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Geografie is dat systemaatsche Studeren van de Eerden, öör Egenschoppen un Phänomen up öör.<ref>{{cite web|title=Areography|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/areography|website=Merriam-Webster|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sheehan|first1=William|title=Camille Flammarion's the Planet Mars|chapter=Geography of Mars, or Areography|series=Astrophysics and Space Science Library|date=19 September 2014|volume=409|pages=435–441|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-09641-4_7|isbn=978-3-319-09640-7}}</ref> Dat wat to de Geografie tellt, bruukt dat allgemeen een Aard rüümlike Egenschop, de up ene Kaarte wiest warrn kann, so as Koordianten, Oordsnamen oder Addressen. So kam dat ook, dat Kartografie, Geografie un Oordsnamen as een bekekekn worrn sind. Ook wenn vele Geografen ook veel över Toponomie un Kartografie weet, is dat nich dat Höövdthema för ennen. Geografen un Geograafschen studeert wo sik Phänomene, Vörgänge un Egenschoppen up de Eerden, rümmlik un tieldik verdeelt un wo de Minsch met sien Ümwelt interageert. <ref name="Hayes1">{{Cite web|last=Hayes-Bohanan|first=James|date=29 September 2009|title=What is Environmental Geography, Anyway?|url=http://webhost.bridgew.edu/jhayesboh/environmentalgeography.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026054331/http://webhost.bridgew.edu/jhayesboh/environmentalgeography.htm|archive-date=26 October 2006|access-date=10 November 2016|website=webhost.bridgew.edu|publisher=[[Bridgewater State University]]}}</ref> Vanwegen dat Ruum un Oord ook vele anner Themen dedrept so as Weerdschop, Gesundheid, Klima, Planten, Dere, is de Geografie een stark interdiziplinär Fack<ref name="Hornby11">{{Cite book|last1=Hornby|first1=William F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLpzQgAACAAJ|title=An introduction to Settlement Geography|last2=Jones|first2=Melvyn|date=29 June 1991|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-28263-5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225074059/https://books.google.com/books/about/An_Introduction_to_Settlement_Geography.html?id=DLpzQgAACAAJ|archive-date=25 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>. De interdiziplniäre Natuur van de geograafsche Vörgaanwiese hangt van |
Geografie is dat systemaatsche Studeren van de Eerden, öör Egenschoppen un Phänomen up öör.<ref>{{cite web|title=Areography|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/areography|website=Merriam-Webster|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Sheehan|first1=William|title=Camille Flammarion's the Planet Mars|chapter=Geography of Mars, or Areography|series=Astrophysics and Space Science Library|date=19 September 2014|volume=409|pages=435–441|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-09641-4_7|isbn=978-3-319-09640-7}}</ref> Dat wat to de Geografie tellt, bruukt dat allgemeen een Aard rüümlike Egenschop, de up ene Kaarte wiest warrn kann, so as Koordianten, Oordsnamen oder Addressen. So kam dat ook, dat Kartografie, Geografie un Oordsnamen as een bekekekn worrn sind. Ook wenn vele Geografen ook veel över Toponomie un Kartografie weet, is dat nich dat Höövdthema för ennen. Geografen un Geograafschen studeert wo sik Phänomene, Vörgänge un Egenschoppen up de Eerden, rümmlik un tieldik verdeelt un wo de Minsch met sien Ümwelt interageert. <ref name="Hayes1">{{Cite web|last=Hayes-Bohanan|first=James|date=29 September 2009|title=What is Environmental Geography, Anyway?|url=http://webhost.bridgew.edu/jhayesboh/environmentalgeography.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026054331/http://webhost.bridgew.edu/jhayesboh/environmentalgeography.htm|archive-date=26 October 2006|access-date=10 November 2016|website=webhost.bridgew.edu|publisher=[[Bridgewater State University]]}}</ref> Vanwegen dat Ruum un Oord ook vele anner Themen dedrept so as Weerdschop, Gesundheid, Klima, Planten, Dere, is de Geografie een stark interdiziplinär Fack<ref name="Hornby11">{{Cite book|last1=Hornby|first1=William F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DLpzQgAACAAJ|title=An introduction to Settlement Geography|last2=Jones|first2=Melvyn|date=29 June 1991|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-28263-5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225074059/https://books.google.com/books/about/An_Introduction_to_Settlement_Geography.html?id=DLpzQgAACAAJ|archive-date=25 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>. De interdiziplniäre Natuur van de geograafsche Vörgaanwiese hangt van |
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De Geografie as een akadeemsch Fack deelt sik griv in dree Telgen: De Humangeografie, de Physische Geografie un de Technische Geografie.<ref name="Sala12" /><ref name="Hough1">{{Cite book|last1=Hough|first1=Carole|title=The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming|last2=Izdebska|first2=Daria|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-965643-1|editor-last=Gammeltoft|editor-first=Peder|location=Oxford, United Kingdom|chapter=Names and Geography}}</ref> De Humaangeografie befaat sik ton gröttsten Deel mit de Ümwelt, up de Minschen Inflood nomen un de Minschen upricht hebbt un unnersöcht wo Minschen Ruum schapen, verännern, bruken.<ref name="Hough1" /> De Physische geografie unnersöcht de natüürlike Ümwelt un woans Organismen, Klima, Bodem, Water, Land met een tohoophangt un Inflood up een neemt.<ref name="Cotterill">{{Cite web|last=Cotterill|first=Peter D.|date=1997|title=What is geography?|url=http://www.aag.org/Careers/What_is_geog.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006152742/http://www.aag.org/Careers/What_is_geog.html |
De Geografie as een akadeemsch Fack deelt sik griv in dree Telgen: De Humangeografie, de Physische Geografie un de Technische Geografie.<ref name="Sala12" /><ref name="Hough1">{{Cite book|last1=Hough|first1=Carole|title=The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming|last2=Izdebska|first2=Daria|date=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-965643-1|editor-last=Gammeltoft|editor-first=Peder|location=Oxford, United Kingdom|chapter=Names and Geography}}</ref> De Humaangeografie befaat sik ton gröttsten Deel mit de Ümwelt, up de Minschen Inflood nomen un de Minschen upricht hebbt un unnersöcht wo Minschen Ruum schapen, verännern, bruken.<ref name="Hough1" /> De Physische geografie unnersöcht de natüürlike Ümwelt un woans Organismen, Klima, Bodem, Water, Land met een tohoophangt un Inflood up een neemt.<ref name="Cotterill">{{Cite web|last=Cotterill|first=Peter D.|date=1997|title=What is geography?|url=http://www.aag.org/Careers/What_is_geog.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006152742/http://www.aag.org/Careers/What_is_geog.html Bot retrieved archive |archive-date=6 October 2006|access-date=9 October 2006|website=AAG Career Guide: Jobs in Geography and related Geographical Sciences|publisher=American Association of Geographers}}</ref> Düsse Verscheel het de integreete Geografie vöradage brocht, de vhumaangeograafsche Methoden un Methoden uut de phyische geografie verbind, un so versöcht dat Tohoopspeel van Ümwelt un Minschen to studeren.<ref name="Hayes1" /> De technische Geografie studeert de Methoden un Warktüge, de in Geografie bruukt warrt, so as remote sensing, kartografie un geografsche Informatschoonssysteme.<ref name="Haidu1">{{cite journal|last1=Haidu|first1=Ionel|title=What is Technical Geography|journal=Geographia Technica|date=2016|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–5|doi=10.21163/GT_2016.111.01|url=https://technicalgeography.org/pdf/1_2016/01_haidu.pdf|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119112718/http://www.technicalgeography.org/pdf/1_2016/01_haidu.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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=== Wichtige Konzepte === |
=== Wichtige Konzepte === |
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==== Ruum ==== |
==== Ruum ==== |
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{{Main|Space}} |
{{Main|Space}} |
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[[Bild:3D_coordinate_system.svg|rechts|duum|A right-handed three-dimensional [[Cartesian coordinate system]] used to indicate positions in space |
[[Bild:3D_coordinate_system.svg|rechts|duum|A right-handed three-dimensional [[Cartesian coordinate system]] used to indicate positions in space(See diagram description for needed correction.)]] |
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{{blockquote|text=Just as all phenomena exist in time and thus have a history, they also exist in space and have a geography.<ref name=GeographyPerspective1>{{Cite book |last= |
{{blockquote|text=Just as all phenomena exist in time and thus have a history, they also exist in space and have a geography.<ref name=GeographyPerspective1>{{Cite book |last= Staff writer(s); no by-line. |chapter=Chapter 3: Geography's Perspectives|url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4913&page=28 |title=Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society |date=1997 |publisher=The National Academies Press |isbn=978-0-309-05199-6 |location=Washington, DC |page=28 |doi=10.17226/4913 |access-date=2014-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507035328/http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=4913&page=28 |archive-date=2014-05-07 |url-status=live}}</ref>|sign=[[United States National Research Council]], 1997}} |
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For something to exist in the realm of geography, it must be able to be described spatially.<ref name="GeographyPerspective1" /><ref name="Matthews1">{{cite book|last1=Matthews|first1=John|last2=Herbert|first2=David|title=Geography: A very short introduction|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-921128-9}}</ref> Thus, space is the most fundamental concept at the foundation of geography.<ref name="Thrift1">{{cite book|last1=Thrift|first1=Nigel|title=Key Concepts in Geography: Space, The Fundamental Stuff of Geography|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9146-3|pages=85–96|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name="Kent1">{{cite book|last1=Kent|first1=Martin|title=Key Concepts in Geography: Space, Making Room for Space in Physical Geography|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9146-3|pages=97–119|edition=2nd}}</ref> The concept is so basic, that geographers often have difficulty defining exactly what it is. [[Absolute space and time|Absolute space]] is the exact site, or spatial coordinates, of objects, persons, places, or phenomena under investigation.<ref name="Thrift1" /> We exist in space.<ref name="Tuan1">{{cite book|last1=Tuan|first1=Yi-Fu|title=Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience|date=1977|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=0-8166-3877-2}}</ref> Absolute space leads to the view of the world as a photograph, with everything frozen in place when the coordinates were recorded. Today, geographers are trained to recognize the world as a dynamic space where all processes interact and take place, rather than a static image on a map.<ref name="Thrift1" /><ref name="Chen1">{{cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Xiang|last2=Clark|first2=Jill|title=Interactive three-dimensional geovisualization of space-time access to food|journal=Applied Geography|date=2013|volume=43|pages=81–86|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.05.012|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143622813001367|access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref> |
For something to exist in the realm of geography, it must be able to be described spatially.<ref name="GeographyPerspective1" /><ref name="Matthews1">{{cite book|last1=Matthews|first1=John|last2=Herbert|first2=David|title=Geography: A very short introduction|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-921128-9}}</ref> Thus, space is the most fundamental concept at the foundation of geography.<ref name="Thrift1">{{cite book|last1=Thrift|first1=Nigel|title=Key Concepts in Geography: Space, The Fundamental Stuff of Geography|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9146-3|pages=85–96|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref name="Kent1">{{cite book|last1=Kent|first1=Martin|title=Key Concepts in Geography: Space, Making Room for Space in Physical Geography|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-4051-9146-3|pages=97–119|edition=2nd}}</ref> The concept is so basic, that geographers often have difficulty defining exactly what it is. [[Absolute space and time|Absolute space]] is the exact site, or spatial coordinates, of objects, persons, places, or phenomena under investigation.<ref name="Thrift1" /> We exist in space.<ref name="Tuan1">{{cite book|last1=Tuan|first1=Yi-Fu|title=Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience|date=1977|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=0-8166-3877-2}}</ref> Absolute space leads to the view of the world as a photograph, with everything frozen in place when the coordinates were recorded. Today, geographers are trained to recognize the world as a dynamic space where all processes interact and take place, rather than a static image on a map.<ref name="Thrift1" /><ref name="Chen1">{{cite journal|last1=Chen|first1=Xiang|last2=Clark|first2=Jill|title=Interactive three-dimensional geovisualization of space-time access to food|journal=Applied Geography|date=2013|volume=43|pages=81–86|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.05.012|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0143622813001367|access-date=7 December 2022}}</ref> |
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* The uncertainty principle: "That the geographic world is infinitely complex and that any representation must therefore contain elements of uncertainty, that many definitions used in acquiring geographic data contain elements of vagueness, and that it is impossible to measure location on the Earth's surface exactly."<ref name="Goodchild1" /> |
* The uncertainty principle: "That the geographic world is infinitely complex and that any representation must therefore contain elements of uncertainty, that many definitions used in acquiring geographic data contain elements of vagueness, and that it is impossible to measure location on the Earth's surface exactly."<ref name="Goodchild1" /> |
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Additionally, several variations or amendments to these laws exist within the literature, although not as well supported. For example, one paper proposed an amended version of Tobler's first law of geography, referred to in the text as the ''Tobler–von Thünen law'',<ref name="Walker1" /> which states: "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things, {{em|as a consequence of accessibility}}."<ref name="Note01" group="Note" /> <ref name="Walker1" /> |
Additionally, several variations or amendments to these laws exist within the literature, although not as well supported. For example, one paper proposed an amended version of Tobler's first law of geography, referred to in the text as the ''Tobler–von Thünen law'',<ref name="Walker1" /> which states: "Everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things, {{em|as a consequence of accessibility}}."<ref name="Note01" group="Note" /> <ref name="Walker1" /> |
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= Sub-disciplines= = |
= Sub-disciplines= = |
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==== Geographic information systems ==== |
==== Geographic information systems ==== |
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{{Main|Geographic information system}} |
{{Main|Geographic information system}} the section's use of a singular verb for a seemingly plural noun is intentional. The name of the academic subject is "Geographic information systems". If you didn't care about parallel construction, you could precede the following with THE SUBJECT OF Geographic information systems (GIS) deal with storing information about the Earth for automatic retrieval by a computer in an accurate manner appropriate to the information's purpose.<ref name="Demers1">{{cite book|last1=DeMers|first1=Michael|title=Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, inc.|isbn=978-0-470-12906-7|edition=4th}}</ref> In addition to all of the other subdisciplines of geography, GIS specialists must understand [[computer science]] and [[database]] systems. GIS has revolutionized the field of cartography: nearly all mapmaking is now done with the assistance of some form of [[List of GIS software|GIS software]]. The science of using GIS software and GIS techniques to represent, analyse, and predict the spatial relationships is called ''[[geographic information science]]'' (GISc).<ref name="Monmonier1">{{cite book|last1=Monmonier|first1=Mark|title=Technological Transition in Cartography|date=1985|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Pr|isbn=978-0299100704}}</ref> |
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==== Remote sensing ==== |
==== Remote sensing ==== |
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Over the past two centuries, the advancements in technology with computers have led to the development of [[geomatics]] and new practices such as participant observation and geostatistics being incorporated into geography's portfolio of tools. In the West during the 20th century, the discipline of geography went through four major phases: [[environmental determinism]], [[regional geography]], the [[quantitative revolution]], and [[critical geography]]. The strong interdisciplinary links between geography and the sciences of geology and [[botany]], as well as economics, sociology, and [[demographics]], have also grown greatly, especially as a result of [[earth system science]] that seeks to understand the world in a holistic view. New concepts and philosophies have emerged from the rapid advancement of computers, quantitative methods, and interdisciplinary approaches. In 1970, [[Waldo Tobler]] proposed the [[Tobler's first law of geography|first law of geography]], "everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things."<ref name="Tobler12" /><ref name="Tobler22" /> This law summarizes the first assumption geographers make about the world. |
Over the past two centuries, the advancements in technology with computers have led to the development of [[geomatics]] and new practices such as participant observation and geostatistics being incorporated into geography's portfolio of tools. In the West during the 20th century, the discipline of geography went through four major phases: [[environmental determinism]], [[regional geography]], the [[quantitative revolution]], and [[critical geography]]. The strong interdisciplinary links between geography and the sciences of geology and [[botany]], as well as economics, sociology, and [[demographics]], have also grown greatly, especially as a result of [[earth system science]] that seeks to understand the world in a holistic view. New concepts and philosophies have emerged from the rapid advancement of computers, quantitative methods, and interdisciplinary approaches. In 1970, [[Waldo Tobler]] proposed the [[Tobler's first law of geography|first law of geography]], "everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things."<ref name="Tobler12" /><ref name="Tobler22" /> This law summarizes the first assumption geographers make about the world. |
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== Notable geographers == |
== Notable geographers == Please respect alphabetical order |
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{{Main|List of geographers|List of Graeco-Roman geographers}} |
{{Main|List of geographers|List of Graeco-Roman geographers}} |
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[[Bild:Gerardus_Mercator3.jpg|duum|[[Gerardus Mercator]]]] |
[[Bild:Gerardus_Mercator3.jpg|duum|[[Gerardus Mercator]]]] |
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Aktuelle Version vun’n 13:19, 3. Aug. 2024
Geografie (van ooldgreeksch γεωγραφία geōgraphía, uut γῆ gē „Eerden“ un γράφειν gráphein „beschrieven“), oder ook Eerdkunne, höört to de Eerdwetenschoppen un ünnersocht de Eerden, woans se uutsüüt, de Länner un woans se funkschoneert.Geografie es ene grote un männigfoldige Disziplin un versöcht de Eerden med allen veelschichtigen un inwickelden Betœgen to verstaan.[1]Geografie werd ook as ene Brügge twischen de Natuurwètenschop un den Sotschaal- as ook Geistswètenschoppen bekèken.[2]
De eerste Belegg för dat Word „γεωγραφία“ (geōgraphia) was de Titel van enen Book, dat de greeksche Schriever Eratosthenes (276–194 v. Chr.) affaat het.[1] Man de Geografie as Idee (to’n Bispeel Kartografie) het den Beginn, as de Minschen anfüngen, dat se de Welt un den Ruum ümme rund verstann wollen. Een van den eersten Bispelen es de Versöök van ene Weltkaarte uut den oolden Babylon, de uut’n 9. Jaarhunderd v. Chr. stammt.[3] De Historie van’r Geografie as ene Disziplin geet dœr de Kulturen un de Jaardusende med vèlen verscheden Gruppen, de Geografie as ene Idee unafhängig van ene uutdachten, un bi de dœr Handel un Uuttuusch een up den andern Inflood nam.[4]
Vandage es Geografie ene brede un mönngfoldige Disziplin med vèlen verscheden Methoden un Wiesen an de Themen bitogaan.[5] Disziplinen mang de Geografie sind to’n Bispeel de physische Geografie - dat is woans de Eer upbuud is un wo se utkikt, as de Eerddelen, de See, de Ströme, de Bärge un ander Landschoppen.
Grundlagen
[ännern | Bornkood ännern]
Geografie is dat systemaatsche Studeren van de Eerden, öör Egenschoppen un Phänomen up öör.[6][7] Dat wat to de Geografie tellt, bruukt dat allgemeen een Aard rüümlike Egenschop, de up ene Kaarte wiest warrn kann, so as Koordianten, Oordsnamen oder Addressen. So kam dat ook, dat Kartografie, Geografie un Oordsnamen as een bekekekn worrn sind. Ook wenn vele Geografen ook veel över Toponomie un Kartografie weet, is dat nich dat Höövdthema för ennen. Geografen un Geograafschen studeert wo sik Phänomene, Vörgänge un Egenschoppen up de Eerden, rümmlik un tieldik verdeelt un wo de Minsch met sien Ümwelt interageert. [8] Vanwegen dat Ruum un Oord ook vele anner Themen dedrept so as Weerdschop, Gesundheid, Klima, Planten, Dere, is de Geografie een stark interdiziplinär Fack[9]. De interdiziplniäre Natuur van de geograafsche Vörgaanwiese hangt van
De Geografie as een akadeemsch Fack deelt sik griv in dree Telgen: De Humangeografie, de Physische Geografie un de Technische Geografie.[10][11] De Humaangeografie befaat sik ton gröttsten Deel mit de Ümwelt, up de Minschen Inflood nomen un de Minschen upricht hebbt un unnersöcht wo Minschen Ruum schapen, verännern, bruken.[11] De Physische geografie unnersöcht de natüürlike Ümwelt un woans Organismen, Klima, Bodem, Water, Land met een tohoophangt un Inflood up een neemt.[12] Düsse Verscheel het de integreete Geografie vöradage brocht, de vhumaangeograafsche Methoden un Methoden uut de phyische geografie verbind, un so versöcht dat Tohoopspeel van Ümwelt un Minschen to studeren.[8] De technische Geografie studeert de Methoden un Warktüge, de in Geografie bruukt warrt, so as remote sensing, kartografie un geografsche Informatschoonssysteme.[13]
Kiek ook bi
[ännern | Bornkood ännern]
Weblenke
[ännern | Bornkood ännern]
Wiktionary: Geografie – Bedüdensverklaren, Woortherkamen, Synonymen, Översetten
Verbände un Institutschonen
[ännern | Bornkood ännern]- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geographie DGfG
- Verband für Geographie an deutschsprachigen Hochschulen und Forschungseinrichtungen VGDH
- Deutscher Verband für angewandte Geographie DVAG
- Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin
- Institut für Länderkunde, Leipzig
Informatschonen
[ännern | Bornkood ännern]- Geograafsch Informatchoonssysteem med Literatuur-, Adress- un Lenksöke as ook Web-Mapping-Applikatschoon
- ↑ a b Carl Dahlman, Wiliam Renwick: Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment. 6. Auflage. Pearson, 2014, ISBN 978-0-13-750451-0.
- ↑ Maria Sala: Geography Volume I. In: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems. Oxford 2009, ISBN 978-1-84826-960-6.
- ↑ Kurt A. Raaflaub, Richard J. A. Talbert: Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies. John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4051-9146-3, S. 147.
- ↑ Nigel Thrift: Key Concepts in Geography: Space, The Fundamental Stuff of Geography. 2. Auflage. John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4051-9146-3, S. 85–96. Martin Kent: Key Concepts in Geography: Space, Making Room for Space in Physical Geography. 2. Auflage. John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4051-9146-3, S. 97–119. Yi-Fu Tuan: Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. University of Minnesota Press, 1977, ISBN 0-8166-3877-2. Ken Gregory: Key Concepts in Geography: Place, The Management of Sustainable Physical Environments. 2. Auflage. John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4051-9146-3, S. 173–199. Noel Castree: Key Concepts in Geography: Place, Connections and Boundaries in an Interdependent World. 2. Auflage. John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4051-9146-3, S. 85–96.
- ↑ William Pattison: The Four Traditions of Geography. In: Journal of Geography. Band 63, Nr. 5, 1964, S. 211–216, doi:10.1080/00221346408985265. Timothy Tambassi: The Philosophy of Geo-Ontologies. 2. Auflage. Springer, 2021, ISBN 978-3-03078144-6.
- ↑ Areography.
- ↑ Vörlaag:Cite book
- ↑ a b James Hayes-Bohanan (29 September 2009): What is Environmental Geography, Anyway?. Bridgewater State University.
- ↑ Vörlaag:Cite book
- ↑ Zitat-Fehler: Ungülligen Tag <ref>; is keen Text för Refs mit den Naam Sala12 angeven.
- ↑ a b Vörlaag:Cite book
- ↑ Peter D. Cotterill (1997): What is geography?. American Association of Geographers.
- ↑ What is Technical Geography. In: Geographia Technica. 11, Nr. 1, 2016, S. 1–5. doi:10.21163/GT_2016.111.01.