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=== Storja militari aħħarija ===
=== Storja militari aħħarija ===
[[File:Road_linking_Tetouan_to_M'diq.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Road_linking_Tetouan_to_M'diq.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|It-triq li tikkollega lil Tétouan ma' M'diq.]]
Fis-seklu 17, il-belt kienet iggvernata mill-familja għanja al-Naksis. Fl-aħħar tas-seklu, il-belt ittieħdet mis-sultan Alawit [[Moulay Ismail]], li ħabbat wiċċu ma' reżistenza kbira. Tétouan baqgħet fraġli, sa ma ttieħdet minn [[Ahmad al-Riffi]], il-gvernatur Alawit ta' Tangier, u l-mexxej tal-armata tal-Berberi [[Jaysh al-Rifi]] li kien okkupa lil Tangier wara li l-Ingliżi kienu evakwaw mill-belt. Al-Riffi wassal għal perjodu ta' stabbiltà f'Tétouan, u bena bosta mill-attrazzjonijiet tal-belt, fosthom il-palazz Meshwar u l-moskea ta' Paxà, l-eqdem moskea f'Tétouan. Wara mewtu, il-belt reġgħet irribellat u ġiet ikkontrollata nominalment biss mill-gvern ċentrali.
Fis-seklu 17, il-belt kienet iggvernata mill-familja għanja al-Naksis. Fl-aħħar tas-seklu, il-belt ittieħdet mis-sultan Alawit [[Moulay Ismail]], li ħabbat wiċċu ma' reżistenza kbira. Tétouan baqgħet fraġli, sa ma ttieħdet minn [[Ahmad al-Riffi]], il-gvernatur Alawit ta' Tangier, u l-mexxej tal-armata tal-Berberi [[Jaysh al-Rifi]] li kien okkupa lil Tangier wara li l-Ingliżi kienu evakwaw mill-belt. Al-Riffi wassal għal perjodu ta' stabbiltà f'Tétouan, u bena bosta mill-attrazzjonijiet tal-belt, fosthom il-palazz Meshwar u l-moskea ta' Paxà, l-eqdem moskea f'Tétouan. Wara mewtu, il-belt reġgħet irribellat u ġiet ikkontrollata nominalment biss mill-gvern ċentrali.


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=== Gwerra bejn Spanja u l-Marokk u Protettorat Spanjol ===
=== Gwerra bejn Spanja u l-Marokk u Protettorat Spanjol ===
[[File:MARIANO_FORTUNY_-_La_Batalla_de_Tetuán_(Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_de_Cataluña,_1862-64._Óleo_sobre_lienzo,_300_x_972_cm).jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MARIANO_FORTUNY_-_La_Batalla_de_Tetu%C3%A1n_(Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_de_Catalu%C3%B1a,_1862-64._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo,_300_x_972_cm).jpg|alt=|lemin|daqsminuri|300x300px|Il-Battalja ta' Tétouan, parti mill-kampanji militari Marokkini tal-Ewwel Conde de Lucena f'isem ir-Reġina ta' Spanja Isabella II fil-bidu tas-snin 60 tas-seklu 19; [[pittura]] ta' [[Marià Fortuny]] (Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya).]]
[[File:(Barcelona) La batalla de Tetuan - Marià Fortuny Marsal - MNAC.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MARIANO_FORTUNY_-_La_Batalla_de_Tetu%C3%A1n_(Museo_Nacional_de_Arte_de_Catalu%C3%B1a,_1862-64._%C3%93leo_sobre_lienzo,_300_x_972_cm).jpg|alt=|lemin|daqsminuri|300x300px|Il-Battalja ta' Tétouan, parti mill-kampanji militari Marokkini tal-Ewwel Conde de Lucena f'isem ir-Reġina ta' Spanja Isabella II fil-bidu tas-snin 60 tas-seklu 19; [[pittura]] ta' [[Marià Fortuny]] (Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya).]]
Fl-1844, il-Marokk tilef gwerra kontra l-Franċiżi u fl-1856, iffirma t-trattati Anglo-Marokkini ta' Ħbiberija mal-Brittaniċi. L-Ispanjoli ħarsu lejn it-telfa li ġarrab il-Marokk fl-1844 u t-trattati ffirmati fl-1865 bħala sinjal ta' dgħufija. Xprunata minn passjoni nazzjonali għall-konkwista Afrikana, Spanja ddikjarat gwerra kontra l-Marokk fl-1859 wara kunflitt dwar il-fruntieri ta' Ceuta.
In 1844, Morocco lost a war against the French and in 1856, it signed the ''Anglo-Moroccan treaties of Friendship'' with the British. The Spaniards saw the Moroccan defeat in 1844 and the treaties signed in 1865 as a sign of their weakness. Spurred by a national passion for African conquest, Spain declared war on Morocco in 1859 after a conflict over the borders of Ceuta.


After a few months, Tétouan was taken on 4 February 1860 under the command of General Leopoldo O'Donnell, who was a descendant of an old Irish royal family, the O'Donnells of Tyrconnell. He was made hereditary Duke of Tetuán, and later served as Prime Minister of Spain. However, two years later the Spanish evacuated in May 1862.
Wara ftit xhur, Tétouan ittieħdet fl-4 ta' Frar 1860 taħt il-kmand tal-Ġeneral Leopoldo O'Donnell, li kien dixxendent ta' familja rjali Irlandiża antika, O'Donnell ta' Tyrconnell. Huwa sar id-Duka ereditarju ta' Tétouan, u iktar 'il quddiem sar il-Prim Ministru ta' Spanja. Madankollu, sentejn wara l-Ispanjoli evakwaw f'Mejju 1862.


In 1913, it became the capital of the Spanish protectorate of Morocco, which was governed by the Khalifa (Moroccan prince, serving as Viceroy for the Sultan), and the Spanish "Alto Comisario" accredited to him, and it remained its capital until 1956.
Fl-1913 il-belt saret il-belt kapitali tal-Protettorat Spanjol tal-Marokk, li kien iggvernat mill-Khalifa (prinċep Marokkin li kien il-Viċirè tas-Sultan), u mill-"Alto Comisario" Spanjol akkreditat lilu, u baqgħet il-belt kapitali sal-1956.


=== Moviment nazzjonalista ===
=== Moviment nazzjonalista ===
[[File:Tetouan-haraka-nisaiya.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetouan-haraka-nisaiya.jpg|lemin|daqsminuri|300x300px|Nisa ta' Tétouan affiljati mal-Partit ta' Istiqlal.]]
[[File:Tetouan-haraka-nisaiya.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetouan-haraka-nisaiya.jpg|lemin|daqsminuri|300x300px|Nisa ta' Tétouan affiljati mal-Partit ta' Istiqlal.]]
Tétouan was one of the most active Moroccan cities in resisting colonialism. The nationalist movement in Tétouan was led by the charismatic leader Abdelkhalek Torres and other personalities such as Abdessalam Bennuna and historian Mohammed Daoud. The movement was part of the pan-Arab nationalist movements. They established deep ties with Arab nationalist leaders such as former Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser and Druze prince and intellectual Shakib Arslan. When Arsalan wanted to visit Morocco in August 1930, he was not given a permit by the French protectorate so instead he went to Tangier, which then had international status under foreign colonial powers, and from there to Tétouan, where he met the group. Many of the members later joined the National Party for Istiqlal. Others joined some other nationalist parties, of which many members were women.
Tétouan kienet waħda mill-iżjed bliet Marokkini attivi fir-reżistenza kontra l-kolonjaliżmu. Il-moviment nazzjonalista f'Tétouan kien immexxi mill-mexxej kariżmatiku [[Abdelkhalek Torres]] u minn personalitajiet oħra bħal [[Abdessalam Bennuna]] u l-istoriku [[Mohammed Daoud]]. Il-moviment kien parti mill-movimenti nazzjonalisti pan-Għarab. Dawn stabbilew rabtiet sfiqa ma' mexxejja nazzjonalisti Għarab bħall-eks President [[Eġittu|Eġizzjan]] [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] u l-intellettwali u l-prinċep Druze [[Shakib Arslan]]. Meta Arsalan ried iżur il-Marokk f'Awwissu 1930, huwa ma ngħatax permess mill-protettorat Franċiż u għalhekk minflok mar Tangier, li dak iż-żmien kellha status internazzjonali taħt il-poteri kolonjali barranin, u minn hemmhekk mar Tétouan, fejn iltaqa' mal-grupp. Bosta mill-membri iktar 'il quddiem ingħaqdu mal-Partit Nazzjonalista ta' Istiqlal. Oħrajn, bosta minnhom nisa, ingħaqdu ma' partiti nazzjonalisti oħra.


=== Preżenza tal-Lhud ===
=== Preżenza tal-Lhud ===
[[File:Fête_juive_à_Tétouan,_Alfred_Dehodencq,_1865.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F%C3%AAte_juive_%C3%A0_T%C3%A9touan,_Alfred_Dehodencq,_1865.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|300x300px|Festival Lhudi f'Tetouan; pittura tal-artist [[Franza|Franċiż]] [[Alfred Dehodencq]] (1865).]]
[[File:Fête_juive_à_Tétouan,_Alfred_Dehodencq,_1865.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F%C3%AAte_juive_%C3%A0_T%C3%A9touan,_Alfred_Dehodencq,_1865.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|300x300px|Festival Lhudi f'Tétouan; pittura tal-artist [[Franza|Franċiż]] [[Alfred Dehodencq]] (1865).]]
Tétouan fl-imgħoddi ospitat komunità sinifikanti ta' Lhud Sefardiċi li immigraw minn Spanja wara r-Reconquista u l-[[Inkwiżizzjoni Spanjola]]. Din il-komunità ta' Lhud Sefardiċi kienet titkellem tip ta' Spanjol Lhudi magħruf bħala Haketia. Skont il-Kungress Lhudi Dinji kien għad fadal 100 Lhudi Marokkin biss f'Tétouan sal-2015.
Tétouan has been home to a significant Sephardi Jewish community which immigrated from Spain after the Reconquista and the Spanish Inquisition. This Jewish Sephardi community spoke a form of Judaeo-Spanish known as Haketia. According to the World Jewish Congress there were only 100 Moroccan Jews remaining in Tétouan by 2015.


In 1790, a pogrom occurred, started by Sultan Yazid. The mellah, where the Jews lived, was pillaged and many women raped. At this point there was an emigration of Tétouani Jews to Gibraltar, where the large Jewish population maintains links with the community in Tétouan.
Fl-1790, kien hemm ''pogrom'', li nbeda mis-Sultan Yazid. Il-''mellah'', fejn kienu jgħixu l-Lhud, insterqulu r-rikkezzi tiegħu u bosta nisa Lhud ġew stuprati. Dak iż-żmien kien hemm emigrazzjoni ta' Lhud ta' Tétouan lejn il-Ġibiltà, fejn il-popolazzjoni Lhudija kbira għad għandha rabtiet mal-komunità f'Tétouan.


In 1807, Sultan Slimane relocated the mellah south of the medina to build a large mosque at its previous location inside the medina.
Fl-1807, is-Sultan Slimane ordna r-rilokazzjoni tal-''mellah'' lejn in-Nofsinhar tal-medina sabiex jibni moskea minflok is-sit preċedenti fi ħdan il-medina.


The ''Mellah'' of Tétouan was sacked in the Hispano-Moroccan War of 1860, when there were 16 to 18 synagogues. This was followed by appeals in the European Jewish press to support Jewish communities like the one in Tétouan, leading to an international effort called "The Morocco Relief Fund." The Paris-based international Jewish organization ''Alliance Israélite Universelle'', along with Rabbi Isaac Ben Walid of Tétouan, then opened its first school in Tétouan in 1862.
Il-''mellah'' ta' Tétouan insterqulu r-rikkezzi tiegħu fil-Gwerra Ispanika-Marokkina tal-1860, meta kien hemm bejn 16 u 18-il sinagoga. Dan ġie segwit minn appelli fl-istampa Lhudija Ewropea biex il-komunitajiet Lhud bħal dik f'Tétouan jiġu appoġġati, u dan wassal għal sforz internazzjonali msejjaħ "il-Fond ta' Soljev tal-Marokk". L-organizzazzjoni Lhudija internazzjonali bbażata f'[[Pariġi]], ''Alliance Israélite Universelle'', flimkien mar-Rabbi [[Isaac Ben Walid]] ta' Tétouan, imbagħad fetħu l-ewwel skola tal-Lhud f'Tétouan fl-1862.


Following the exodus of Jews from Morocco after 1948, there were very few Jews left in Tétouan. By 1967, only 12 remained (López Álvarez, 2003). During that period, many emigrated to South America and much later to Israel, Spain, France, and Canada. Today, the only synagogue remaining is the Rabbi Isaac Bengualid Synagogue, which serves as a museum.
Wara l-eżodu tal-Lhud mill-Marokk wara l-1948, kien fadal biss ftit Lhud f'Tétouan. Sal-1967, kien għad fadal 12-il Lhudi biss (López Álvarez, 2003). Matul dak il-perjodu, bosta emigraw lejn [[L-Amerika t'Isfel|l-Amerka t'Isfel]] u ferm wara lejn [[Iżrael]], Spanja, Franza u l-[[Kanada]]. Illum il-ġurnata, l-unika sinagoga li għad fadal hi s-Sinagoga tar-Rabbi Isaac Bengualid, li tintuża bħala mużew.


=== Storja moderna ===
=== Storja moderna ===
[[File:Interior_del_Museo_de_Etnografía_de_Tetuán_05.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_del_Museo_de_Etnograf%C3%ADa_de_Tetu%C3%A1n_05.jpg|alt=|xellug|daqsminuri|300x300px|Kostum għall-wiri fil-[[Mużew]] Etnografiku ta' Tétouan.]]Tétouan kompliet titkabbar iktar meta saret il-belt kapitali tal-Protettorat Spanjol tal-Marokk bejn l-1913 u l-1956. L-amministrazzjoni Spanjola bniet diversi kwartieri ġodda 'l barra mis-swar tal-medina. Il-belt għaddiet minn trasformazzjoni urbana intensiva, fejn il-kwartieri u l-binjiet tagħha, imsejħa "Ensanche" (jiġifieri "estensjoni"), kisbu dehra simili ħafna għal dik ta' bliet Spanjoli oħra ta' dak iż-żmien. L-istruttura tagħha ġiet organizzata madwar pjazza ċirkolari kbira, issa msejħa "Plaza Mulay el Mehdi' (li qabel kienet Plaza Primo de Rivera). L-influwenza tal-protettorat baqgħet importanti anke wara l-indipendenza tal-pajjiż fl-1956.
Tétouan was further expanded when it became the capital of the Spanish protectorate in Morocco between 1913 and 1956. The Spanish administration built several new neighborhoods outside the walled medina. The city underwent an intense urban transformation for which its new neighborhoods and buildings, called "Ensanche" (meaning extension), acquired an image very similar to those of other Spanish cities of the time. Its structure was organized around a large circular plaza, now called 'Plaza Mulay el Mehdi' (formerly Plaza Primo de Rivera). The influence of the protectorate has remained important even after the independence of the country in 1956.


F'Jannar 1984, u f'nofs is-Snin taċ-Ċomb taħt ir-renju tar-Re Hassan II (li miet fl-1999), faqqgħet rewwixta f'diversi bliet għal għadd ta' jiem minħabba ż-żieda fil-prezzijiet tal-prodotti bażiċi, wara l-implimentazzjoni tal-programm ta' aġġustament strutturali tal-[[Fond Monetarju Internazzjonali]] u tal-[[Bank Dinji]]. Ir-rewwixta ġiet imrażżna permezz ta' intervent militari. Għoxrin ruħ inqatlu f'Tétouan u bosta oħra ġew arrestati u ngħataw pieni ħorox.
In January 1984, and in the midst of the Years of Lead under the reign of King Hassan II (died 1999), a revolt spread into several cities for a number of days due to price hikes for basic goods following the implementation of the IMF's and the World Bank's structural adjustment programme. The revolt was thwarted by a military intervention. Twenty people were killed in Tétouan and many others were arrested and received heavy sentences.


Bosta nies fil-belt għadhom jitkellmu bl-Ispanjol. Fuq it-tabelli fit-toroq, l-ismijiet spiss jinkitbu kemm bl-[[Lingwa Spanjola|Ispanjol]] kif ukoll bl-Għarbi, għalkemm bosta sinjali huma bl-Għarbi u bil-Franċiż, it-tieni lingwa tal-Marokk modern.
Many people in the city still speak Spanish. On road signs, names are often written both in Spanish and in Arabic, though many signs are in Arabic and French, the second language of modern Morocco.


== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
== Sit ta' Wirt Dinji ==
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Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; il-'''kriterju (iv)''' "Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem"; u l-'''kriterju (v)''' "Eżempju straordinarju ta' insedjament uman tradizzjonali, ta' użu tal-art jew ta' użu tal-baħar, li jirrappreżenta kultura (jew kulturi), jew interazzjoni umana mal-ambjent, speċjalment meta jkun sar vulnerabbli minħabba l-impatt ta' bidla irreversibbli".<ref name=":0" />
Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-'''kriterju (ii)''' "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; il-'''kriterju (iv)''' "Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem"; u l-'''kriterju (v)''' "Eżempju straordinarju ta' insedjament uman tradizzjonali, ta' użu tal-art jew ta' użu tal-baħar, li jirrappreżenta kultura (jew kulturi), jew interazzjoni umana mal-ambjent, speċjalment meta jkun sar vulnerabbli minħabba l-impatt ta' bidla irreversibbli".<ref name=":0" />

== Kultura ==
[[File:Interior_del_Museo_de_Etnografía_de_Tetuán_05.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_del_Museo_de_Etnograf%C3%ADa_de_Tetu%C3%A1n_05.jpg|alt=|xellug|daqsminuri|300x300px|Kostum għall-wiri fil-[[Mużew]] Etnografiku ta' Tétouan.]]

=== Kultura ===
Tétouan is famed for its fine craftsmanship and musical delicacy and has been part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the area of Crafts and Folk Art since 2017. Its cultural heritage is the product of the interaction between different cultural influences throughout centuries. It is mainly characterized by its Andalusian style and way of living, but Berber, Jewish, and colonial Spanish influences are present too.

=== Letteratura ===
The city has produced many scholars in different disciplines throughout centuries. One of the first newspapers in Morocco, ''El Eco de Tétouan'', was published in the city in 1860. In the colonial period, whereas France took measures to censor publications in Arabic in the area under its control, Tétouan, the capital of the northern Spanish area, became a center of publishing and the capital of Moroccan literary life. Many historic newspapers were published in Tétouan, including the first nationalist publication in Morocco, ''as-Salaam'' October 1933, followed by ''al-Hurriya'' and others. These were published by members of this intellectual circle in Tétouan that included figures like Abdesalam Bennuna, Muhammad Daoud, Abdelkhaleq Torres, and Abdellah Guennoun.

=== Reliġjon ===
The vast majority of the population are Muslims and small Christian and Jewish communities also exist, although their presence has declined sharply in recent decades. Notable spiritual leaders include Sufi saint Ahmad ibn Ajiba and Jewish Rabbis Yosef Maimon and Isaac Ben Walid. Tétouan also had a vibrant Sephardi Jewish community with ties to Al-Andalus.

=== Arkitettura ===
The streets are fairly wide and straight, and many of the houses belonging to aristocratic families, descendants of those expelled from Al-Andalus by the Spanish Reconquista, possess marble fountains and have groves planted with orange trees. Within the houses and riads the ceilings are often exquisitely carved and painted in Hispano-Moresque designs, such as are found in the Alhambra of Granada, and the tilework for which Tétouan is known may be seen on floors, pillars, and dados. The city has seven gates which were closed at night up until the early 20th century. Many Sufi Zawiyas are scattered inside the walled old city.

=== Ikel ===
Tétouan has rich culinary traditions unique within Moroccan cuisine. and the influence of Berber (''Amazigh''), Arab, Andalusi, Turkish and Spanish cuisines is noted in the variety of dishes and pastries.

Amazigh and Arab cuisine are present in staples of Moroccan cuisine such as cuscus and ''rafissa'' or ''thrid'', respectively.

As in other Moroccan cities like Salé and Fes, Tétouan inherited Andalusi culinary traditions through the waves of migration terminating with the arrival of the expelled Moriscos 1609–1614. This manifests itself in classic dishes such as ''pastilla''. However, the pastilla traditionally made in Tétouan is more savory than sweet, with more preserved lemon and no sugar or almonds.

Tétouan has been also influenced by Algerian and Ottoman cuisine, and this is due to the wave of migrants from Algeria following the French conquest of Algeria. This influence manifests itself prominently in the sweets of Tétouan, which include ''qatayef'' and baklava.

=== Artiġjanat ===
Traditional craftsmanship is concentrated in the old medina where every industry has its own quarter with the same name where workshops and shops are found. Among them are Zellige (tilework), pottery, plaster engravings, embroidery, inlaying with silver wire, the manufacture of thick-soled yellow slippers, much-esteemed flintlocks, and artistic towels used as capes and skirts by Jebala women in rural areas.

=== Mużewijiet u festivals ===
The Lucas Museum of Religious Heritage (متحف لوقش للتراث الديني) is housed in the historic Madrasat Lucas in Tétouan. In addition to archaeological, traditional, and modern art museums, as well as an archival library, Tétouan hosts a school of music and many artisan schools. Different music genres of local or regional origins can be found in Tétouan. Traditional Andalusian classical music is the most popular and folk singers such as Abdessadeq Cheqara are widely known in Morocco. Other popular local genres like Taktoka Jabaliya also exist and are usually played at weddings.

Tétouan hosts many international festivals such as the International Mediterranean Film Festival, and the International Oud and Women's Voice (أصوات نسائية) Festival.

On November 20, 2013, the city's ''Centro de Arte Moderno'' (Center of Modern Art) was launched and currently holds between 180 and 200 artworks from both self-trained artists and graduates of the city's National Institute of Fine Arts.

=== Djalett ===
The city has its own dialect, a particular ''citadin'' variant of non-Hilalian Arabic which is distinct from Jeblia. However, Jeblia, which is a dialect of Darija, is predominant since people from the neighboring rural areas settled in the city during the 20th-century rural flights. The use of Spanish and French is still widespread, especially among businessmen and intellectual elites, due to past colonial ties and the geographic proximity to Europe.


== Ġeografija ==
== Ġeografija ==
Linja 373: Linja 337:
| colspan="14" |Sors 2: Météo climat (temp. estremi)<ref>{{Ċita rivista|kunjom1=Driouech|isem1=Fatima|kunjom2=Stafi|isem2=Hafid|kunjom3=Khouakhi|isem3=Abdou|kunjom4=Moutia|isem4=Sara|kunjom5=Badi|isem5=Wafae|data=2021|titlu=Recent observed country‐wide climate trends in Morocco|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.6734|rivista=International Journal of Climatology|lingwa=en|volum=41|numru=S1}}</ref>
| colspan="14" |Sors 2: Météo climat (temp. estremi)<ref>{{Ċita rivista|kunjom1=Driouech|isem1=Fatima|kunjom2=Stafi|isem2=Hafid|kunjom3=Khouakhi|isem3=Abdou|kunjom4=Moutia|isem4=Sara|kunjom5=Badi|isem5=Wafae|data=2021|titlu=Recent observed country‐wide climate trends in Morocco|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.6734|rivista=International Journal of Climatology|lingwa=en|volum=41|numru=S1}}</ref>
|}
|}

== Edukazzjoni ==

=== Edukazzjoni u l-moviment nazzjonali ===
During the 1920s, activists belonging to the national movement in northern Morocco, especially in Tétouan under Spanish protectorate, made science and education a supreme goal of their struggle to combat colonialism. In 1924, and after considerable effort and determination, they established a primary school and named it the "Al Madrasa al-Ahliyah" (Arabic: المدرسة الأهلية meaning National School). Among them were historian Mohammed Daoud, Abdel Salam Bennouna, and Mustafa Afilal. To this end, members of the National Movement carried out a popular campaign under the leadership of the Special Education Committee established in 1934. In the summer of 1935, a group of activists met at the house of Mustafa Afilal, and after a long debate about educational dimensions, material resources, and other things, the group concluded by approving the establishment of a special secondary educational institution. The name of the institution remained suspended until the end of the year. After additional meetings, nationalist leader and Professor Abdelkhalek Torres, being impressed with the role played by the "free men" in the era of the Second Spanish Republic, said to his colleagues: ''most of the men of science, thought and liberation in Spain, graduated from Madrid's'' Instituto Libre''. Therefore, I hope and suggest that you call our institute the Free Institute (Arabic: المعهد الحر)''. After this was approved, the Free Institute was established on November 5, 1935.

The students of the Institute were among the first to demonstrate and protest against the Spanish administration. The year 1948, in which bloody events took place between the citizens demanding independence and the Spanish colonialism, in which a student of the institute was killed by colonial agents, was a milestone in its history. The Spanish administration began to take over the institute. All the staff were arrested and imprisoned in Ceuta. However, weeks later, historian Tuhami al-Wazzani, who was then the director of the elementary school, joined the institute and asked the college students to help teach the younger ones so that the institute would not stop teaching altogether. Since then, secondary education has ceased and has been limited to primary education up to this day. Many graduates continued their higher education in Spain, Cairo, and Baghdad.

=== Skejjel oħra u istituzzjonijiet tal-edukazzjoni għolja ===
Tétouan is home to ''l'Institut National des Beaux-Arts'' (National Institute of Fine Arts), the only national arts institution of higher education in Morocco. It was founded in 1945. Its promoter and first director was the Spanish Orientalist painter Mariano Bertuchi. The city also hosts the ''Ecole Nationale d'Architecture'', a public architecture school.

Tétouan's public Abdelmalek Essaâdi University was founded in 1993. The 16th-century Moroccan sultan Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi is the university's namesake. The university has a student body of 86,000, one of the largest in Morocco. The Faculty of Theology (Arabic : كلية أصول الدين) was established in 1963 and was an affiliate of the prestigious Al Quaraouiyine University in Fez until 2015, when it was annexed to Abdelmalek Essaâdi University.

There are also some Spanish international schools operated by that country's Ministry of Education:

* Colegio Español Jacinto Benavente
* Instituto Español Juan de la Cierva
* Instituto Español Nuestra Señora del Pilar
* Instituto Cervantes

=== Ċentri kulturali barranin ===
F'Tétouan hemm diversi ċentri kulturali barranin, fosthom:

* l-Instituto Cervantes Spanjol;
* l-Institut Français Franċiż;
* u ċ-Ċentru Lingwistiku Amerikan.

== Ekonomija u infrastruttura ==
[[File:Coche_unificado_de_3º_Clase_del_Ferrocarril_Ceuta-Tetuán.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coche_unificado_de_3%C2%BA_Clase_del_Ferrocarril_Ceuta-Tetu%C3%A1n.JPG|alt=|lemin|daqsminuri|300x300px|Vagun tat-tielet klassi tal-linja ferrovjarja bejn [[Ceuta]] u Tetuán, għall-ħabta tal-1930.]]
The economy of the city is based mainly on tourism and commerce. Other sectors of income include fishing and agriculture. Tétouan's civil airport Sania Ramel Airport, which became an international airport that operates flights to western Europe, is operated by the Moroccan Airports Authority and is located 6 km (4 mi) to the east.

The Ceuta-Tetuán railway line (es) was the first Spanish international railway line that would unite the cities of Ceuta and Tétouan. It was inaugurated on March 17, 1918, by Carlos de Borbón and Khalifa Mohammed Mehedi Uld Ben Ismael [es]. The line is no longer in use. Tétouan is linked to Tangier, Larache, Chefchaouen, Bab Sebta (border with Ceuta), and Al Hoceima via modern national motorways. The 28 km Tétouan–Fnideq expressway was completed in 2005.
[[File:Road_linking_Tetouan_to_M'diq.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Road_linking_Tetouan_to_M'diq.jpg|xellug|daqsminuri|It-triq li tikkollega lil Tetouan ma' M'diq.]]
The coastal area is a major tourist destination during the summer period. It stretches from Fnideq, a small city near Ceuta, to the beaches of the small village of El Jebha on the route to Al Hoceima. Several marinas and beach resorts are spread between different villages along the coast. The M'diq port is the main fishing port serving the city. M'diq has another port dedicated to leisure. Both have been expanded recently in order to improve tourist offerings and to increase the harbour's capacity. Boats up to 50 metres long with a depth of nearly five metres can be moored.
[[File:M'diq_from_above.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M'diq_from_above.jpg|alt=|lemin|daqsminuri|300x300px|Il-port ta' M'diq.]]
Cultural tourism has also been developed during recent years. Many historical sites and monuments are found within and outside the old city (medina).

During the 20th century, Tétouan had a few flourishing industries such as paper manufacturing, which was led by the ''Papelera de Tetuán'' company. The company was later merged with its competitor ''Cellulose du Maroc'', having its operations stopped in Tétouan and its headquarters transferred to Casablanca.

=== Sistema tad-distribuzzjoni tal-ilma msejħa ''Skoundo'' ===
The historic center is equipped with a subterranean piping system for water distribution through its streets. In fact, until the early 1970s, drinking water supply in the old medina was mainly provided through this traditional network called "Skoundo" (El Abdellaoui, 1986). It was developed around the 16th century in parallel with the construction of the first houses during its renewal by Andalusian refugees. It penetrates the ancient city from the far north to the far south. It starts at the top of Mount Dersa and extends underground under channels and pipes made of clay. Although it is not the only ancient water system in Morocco, others having been located in Fez and Chefchaouen, it remains the only one still operating. However, the bad state of the clay pipes combined with neglect and other technical issues makes the water undrinkable, although some restorations are underway. Skoundo had a clear impact on various socio-economic charts of the city. The system did not only serve houses but also mosques, public toilets, hammams, tanneries, and public mural fountains found in each neighborhood in the old medina.

=== Kuntrabandu u kontroversji ===
Since a few decades, and because of the proximity of the city to the Spanish enclave of Ceuta, many people have been relying on contraband activities. Residents of Tétouan do not need a visa to enter Ceuta. Before the 1990s, no passport was needed and a Moroccan ID card was sufficient. In recent years, the border has known many incidents such as stampedes. Human rights groups have often criticized the situation in which women carry heavy loads of goods - giving rise to the epithet "Mule women"- before cases of investigation were opened.

== Sport ==
In 1917, Tétouan saw the appearance of its first football clubs, "Sporting of Tetuán" and "el Hispano-Marroquí" ("The Spanish-Moroccan"). One year later, these two clubs, and a third one called "el Radio", merged and that gave the birth to the "Athletic Club Tetuán". The new club was established in 1922 by Basque Atlético Madrid fans who lived in Tétouan. In the early days, it was known as Athletic Club Tétouan—based on the Spanish spelling of the city. After the Spanish Civil War and according to General Franco's demands (banning non-Spanish names), it became known as Club Atlético Tétouan. This is why the team has always played in red and white stripes and blue shorts, just like their counterparts from Madrid they were supposed to emulate. Under the Spanish Protectorate of Northern Morocco, Tetuán was a part of the Spanish Liga for 33 years until independence was achieved in 1956. The highlights of that era were their surprising win of the Spanish Segunda División (the southern group) in the 1950–51 season and their promotion to the Primera Division of 1951–52. The club remains, to this day, the only African team ever to play in a top division in Europe.

Today, the city has one professional football club, Moghreb Athletic Tétouan, which competes in the Botola, the top-tier of Moroccan football. The team plays their home games at the Saniat Rmel stadium, the oldest football stadium in Africa. As of the 2018–19 season, the team will play at the new Tétouan Stadium, which will have a seating capacity of more than 41,000. Moghreb Athletic Tétouan won its first league title in the 2011–12 Botola League season, becoming the first Chamali club to ever win the league title. Today, MAT is considered one of the five biggest football clubs in Morocco along with Raja Casablanca, Wydad Casablanca, FAR Rabat, and Maghreb Fès. A new football stadium in the Mediterranean city of Tétouan is currently being built across 36 hectares north of the residential areas, along the new A6 highway. It will occupy former farmlands and become the central sports arena of the agglomeration, replacing the severely dated Stade Saniat Rmel. The stadium is meant to seat 60,000 spectators; original plans called for a capacity of 40,000 but this was increased to 60,000 in order to meet latest FIFA regulations. Construction on the Grand Stade De Tétouan, which was designed by Moroccan architect Nawfal Bakhat, began in 2015 and was initially scheduled for completion in 2018. The project has stalled a number of times, been mired in controversy regarding the authorship of its design plans, and the completion date has been postponed as well. As of January 2020, it is still not finished. The Kingdom of Morocco has submitted a bid to FIFA to host the 2026 World Cup, which will be held in three different countries.


== Attrazzjonijiet ==
== Attrazzjonijiet ==
[[File:Zerka_in_Tetouan_Province.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zerka_in_Tetouan_Province.jpg|alt=|lemin|daqsminuri|300x300px|Is-sit naturali ta' Zerka fl-Għolja ta' Ghorghiz fil-muntanji ta' Rif.]]
[[File:Zerka_in_Tetouan_Province.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zerka_in_Tetouan_Province.jpg|alt=|lemin|daqsminuri|300x300px|Is-sit naturali ta' Zerka fl-Għolja ta' Ghorghiz fil-muntanji ta' Rif.]]
[[File:M'diq_from_above.jpg|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M'diq_from_above.jpg|alt=|lemin|daqsminuri|300x300px|Il-port ta' M'diq.]]
* Il-medina (iċ-ċentru storiku) ta' Tétouan hija Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO. Iċ-ċentru storiku huwa karatteristiku u tradizzjonali ħafna. Wieħed isib bosta djar bojod, speċjalment djar baxxi ftit sulari. L-artiġjanat huwa mifrux fil-belt, u wieħed isib nissieġa, ġojjelliera u ħaddiema tal-ġlud. Il-bejjiegħa fit-toroq sikwit jippruvaw ibigħu t-twapet lit-turisti wkoll. Tétouan hija parti min-Network tal-Bliet Kreattivi tal-UNESCO u fl-2017 ġiet iddikjarata bħala "Belt tal-Artiġjanat u tal-Arti Folkloristika".
* Il-medina (iċ-ċentru storiku) ta' Tétouan hija Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO. Iċ-ċentru storiku huwa karatteristiku u tradizzjonali ħafna. Wieħed isib bosta djar bojod, speċjalment djar baxxi ftit sulari. L-artiġjanat huwa mifrux fil-belt, u wieħed isib nissieġa, ġojjelliera u ħaddiema tal-ġlud. Il-bejjiegħa fit-toroq sikwit jippruvaw ibigħu t-twapet lit-turisti wkoll. Tétouan hija parti min-Network tal-Bliet Kreattivi tal-UNESCO u fl-2017 ġiet iddikjarata bħala "Belt tal-Artiġjanat u tal-Arti Folkloristika".
* Il-Mużew Arkeoloġiku jinsab fiċ-ċentru tal-belt, mitt metru 'l bogħod mill-Palazz Irjali. Il-mużew fih artefatti minn perjodi differenti u mill-kulturi indiġeni, Feniċi, Rumani, Lhud u Għarab. Il-mużew inbena fl-1943.
* Il-Mużew Arkeoloġiku jinsab fiċ-ċentru tal-belt, mitt metru 'l bogħod mill-Palazz Irjali. Il-mużew fih artefatti minn perjodi differenti u mill-kulturi indiġeni, Feniċi, Rumani, Lhud u Għarab. Il-mużew inbena fl-1943.
Linja 433: Linja 349:
* Tétouan għandha kosta kbira estiża mill-fruntiera ma' Ceuta sat-triq lejn Al Hoceima. Normalment iżuruha ħafna nies fis-sajf u tospita bosta bars, ristoranti, lukanti, klabbs tal-golf, kif ukoll marinas internazzjonali bħal Club Med, Sofitel, u Ritz-Carlton li jinsabu fil-Bajja ta' Tamuda bejn M'diq u Fnideq. L-eqreb bajja tinsab fil-belt popolari ta' Martil. Villaġġi oħra jinkludu Cabo Negro, Oued Lao, El Jebha.
* Tétouan għandha kosta kbira estiża mill-fruntiera ma' Ceuta sat-triq lejn Al Hoceima. Normalment iżuruha ħafna nies fis-sajf u tospita bosta bars, ristoranti, lukanti, klabbs tal-golf, kif ukoll marinas internazzjonali bħal Club Med, Sofitel, u Ritz-Carlton li jinsabu fil-Bajja ta' Tamuda bejn M'diq u Fnideq. L-eqreb bajja tinsab fil-belt popolari ta' Martil. Villaġġi oħra jinkludu Cabo Negro, Oued Lao, El Jebha.
* Tétouan hija mdawra minn żewġ għoljiet muntanjużi, Dersa u Ghorghiz. Hemm diversi postijiet naturali u l-attivitajiet tal-mixi huma popolari fl-inħawi.
* Tétouan hija mdawra minn żewġ għoljiet muntanjużi, Dersa u Ghorghiz. Hemm diversi postijiet naturali u l-attivitajiet tal-mixi huma popolari fl-inħawi.
[[File:Coche_unificado_de_3º_Clase_del_Ferrocarril_Ceuta-Tetuán.JPG|ħolqa=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coche_unificado_de_3%C2%BA_Clase_del_Ferrocarril_Ceuta-Tetu%C3%A1n.JPG|alt=|lemin|daqsminuri|300x300px|Vagun tat-tielet klassi tal-linja ferrovjarja bejn [[Ceuta]] u Tetuán, għall-ħabta tal-1930.]]


== Ġemellaġġ ==
== Ġemellaġġ ==
Linja 484: Linja 401:
== Referenzi ==
== Referenzi ==


[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji]]
[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji Kulturali]]
[[Kategorija:Bliet tal-Marokk]]
[[Kategorija:Bliet tal-Marokk]]
[[Kategorija:Marokk]]
[[Kategorija:Bliet Afrikani]]
[[Kategorija:Siti ta' Wirt Dinji fil-Marokk]]

Reviżjoni kurrenti ta' 09:07, 7 Ottubru 2024

Tétouan
 Marokk
Amministrazzjoni
Constitutional monarchyMarokk
Region of MoroccoTanġier-Tetouan-Al Hoceima
Province of MoroccoProvinċja ta' Tétouan
Isem uffiċjali تطوان
Tétouan
Ismijiet oriġinali ‫Tetwān تطوان‬
ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⵉⵏ
Kodiċi postali 93000
Ġeografija
Koordinati 35°34′N 5°22′W / 35.57°N 5.37°W / 35.57; -5.37Koordinati: 35°34′N 5°22′W / 35.57°N 5.37°W / 35.57; -5.37
Tétouan is located in Morocco
Tétouan
Tétouan
Tétouan (Morocco)
Għoli 90 m
Demografija
Popolazzjoni 422,757 abitanti (2024)
Unitajiet domestiċi 92,606
Informazzjoni oħra
Żona tal-Ħin Ħin tal-Ewropa Ċentrali
bliet ġemellati Santa Feu Granada
tetouan.ma

Tétouan (bl-Għarbi: تطوان, b'ittri Rumani: tiṭwān, bil-Berberu: ⵜⵉⵟⵟⴰⵡⴰⵏ, b'ittri Rumani: tiṭṭawan;[1] bl-Ispanjol: Tetuán), magħrufa wkoll bħala Tettawen, hija belt fit-Tramuntana tal-Marokk. Tinsab fil-Wied ta' Martil u hija wieħed miż-żewġ portijiet ewlenin tal-Marokk fil-Baħar Mediterran, ftit mili lejn in-Nofsinhar tal-Istrett ta' Ġibiltà, u madwar 60 kilometru (37 mil) Xlokk il-Lvant ta' Tangier. Fiċ-ċensiment Marokkin tal-2014, il-belt irreġistrat popolazzjoni ta' 380,787 abitant. Hija parti mid-diviżjoni amministrattiva ta' Tangier-Tétouan-Al Hoceima.

Il-belt għaddiet minn bosta ċikli ta' żvilupp tul iktar minn 2,000 sena. L-ewwel insedjamenti, skoperti ftit mili 'il barra mil-limiti tal-belt moderna, kienu tal-Berberi tal-Mawritanja u jmorru lura għas-seklu 3 Q.K. Seklu wara, il-Feniċi għamlu kummerċ hemmhekk u warajhom is-sit — issa magħruf bħala r-raħal antik ta' Tamuda — sar kolonja Rumana taħt l-Imperatur Awgustu.[2][3]

Lejn l-aħħar tas-seklu 13, il-Berberi Marinidi bnew kasbah u moskea fejn issa hemm il-belt antika jew iċ-ċentru storiku. Ftit wara, fl-1305, l-iskala tal-insedjament tkabbret mis-sultan Abu Thabit Amir, li ffortifika s-sit.[4] Għall-ħabta tal-bidu tas-seklu 15, il-Kastiljani qerdu l-insedjament bi tpattija għall-piraterija.

L-istorja moderna tal-belt tibda għall-ħabta tal-aħħar tas-seklu 15. Il-belt ġiet rikostruwita u ffortifikata minn Ali al-Mandri, li emigra mill-belt Nasrida ta' Granada fid-deċennju qabel ma spiċċat f'idejn il-Monarki Kattoliċi Ferdinandu II ta' Aragona u Isabella I ta' Kastilja meta ntemmet il-Gwerra ta' Granada fl-1492. Eluf ta' Musulmani u Lhud mill-Andalusija insedjaw it-Tramuntana tal-Marokk u l-fdalijiet tal-belt ta' Tétouan.[5] Il-belt gawdiet perjodu ta' prosperità, rikostruzzjoni u tkabbir f'diversi oqsma u saret ċentru ta' lqugħ tan-nies mill-Andalusija. Spiss tiġi kkollegata ma' Granada u hija mlaqqma "Bint Granada";[6] xi familji għadhom iżommu ċ-ċwievet tad-djar antiki tagħhom fi Granada.[7] Il-belt hija mlaqqma wkoll "Pequeña Jerusalén" (Ġerusalemm Żgħira) mil-Lhud Sefardiċi.[8][9] Il-maġġoranza l-kbira tal-popolazzjoni huma Musulmani u jeżistu wkoll komunitajiet żgħar ta' Kristjani u ta' Lhud, għalkemm il-preżenza tagħhom naqset ferm fl-aħħar deċennji.[10]

Fl-1913, Tétouan saret il-belt kapitali tal-Protettorat Spanjol tal-Marokk, li kien iggvernat minn Khalifa (prinċep Marokkin li kien il-Viċirè tas-Sultan), u mill-"Alto Comisario" (Kummissarju Għoli) Spanjol akkredit lilu. Baqgħet belt kapitali sal-1956, meta l-Marokk reġa' kiseb l-indipendenza sħiħa.

Tétouan hija ċentru multikulturali rinomat.[11] Il-medina ta' Tétouan tniżżlet fil-lista tas-Siti ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1997.[12] Kienet parti wkoll min-Network tal-Bliet Kreattivi tal-UNESCO fil-qasam tal-Artiġjanat u l-Arti Folkloristika mill-2017.[13]

Etimoloġija

[immodifika | immodifika s-sors]

L-isem Berberu jfisser litteralment "l-għajnejn" u figurattivament ifisser "il-fawwariet tal-ilma".[14] Qabel ma ġiet stabbilita fl-aħħar tas-seklu 13, minflok kienu jeżistu fortifikazzjonijiet żgħar imsejħa Tittawin.[15] L-isem attwali ssemma għall-ewwel darba fil-ġrajjiet Għarab tas-seklu 9, wara l-mewt ta' Idris II.[16] L-isem uffiċjali tal-belt tal-Marinidi kien "Afrag" ("tinda (rjali)" bil-Berberu). Dokumenti mhux uffiċjali baqgħu jirreferu għaliha bħala Tétouan.

Skont Leo Africanus, l-isem ingħata wara li l-Gotiċi inkarigaw mara b'għajn waħda bil-governanza tar-raħal u l-abitanti kienu jsejħulha Tetteguin, li tfisser "għajn" bil-lingwa tagħhom.[17]

Storja

[immodifika | immodifika s-sors]

Preżenza tal-Feniċi u tar-Rumani

[immodifika | immodifika s-sors]

Ftit mili 'l barra mill-belt hemm ir-raħal antik ta' Tamuda. L-insedjamenti bikrin tal-Berberi tal-Mawritanja fil-periferiji tal-belt moderna jmorru lura għas-seklu 3 Q.K. Instabu artefatti kemm minn żmien il-Feniċi kif ukoll minn żmien ir-Rumani fis-sit ta' Tamuda. Tamuda saret kolonja Rumana taħt l-Imperatur Awgustu.

Rikostruzzjoni tal-belt-stat

[immodifika | immodifika s-sors]
Triq fiċ-ċentru storiku antik; ritratt tal-avjatur u l-fotografu Żviżżeru Walter Mittelholzer (1928).

Fl-1286, il-Marinidi bnew kasbah u moskea hemmhekk. L-ewwel proġett tal-kostruzzjoni fuq skala kbira seħħ fl-1305 meta l-insedjament tkabbar mir-re Marinida Abu Thabit Amir. Huwa ffortifika l-belt u użaha bħala bażi għall-attakki fuq Ceuta, li reċentement kien taħt it-tmexxija ta' membru ribelluż tad-dinastija Marinida. Fl-1431, inqerdet mill-Kastiljani, minħabba li l-pirati użawha għall-attakki tagħhom. Il-Portugiżi diġà kienu qed jokkupaw lil Ceuta fil-qrib u fl-1436, il-kmandant Pedro de Menezes, l-Ewwel Konti ta' Vila Real bagħat kontinġent mill-gwarniġjon tiegħu taħt ibnu Duarte de Menezes biex jattakka lil Tétouan, li kienet qed tirkupra mill-qerda Kastiljana, sabiex jipprevjenu li ssir theddida għall-operazzjonijiet Portugiżi futuri.

Sa tmiem is-seklu 15, il-belt ġiet rikostruwita mir-refuġjati mir-Reconquista (ir-rikonkwista ta' Spanja, li tlestiet permezz tal-waqgħa ta' Granada fl-1492), meta l-Għarab Iberiċi tal-Andalusija, immexxija minn Ali al-Mandri, kaptan tat-truppi leali lejn Boabdil, l-aħħar re tar-Renju Nasridi ta' Granada, fittex ir-refuġju fil-belt irvinata. L-ewwel bnew is-swar u mbagħad melew il-konfini bid-djar. Dawn iċ-ċittadini tal-Andalusija daħlu f'kunflitt mat-tribù Berberu ta' Beni Hozmar li insedjaw l-artijiet ta' Jebala, u mbagħad staqsew lis-sultan Wattasid għall-protezzjoni. B'rispons għal dan, huwa bagħat 80 suldat (skont kronaka partikolari, 40 ċittadini nattiv ta' Fez u 40 Rifjan). Min-naħa l-oħra, iċ-ċittadini tal-Andalusija ħallsu ammont kbir ta' mitqal, sabiex b'hekk jiżguraw l-awtonomija tagħhom. Minnufih, iċ-ċittadini tal-Andalusija, megħjuna mit-tribujiet mill-muntanji fil-qrib, bdew jagħtu fastidju lill-proprjetajiet Spanjoli tul il-kosta Marokkina. Dawn l-attakki wasslu għall-qerda tal-port tal-belt mill-Ispanjoli fl-1565. Matul dan iż-żmien, il-belt kienet iggvernata mill-Andalusjan Abu Hassan al-Mandri u l-belt baqgħet awtonoma mis-sultani Saadi, u dawn tal-aħħar ippruvaw jasserixxu l-poter tagħhom.

Piraterija u l-Mazmorras

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Il-bandiera navali ta' Tétouan (1783).

Diġà saħansitra mis-snin 30 u 40 tas-seklu 16, fiż-żmien meta Spanja u l-Imperu Ottoman kienu qed jissieltu għall-kontroll tal-parti tal-Punent tal-Mediterran, il-piraterija kienet qed tinfirex u f'qasir żmien Tétouan saret wieħed miċ-ċentri prinċipali tal-piraterija fir-reġjun. Il-kursara ħaduha bħala tip ta' ritaljazzjoni kontra r-Reconquista Spanjola li wasslet għat-telf ta' djarhom f'al-Andalus, speċjalment minħabba l-fatt li ż-żmien inzerta ħabat mal-ewwel influss ta' Għarab Iberiċi lejn Tétouan minħabba l-konverżjonijiet sfurzati li kellhom jiffaċċjaw fi Spanja bejn l-1501 u l-1526. Il-kollaboraturi tagħhom kienu jinkludu r-rinnegati Ingliżi u Olandiżi li fil-biċċa l-kbira kienu Protestanti, għalkemm uħud kienu kkonvertew għall-Iżlam.

Filwaqt li l-port naturali ntuża bħala port li minnu ġew varati missjonijiet tal-piraterija, il-ħabsin li kienu jinqabdu kienu jittieħdu fil-ħabsijiet. Kien hemm kumplessi ta' ħabsijiet taħt l-art b'sensiela ta' għerien skavati konnessi msejħa Mazmorras. Il-ħabsin kienu jissograw jinbiegħu fis-suq tal-iskjavi jekk ma kienx jitħallas xi rahan. Dawn il-kumpless ta' taħt l-art ġew skoperti mill-ġdid fil-bidu tas-seklu 20. Kappella ta' 90 metru kwadru u ftit artali ġew żvelati wkoll. Is-sit sagru, imsejjaħ Nuestra Señora de los Dolores (id-Duluri), kien jintuża mill-ħabsin u minn redenturi bħall-qrabat tagħhom jew il-Franġiskani Spanjoli u l-Ġiżwiti Portugiżi li kienu jagħmlu żjarat frekwenti sabiex jinnegozjaw il-ħelsien tal-ħabsin Kristjani.

Miguel De Cervantes, li kien hu stess ħabsi f'Alġiers, l-Alġerija bejn l-1575 u l-1580, jirreferi għall-Mazmorras f'El juez de los divorcios (L-Imħallef tad-Divorzju), fejn il-protagonista jqabbel iż-żwieġ tiegħu mal-"perjodu ta' ħabs fl-għerien ta' Tétouan". Isemmihom ukoll f'Don Quixote, apparti li jitkellem dwar Tétouan f'El trato de Argel, f'La gran sultana u f'La ilustre fregona. Huwa maħsub li huwa kellu kuntatt ma' xi priġunieri li qalulu dwar il-ħruxija tal-ħabsijiet ta' Tétouan. Id-diplomatiku u l-esploratur Leo Africanus, waqt żjara tiegħu fil-belt, fil-ktieb tiegħu Description of Africa (Deskrizzjoni tal-Afrika) isemmi li kien hemm 3,000 ħabsi, għalkemm xi storiċi ma jaqblux ma' dik iċ-ċifra. Kien hemm ukoll ġrajjiet oħra mill-ħabsin stess bħal Germain Moüette, li tkellmet dwar il-kundizzjonijiet tal-waħx li kien jgħix fihom min kien jinżamm f'dawk il-mazmorras fl-aħħar tas-seklu 17. Il-piraterija kompliet u fl-1829, l-Imperu Awstrijaku bbumbardja l-belt bħala tpattija.

Il-ħabs ta' taħt l-art ġie esplorat fl-1922 minn Cesar Luis de Montalban, abbażi ta' rapport mill-arkeologu Manuel Gómez-Moreno Martínez. L-amministrazzjoni tal-Protettorat Spanjol imbagħad ikkummissjonat lill-arkitett Carlos Ovilo biex jistudja s-sit iżda saru jafu li l-ebda skavi ma setgħu jsiru mingħajr is-sogru ta' ħsarat għall-abitazzjonijiet ta' fuq is-sit. Minn dak iż-żmien, ma saru l-ebda skavi, għalkemm dan l-aħħar, xi riċerkaturi u assoċjazzjonijiet ċivili sejħu biex l-awtoritajiet jestendu l-esplorazzjoni u r-restawr qabel jinfetaħ għall-pubbliku.

Storja militari aħħarija

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It-triq li tikkollega lil Tétouan ma' M'diq.

Fis-seklu 17, il-belt kienet iggvernata mill-familja għanja al-Naksis. Fl-aħħar tas-seklu, il-belt ittieħdet mis-sultan Alawit Moulay Ismail, li ħabbat wiċċu ma' reżistenza kbira. Tétouan baqgħet fraġli, sa ma ttieħdet minn Ahmad al-Riffi, il-gvernatur Alawit ta' Tangier, u l-mexxej tal-armata tal-Berberi Jaysh al-Rifi li kien okkupa lil Tangier wara li l-Ingliżi kienu evakwaw mill-belt. Al-Riffi wassal għal perjodu ta' stabbiltà f'Tétouan, u bena bosta mill-attrazzjonijiet tal-belt, fosthom il-palazz Meshwar u l-moskea ta' Paxà, l-eqdem moskea f'Tétouan. Wara mewtu, il-belt reġgħet irribellat u ġiet ikkontrollata nominalment biss mill-gvern ċentrali.

Xi elementi ta' kostruzzjonijiet militari jistgħu jinstabu fil-fortifikazzjonijiet oriġinali bħat-tliet fortijiet, is-seba' daħliet, u s-swar esterni kbar madwar il-medina l-antika. Dawn għadhom jeżistu minkejja l-bidliet li seħħew minħabba t-tkabbir tal-belt matul iż-żmien.

Tétouan laqgħet għadd ta' immigranti Alġerini wara l-invażjoni Franċiża ta' Alġiers fl-1830. Skont Bouhlila, dawn introduċew il-baklava, il-kafè, u l-għaġina tat-tip warqa li issa tintuża fil-pastilla. Skont Gil Marks, kienu l-Lhud Sefardiċi li introduċew il-warqa Ottomana, li l-Marokkini sostitwew mal-ħelu Spanjol.

Gwerra bejn Spanja u l-Marokk u Protettorat Spanjol

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Il-Battalja ta' Tétouan, parti mill-kampanji militari Marokkini tal-Ewwel Conde de Lucena f'isem ir-Reġina ta' Spanja Isabella II fil-bidu tas-snin 60 tas-seklu 19; pittura ta' Marià Fortuny (Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya).

Fl-1844, il-Marokk tilef gwerra kontra l-Franċiżi u fl-1856, iffirma t-trattati Anglo-Marokkini ta' Ħbiberija mal-Brittaniċi. L-Ispanjoli ħarsu lejn it-telfa li ġarrab il-Marokk fl-1844 u t-trattati ffirmati fl-1865 bħala sinjal ta' dgħufija. Xprunata minn passjoni nazzjonali għall-konkwista Afrikana, Spanja ddikjarat gwerra kontra l-Marokk fl-1859 wara kunflitt dwar il-fruntieri ta' Ceuta.

Wara ftit xhur, Tétouan ittieħdet fl-4 ta' Frar 1860 taħt il-kmand tal-Ġeneral Leopoldo O'Donnell, li kien dixxendent ta' familja rjali Irlandiża antika, O'Donnell ta' Tyrconnell. Huwa sar id-Duka ereditarju ta' Tétouan, u iktar 'il quddiem sar il-Prim Ministru ta' Spanja. Madankollu, sentejn wara l-Ispanjoli evakwaw f'Mejju 1862.

Fl-1913 il-belt saret il-belt kapitali tal-Protettorat Spanjol tal-Marokk, li kien iggvernat mill-Khalifa (prinċep Marokkin li kien il-Viċirè tas-Sultan), u mill-"Alto Comisario" Spanjol akkreditat lilu, u baqgħet il-belt kapitali sal-1956.

Moviment nazzjonalista

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Nisa ta' Tétouan affiljati mal-Partit ta' Istiqlal.

Tétouan kienet waħda mill-iżjed bliet Marokkini attivi fir-reżistenza kontra l-kolonjaliżmu. Il-moviment nazzjonalista f'Tétouan kien immexxi mill-mexxej kariżmatiku Abdelkhalek Torres u minn personalitajiet oħra bħal Abdessalam Bennuna u l-istoriku Mohammed Daoud. Il-moviment kien parti mill-movimenti nazzjonalisti pan-Għarab. Dawn stabbilew rabtiet sfiqa ma' mexxejja nazzjonalisti Għarab bħall-eks President Eġizzjan Gamal Abdel Nasser u l-intellettwali u l-prinċep Druze Shakib Arslan. Meta Arsalan ried iżur il-Marokk f'Awwissu 1930, huwa ma ngħatax permess mill-protettorat Franċiż u għalhekk minflok mar Tangier, li dak iż-żmien kellha status internazzjonali taħt il-poteri kolonjali barranin, u minn hemmhekk mar Tétouan, fejn iltaqa' mal-grupp. Bosta mill-membri iktar 'il quddiem ingħaqdu mal-Partit Nazzjonalista ta' Istiqlal. Oħrajn, bosta minnhom nisa, ingħaqdu ma' partiti nazzjonalisti oħra.

Preżenza tal-Lhud

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Festival Lhudi f'Tétouan; pittura tal-artist Franċiż Alfred Dehodencq (1865).

Tétouan fl-imgħoddi ospitat komunità sinifikanti ta' Lhud Sefardiċi li immigraw minn Spanja wara r-Reconquista u l-Inkwiżizzjoni Spanjola. Din il-komunità ta' Lhud Sefardiċi kienet titkellem tip ta' Spanjol Lhudi magħruf bħala Haketia. Skont il-Kungress Lhudi Dinji kien għad fadal 100 Lhudi Marokkin biss f'Tétouan sal-2015.

Fl-1790, kien hemm pogrom, li nbeda mis-Sultan Yazid. Il-mellah, fejn kienu jgħixu l-Lhud, insterqulu r-rikkezzi tiegħu u bosta nisa Lhud ġew stuprati. Dak iż-żmien kien hemm emigrazzjoni ta' Lhud ta' Tétouan lejn il-Ġibiltà, fejn il-popolazzjoni Lhudija kbira għad għandha rabtiet mal-komunità f'Tétouan.

Fl-1807, is-Sultan Slimane ordna r-rilokazzjoni tal-mellah lejn in-Nofsinhar tal-medina sabiex jibni moskea minflok is-sit preċedenti fi ħdan il-medina.

Il-mellah ta' Tétouan insterqulu r-rikkezzi tiegħu fil-Gwerra Ispanika-Marokkina tal-1860, meta kien hemm bejn 16 u 18-il sinagoga. Dan ġie segwit minn appelli fl-istampa Lhudija Ewropea biex il-komunitajiet Lhud bħal dik f'Tétouan jiġu appoġġati, u dan wassal għal sforz internazzjonali msejjaħ "il-Fond ta' Soljev tal-Marokk". L-organizzazzjoni Lhudija internazzjonali bbażata f'Pariġi, Alliance Israélite Universelle, flimkien mar-Rabbi Isaac Ben Walid ta' Tétouan, imbagħad fetħu l-ewwel skola tal-Lhud f'Tétouan fl-1862.

Wara l-eżodu tal-Lhud mill-Marokk wara l-1948, kien fadal biss ftit Lhud f'Tétouan. Sal-1967, kien għad fadal 12-il Lhudi biss (López Álvarez, 2003). Matul dak il-perjodu, bosta emigraw lejn l-Amerka t'Isfel u ferm wara lejn Iżrael, Spanja, Franza u l-Kanada. Illum il-ġurnata, l-unika sinagoga li għad fadal hi s-Sinagoga tar-Rabbi Isaac Bengualid, li tintuża bħala mużew.

Storja moderna

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Kostum għall-wiri fil-Mużew Etnografiku ta' Tétouan.

Tétouan kompliet titkabbar iktar meta saret il-belt kapitali tal-Protettorat Spanjol tal-Marokk bejn l-1913 u l-1956. L-amministrazzjoni Spanjola bniet diversi kwartieri ġodda 'l barra mis-swar tal-medina. Il-belt għaddiet minn trasformazzjoni urbana intensiva, fejn il-kwartieri u l-binjiet tagħha, imsejħa "Ensanche" (jiġifieri "estensjoni"), kisbu dehra simili ħafna għal dik ta' bliet Spanjoli oħra ta' dak iż-żmien. L-istruttura tagħha ġiet organizzata madwar pjazza ċirkolari kbira, issa msejħa "Plaza Mulay el Mehdi' (li qabel kienet Plaza Primo de Rivera). L-influwenza tal-protettorat baqgħet importanti anke wara l-indipendenza tal-pajjiż fl-1956.

F'Jannar 1984, u f'nofs is-Snin taċ-Ċomb taħt ir-renju tar-Re Hassan II (li miet fl-1999), faqqgħet rewwixta f'diversi bliet għal għadd ta' jiem minħabba ż-żieda fil-prezzijiet tal-prodotti bażiċi, wara l-implimentazzjoni tal-programm ta' aġġustament strutturali tal-Fond Monetarju Internazzjonali u tal-Bank Dinji. Ir-rewwixta ġiet imrażżna permezz ta' intervent militari. Għoxrin ruħ inqatlu f'Tétouan u bosta oħra ġew arrestati u ngħataw pieni ħorox.

Bosta nies fil-belt għadhom jitkellmu bl-Ispanjol. Fuq it-tabelli fit-toroq, l-ismijiet spiss jinkitbu kemm bl-Ispanjol kif ukoll bl-Għarbi, għalkemm bosta sinjali huma bl-Għarbi u bil-Franċiż, it-tieni lingwa tal-Marokk modern.

Sit ta' Wirt Dinji

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Il-Medina ta' Tétouan ġiet iddeżinjata bħala Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO fl-1997.[12]

Il-valur universali straordinarju tas-sit ġie rrikonoxxut abbażi ta' tliet kriterji tal-għażla tal-UNESCO: il-kriterju (ii) "Wirja ta' skambju importanti ta' valuri umani, tul perjodu ta' żmien jew fi ħdan żona kulturali fid-dinja, dwar l-iżviluppi fl-arkitettura jew it-teknoloġija, l-arti monumentali, l-ippjanar tal-bliet jew id-disinn tal-pajsaġġ"; il-kriterju (iv) "Eżempju straordinarju ta' tip ta' bini, ta' grupp ta' siti jew ta' pajsaġġ arkitettoniku jew teknoloġiku li joħroġ fid-dieher stadju/i sinifikanti fl-istorja tal-bniedem"; u l-kriterju (v) "Eżempju straordinarju ta' insedjament uman tradizzjonali, ta' użu tal-art jew ta' użu tal-baħar, li jirrappreżenta kultura (jew kulturi), jew interazzjoni umana mal-ambjent, speċjalment meta jkun sar vulnerabbli minħabba l-impatt ta' bidla irreversibbli".[12]

Ġeografija

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Veduta tal-muntanji Rif f'Tétouan.

Il-belt tinsab madwar 60 kilometru fil-Lvant tal-belt ta' Tangier u 40 kilometru fin-Nofsinhar tal-Istrett ta' Ġibiltà. Lejn in-Nofsinhar u l-Punent tal-belt, hemm il-muntanji. Tétouan tinsab fin-nofs ta' sensiela ta' raba' bis-siġar tal-frott, pereżempju l-larinġ, il-lewż, ir-rummien, u bis-siġar taċ-ċipress. Il-muntanji Rif huma fil-qrib, peress li l-belt tinsab fil-Wied ta' Martil. Tinsab max-xaqliba tat-Tramuntana pittoreska ta' wied għammieli li minnu tnixxi x-xmara Martil, bil-port ta' Tétouan, Martil, fil-bokka tagħha. Fuq wara hemm mases kbar tal-blat, u s-swar tan-Nofsinhar tal-kampanja ta' Anjera, li fl-imgħoddi kienu parzjalment magħluqa għall-Ewropej; fuq in-naħa l-oħra tal-wied hemm l-għoljiet li jiffurmaw il-limiti tat-Tramuntana tal-muntanji Rif ferm iktar impenetrabbli.[18]

Klima

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Tétouan għandha klima Mediterranja kklassifikata skont il-klassifikazzjoni klimatika ta' Köppen bħala Csa. Minħabba li tinsab mal-Baħar Mediterran, it-temp ta' Tétouan ikun miti, kiesaħ u bix-xita matul ix-xitwa, u sħun u niexef matul is-sajf.

Data klimatika għal Tétouan; temp. normali mill-1961 sal-1990, temp. estremi mill-1961 sal-preżent
Xahar Jan Fra Mar Apr Mej Ġun Lul Aww Set Ott Nov Diċ Sena
Temp. għolja rekord f'°C (°F) 25.4

(77.7)

27.5

(81.5)

31.0

(87.8)

30.3

(86.5)

35.1

(95.2)

38.9

(102.0)

42.5

(108.5)

43.1

(109.6)

36.2

(97.2)

34.8

(94.6)

34.0

(93.2)

30.1

(86.2)

43.1

(109.6)

Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F) 16.8

(62.2)

17.1

(62.8)

18.6

(65.5)

21.0

(69.8)

23.4

(74.1)

26.4

(79.5)

29.5

(85.1)

30.1

(86.2)

27.7

(81.9)

24.0

(75.2)

19.7

(67.5)

17.1

(62.8)

22.6

(72.7)

Temp. medja ta' kuljum f'°C (°F) 13.3

(55.9)

13.3

(55.9)

14.7

(58.5)

16.5

(61.7)

18.9

(66.0)

22.0

(71.6)

24.5

(76.1)

25.3

(77.5)

23.0

(73.4)

19.8

(67.6)

15.6

(60.1)

13.6

(56.5)

18.4

(65.1)

Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F) 9.7

(49.5)

9.3

(48.7)

10.8

(51.4)

12.0

(53.6)

14.6

(58.3)

17.6

(63.7)

19.7

(67.5)

20.5

(68.9)

18.7

(65.7)

15.6

(60.1)

11.5

(52.7)

10.2

(50.4)

14.2

(57.6)

Temp. għolja medja f'°C (°F) −2.3

(27.9)

−1.0

(30.2)

−0.5

(31.1)

0.0

(32.0)

4.0

(39.2)

7.0

(44.6)

10.4

(50.7)

5.4

(41.7)

10.9

(51.6)

0.0

(32.0)

0.0

(32.0)

0.0

(32.0)

−2.3

(27.9)

Preċipitazzjoni medja f'mm (pulzieri) 118

(4.6)

116

(4.6)

114

(4.5)

45

(1.8)

38

(1.5)

26

(1.0)

1

(0.0)

1

(0.0)

19

(0.7)

54

(2.1)

125

(4.9)

140

(5.5)

799

(31.5)

Medja ta' jiem bil-preċipitazzjoni (≥ 0.1 mm) 11 11 11 5 6 5 0 2 5 8 13 13 90
Umdità relattiva medja (%) (fis-7:00) 83 83 86 85 79 78 75 77 84 85 86 82 82
Medja ta' sigħat ta' xemx fix-xahar 176.7 180.0 182.9 201.0 282.1 306.0 325.5 306.9 237.0 204.6 159.0 167.4 2,729.1
Medja ta' sigħat ta' xemx kuljum 5.7 6.3 5.9 6.7 9.1 10.2 10.5 9.9 7.9 6.6 5.3 5.4 7.5
Sors 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[19]
Sors 2: Météo climat (temp. estremi)[20]

Attrazzjonijiet

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Is-sit naturali ta' Zerka fl-Għolja ta' Ghorghiz fil-muntanji ta' Rif.
Il-port ta' M'diq.
  • Il-medina (iċ-ċentru storiku) ta' Tétouan hija Sit ta' Wirt Dinji tal-UNESCO. Iċ-ċentru storiku huwa karatteristiku u tradizzjonali ħafna. Wieħed isib bosta djar bojod, speċjalment djar baxxi ftit sulari. L-artiġjanat huwa mifrux fil-belt, u wieħed isib nissieġa, ġojjelliera u ħaddiema tal-ġlud. Il-bejjiegħa fit-toroq sikwit jippruvaw ibigħu t-twapet lit-turisti wkoll. Tétouan hija parti min-Network tal-Bliet Kreattivi tal-UNESCO u fl-2017 ġiet iddikjarata bħala "Belt tal-Artiġjanat u tal-Arti Folkloristika".
  • Il-Mużew Arkeoloġiku jinsab fiċ-ċentru tal-belt, mitt metru 'l bogħod mill-Palazz Irjali. Il-mużew fih artefatti minn perjodi differenti u mill-kulturi indiġeni, Feniċi, Rumani, Lhud u Għarab. Il-mużew inbena fl-1943.
  • Il-Mużew tal-Arti Moderna jinsab quddiem il-ġnien ta' Riad Al Ochak.
  • Il-mechouar tal-Palazz Irjali jinsab eżatt 'il barra mill-medina l-antika u qrib waħda mid-daħliet tagħha. Quddiemu hemm pjazza pubblika.
  • Riad Al Ochak (li litteralment tfisser "Ġnien il-Maħbubin"), magħruf uffiċjalment bħala l-Ġnien ta' Moulay Rachid, huwa ġnien pubbliku ddisinjat bl-istil Għarbi Iberiku. Jinsab taħt l-għoljiet fit-triq lejn il-Wied ta' Martil.
  • Il-kasbah fil-quċċata tal-Għolja ta' Dersa, bil-fdalijiet tal-eks barrakki tar-Regulares, tinsab maġenb ċimiterju ta' martri indiġeni.
  • Tétouan għandha kosta kbira estiża mill-fruntiera ma' Ceuta sat-triq lejn Al Hoceima. Normalment iżuruha ħafna nies fis-sajf u tospita bosta bars, ristoranti, lukanti, klabbs tal-golf, kif ukoll marinas internazzjonali bħal Club Med, Sofitel, u Ritz-Carlton li jinsabu fil-Bajja ta' Tamuda bejn M'diq u Fnideq. L-eqreb bajja tinsab fil-belt popolari ta' Martil. Villaġġi oħra jinkludu Cabo Negro, Oued Lao, El Jebha.
  • Tétouan hija mdawra minn żewġ għoljiet muntanjużi, Dersa u Ghorghiz. Hemm diversi postijiet naturali u l-attivitajiet tal-mixi huma popolari fl-inħawi.
Vagun tat-tielet klassi tal-linja ferrovjarja bejn Ceuta u Tetuán, għall-ħabta tal-1930.

Ġemellaġġ

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Nies notevoli

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Gallerija

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  • Waħda mit-toroq dojoq tal-medina antika.
    Waħda mit-toroq dojoq tal-medina antika.
  • Binja ħdejn Bab Okla, waħda mis-seba' daħliet prinċipali tal-belt.
    Binja ħdejn Bab Okla, waħda mis-seba' daħliet prinċipali tal-belt.
  • Il-ġnien pubbliku ta' Riad Al Ochak.
    Il-ġnien pubbliku ta' Riad Al Ochak.
  • Il-konzeriji ta' Dar Dbagh.
    Il-konzeriji ta' Dar Dbagh.
  • Is-suq ta' Tétouan.
    Is-suq ta' Tétouan.
  • Il-Minaret ta' Zawya Moulay Abdelkader qrib il-Palazz Irjali.
    Il-Minaret ta' Zawya Moulay Abdelkader qrib il-Palazz Irjali.
  • Tétouan Catholic Church, built during the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco, and still active today, it is considered one of the best examples of the Spanish influence and heritage on Tétouan
    Il-Knisja Kattolika ta' Tétouan inbniet matul il-Protettorat Spanjol tal-Marokk għadha attiva u titqies bħala waħda mill-aqwa eżempji tal-influwenza u tal-wirt Spanjoli f'Tétouan.
  • Il-mechouar tal-Palazz Irjali (li qabel kien al-Feddan).
    Il-mechouar tal-Palazz Irjali (li qabel kien al-Feddan).
  • Il-fdalijiet tal-Alcazaba de los Adives qrib l-eks barrakki tar-Regulares.
    Il-fdalijiet tal-Alcazaba de los Adives qrib l-eks barrakki tar-Regulares.
  • Ir-ramla ta' Kasr Rimal fil-Bajja ta' Tamuda bejn Fnideq u M'diq.
    Ir-ramla ta' Kasr Rimal fil-Bajja ta' Tamuda bejn Fnideq u M'diq.
  • Ix-xatt ta' Martil.
    Ix-xatt ta' Martil.
  • Id-Diga ta' Smir qrib M'diq.
    Id-Diga ta' Smir qrib M'diq.

Referenzi

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  1. ^ Library, Amazigh. "GHOMARA BERBER A BRIEF GRAMMATICAL SURVEY_J. EL HANNOUCHE". Ċitazzjoni journal għandha bżonn |journal= (għajnuna)
  2. ^ M. Tarradell, El poblamiento antiguo del Rio Martin, Tamuda, IV, 1957, p. 272.
  3. ^ M. R. El Azifi, « L'habitat ancien de la vallée de Martil » in Revue de la Faculté des lettres de Tétouan, 1990, 4e année, n° 4, pp. 65-81. (bl-Għarbi).
  4. ^ Ali ibn-abi-Zar' (1326) - Rawd Al-Kirtas (Histoire des souverains du Maghreb et annales de la ville de Fès. Traduction française Auguste Beaumier. Editions La Porte, Rabat, 1999, p. 325).
  5. ^ Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (1992-09-02). "Andalusia's Nostalgia for Progress and Harmonious Heresy". MERIP (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2023-08-10.
  6. ^ "The Maghrebʹs Moorish-Spanish legacy: Andalusia begins in northern Morocco - Qantara.de". Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2023-08-10.
  7. ^ Ufheil-Somers, Amanda (1992-09-02). "Andalusia's Nostalgia for Progress and Harmonious Heresy". MERIP (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2023-08-10.
  8. ^ Proyección histórica de España en sus tres culturas: Castilla y León, América y el mediterráneo. Historia e historia de América. Junta de Castilla y León. 1993. p. 387. ISBN 978-8478461905.
  9. ^ "Tetuán, la pequeña Jerusalén, con Jacobo Israel Garzón | Radio Sefarad" (bl-Ispanjol). Miġbur 2023-08-10.
  10. ^ "Interview with M'Hammad Bennaboud: The Muslims and Jews of Tétouan - Qantara.de". Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2023-08-10.
  11. ^ The new encyclopaedia Britannica (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1997. pp. 659. ISBN 978-0852296332. OCLC 35581195.
  12. ^ a b ċ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Medina of Tétouan (formerly known as Titawin)". UNESCO World Heritage Centre (bl-Ingliż). Miġbur 2023-08-10.
  13. ^ "Tétouan | Creative Cities Network". en.unesco.org. Miġbur 2023-08-10.
  14. ^ Library, Amazigh. "Aman Iman - One thousand Berber and Hassaniya words_Simon Fitzwilliam-Hall". Ċitazzjoni journal għandha bżonn |journal= (għajnuna)
  15. ^ Tittawin, Halima Ferhat, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. X, ed. P.J. Bearman, T. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs, (Brill, 2000), 549.
  16. ^ Tittawin, Halima Ferhat, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. X, 549.
  17. ^ Leo, Africanus (2010). The history and description of Africa and of the notable things therein contained. Brown, Robert, 1842-1895. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 511. ISBN 9781108012881. OCLC 717137503.
  18. ^ Tetuan. Volume 26. Miġbur 2023-08-10.
  19. ^ "Klimatafel von Tetuan (Tétouan) / Marokko" (PDF).
  20. ^ Driouech, Fatima; Stafi, Hafid; Khouakhi, Abdou; Moutia, Sara; Badi, Wafae (2021). "Recent observed country‐wide climate trends in Morocco". International Journal of Climatology (bl-Ingliż). 41 (S1).
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