.workwithdata.com/place/yemen. Retrieved: ۱۱ اکتوبر ۲۰۲۴.
  21. McLaughlin, Daniel (1 February 2008). Yemen. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-84162-212-5.
  22. Burrowes, Robert D. (2010). Historical Dictionary of Yemen. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-8108-5528-1.
  23. St. John Simpson (2002). Queen of Sheba: treasures from ancient Yemen. British Museum Press. p. 8. ISBN 0-7141-1151-1.
  24. Kenneth Anderson Kitchen (2003). On the Reliability of the Old Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 116. ISBN 0-8028-4960-1.
  25. Yaakov Kleiman (2004). DNA & Tradition: The Genetic Link to the Ancient Hebrews. Devora Publishing. p. 70. ISBN 1-930143-89-3.
  26. Marta Colburn (2002). The Republic of Yemen: Development Challenges in the 21st Century. CIIR. p. 13. ISBN 1-85287-249-7.
  27. Karl R. DeRouen; Uk Heo (2007). Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 810. ISBN 978-1-85109-919-1.
  28. Laura Etheredge (2011). Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 137. ISBN 978-1-61530-335-9.
  29. Burrowes, Robert. "Why Most Yemenis Should Despise Ex-president Ali Abdullah Saleh". Yemen Times. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. نه اخيستل شوی 20 August 2015.
  30. James L. Gelvin (2012). The Arab Uprisings: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford University Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-989177-1.
  31. Mareike Transfeld (2014). "Capturing Sanaa: Why the Houthis Were Successful in Yemen". Muftah. نه اخيستل شوی 17 October 2014.
  32. Steven A. Zyck (2014). "Mediating Transition in Yemen: Achievements and Lessons" (PDF). International Peace Institute. نه اخيستل شوی 17 October 2014.
  33. Silvana Toska (26 September 2014). "Shifting balances of power in Yemen's crisis". The Washington Post. نه اخيستل شوی 24 October 2014.
  34. "Houthi leader vows to defend 'glorious revolution'". Al Jazeera. 8 February 2015. نه اخيستل شوی 7 February 2015.
  35. Aboueldahab, Noha. "Yemen's fate was sealed six years ago". www.aljazeera.com.
  36. "The Yemen war death toll is five times higher than we think – we can't shrug off our responsibilities any longer". The Independent. 26 October 2018.
  37. Bin Javaid, Osama (25 April 2017). "A cry for help: Millions facing famine in Yemen". Al-Jazeera. نه اخيستل شوی 28 June 2017.
  38. Bin Javaid, Osama (25 April 2017). "A cry for help: Millions facing famine in Yemen". Al-Jazeera. نه اخيستل شوی 28 June 2017.
  39. Borger, Julian (5 June 2015). "Saudi-led naval blockade leaves 20 m Yemenis facing humanitarian disaster". The Guardian. نه اخيستل شوی 31 October 2015.
  40. Kentish, Benjamin (October 9, 2016). "Saudi-led coalition in Yemen accused of 'genocide' after airstrike on funeral hall kills 140". The Independent. نه اخيستل شوی August 6, 2020.
  41. Bachman, Jeff (November 26, 2018). "US complicity in the Saudi-led genocide in Yemen spans Obama, Trump administrations". The Conversation. نه اخيستل شوی January 13, 2020. As a scholar of genocide and human rights, I believe the destruction brought about by these attacks combined with the blockade amounts to genocide.
  42. Taves, Harold (2019-02-23). Genocide in Yemen-Is the West Complicit? (Essay). Is there a genocide in Yemen? Based on the definition of genocide: The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. The answer is an unequivocal YES.
  43. "LDCs at a Glance | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". Economic Analysis & Policy Division | Dept of Economic & Social Affairs | United Nations. 2008-05-25. نه اخيستل شوی 2020-07-29.
  44. "Least Developed Countries (LDCs) | Department of Economic and Social Affairs". Economic Analysis & Policy Division | Dept of Economic & Social Affairs | United Nations. 2010-09-23. نه اخيستل شوی 2020-07-29.
  45. "Yemen: 2019 Humanitarian Needs Overview [EN/AR]". ReliefWeb. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 2019-02-14. نه اخيستل شوی 2019-06-17.
  46. "Global Data | Fragile States Index". fragilestatesindex.org. نه اخيستل شوی 2020-07-29.
  47. "Yemen". State.gov. 8 November 2005. نه اخيستل شوی 17 October 2010.
  48. "Freedom in the World – Yemen (2007)". Freedomhouse.org. 2007. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. نه اخيستل شوی 17 October 2010.
  49. Lewis, Alexandra (May 2012). "Changing Seasons: The Arab Spring's Position Within the Political Evolution of the Yemeni State" (PDF). Post-war Reconstruction and Development Unit Working Paper Series. 3.[مړه لينکونه]
  50. "Yemen's Saleh declares alliance with Houthis". Al Jazeera. 10 May 2015. نه اخيستل شوی 5 January 2016.
  51. Mangan, Fiona (March 2015). Prisons in Yemen. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace. p. 9. نه اخيستل شوی 21 June 2015.
  52. Bidwell, Robin (1983). The Two Yemens. Harlow: Longman and Westview Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-86531-295-1.
  53. F. Gregory Gause. Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence. p. 26