The Bronx: Perbezaan antara semakan
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8 |
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* [http://www.bronx.com/ The Bronx Times] |
* [http://www.bronx.com/ The Bronx Times] |
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* [http://www.innercitypress.org/bxreport.html Weekly Bronx Report from Inner City Press] |
* [http://www.innercitypress.org/bxreport.html Weekly Bronx Report from Inner City Press] |
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* [http://brie.hunter.cuny.edu/hpe/ The Hunts Point Express] |
* [http://brie.hunter.cuny.edu/hpe/ The Hunts Point Express] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025032510/http://brie.hunter.cuny.edu/hpe/ |date=2015-10-25 }} |
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* [http://www.motthavenherald.com/ The Mott Haven Herald] |
* [http://www.motthavenherald.com/ The Mott Haven Herald] |
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* [http://www.norwoodnews.org/The Norwood News] |
* [http://www.norwoodnews.org/The Norwood News] |
Semakan semasa pada 03:14, 13 Ogos 2021
The Bronx
Bronx County | |
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Cogan kata: Ne cede malis – "Yield Not To Evil" (lit. "Yield Not to Evil Things") | |
Koordinat: 40°50′14″N 73°53′10″W / 40.83722°N 73.88611°WKoordinat: 40°50′14″N 73°53′10″W / 40.83722°N 73.88611°W | |
Negara | Amerika Syarikat |
Negeri | New York |
Daerah | Bronx (Coterminous) |
Bandar | Bandar New York |
Daerah perbandaran dibina | 1898 (Kaunti pada 1914) |
Dinamakan bersempena | Jonas Bronck |
Pentadbiran | |
• Jenis | Borogh (New York City) |
• Presiden Borogh | Rubén Díaz Jr. (D) – (Borough of the Bronx) |
• Peguam Daerah | Darcel Clark – (Bronx County) |
Keluasan | |
• Jumlah | 57 batu persegi (150 km2) |
• Tanah | 42 batu persegi (110 km2) |
• Air | 15 batu persegi (40 km2) 27% |
Aras tertinggi | 280 ft (90 m) |
Penduduk (2016) | |
• Jumlah | 1,455,720[1] |
• Kepadatan | 34,653.4/batu persegi (13,379.8/km2) |
Zon waktu | UTC-5:00 (Waktu Piawai Timur (Amerika Utara)) |
• Musim panas (DST) | UTC-4:00 (EDT) |
Awalan Kod ZIP | 104 |
Kod kawasan | 718/347/929, 917 |
Laman sesawang | Official website of the Bronx Borough President |
The Bronx (/brɒŋks/) ialah bahagian paling utara dari lima daerah perbandaran di Bandar Raya New York di negeri A.S. di New York. Ia secara geografi selatan di Kaunti Westchester; utara dan timur pulau dan daerah Manhattan di selatan dan barat di seberang Sungai Harlem; dan utara wilayah Queens, di seberang Sungai Timur. Daripada lima daerah perbandaran, Bronx ialah satu-satunya yang mempunyai sebahagian besar wilayahnya di tanah besar A.S. dan, dengan tanah berkeluasan 42 batu persegi (109 km2) dan penduduk 1,455,720 pada 2016,[1] mempunyai kawasan tanah keempat terbesar, penduduk keempat tertinggi, dan ketumpatan penduduk ketiga tertinggi.[2] Sejak 1914, Bronx mempunyai sempadan yang sama seperti Kaunti Bronx, sebuah daerah New York dan daerah paling padat ketiga di Amerika Syarikat.[2]
Bronx dibahagikan dengan Sungai Bronx ke bahagian tengah di barat, dekat dengan Manhattan, dan bahagian timur yang rata, dekat dengan Long Island. Alamat jalan timur dan barat dibahagikan oleh penerusan Jerome Avenue, Manhattan Fifth Avenue. Bronx Barat telah dilampirkan ke Bandar Raya New York pada tahun 1874, dan kawasan timur Sungai Bronx pada tahun 1895.[3] Bronx County dipisahkan dari New York County pada tahun 1914.[4] Kira-kira satu perempat daripada kawasan Bronx merupakan ruang terbuka,[5] termasuk Perkuburan Woodlawn, Taman Van Cortlandt, Pelham Bay Park, Taman Botani New York, dan Zoo Bronx di utara dan pusat bandar. Ruang terbuka ini terletak pada tanah yang sengaja dipelihara pada akhir abad ke-19 ketika pembangunan perkotaan berkembang dari utara dan timur dari Manhattan.
Nama "Bronx" berasal dengan Jonas Bronck, yang menubuhkan penempatan pertama di kawasan itu sebagai sebahagian daripada koloni Belanda Baru pada tahun 1639.[6][7][8] Lenape asli telah dipindahkan selepas 1643 oleh peneroka. Pada abad ke-19 dan ke-20, Bronx menerima banyak kumpulan pendatang kerana ia berubah menjadi komuniti bandar, yang pertama dari pelbagai negara Eropah (terutamanya Ireland, Jerman, dan Itali) dan kemudiannya dari wilayah Caribbean (terutamanya Puerto Rico, Haiti, Jamaica, dan Republik Dominican), serta pendatang Amerika Afrika dari selatan Amerika Syarikat.[9] Campuran budaya ini telah menjadikan Bronx sebagai kesejukan dari kedua-dua muzik Latin dan hip hop.
Bronx mengandungi salah satu daripada lima Daerah Kongres yang paling miskin di Amerika Syarikat, ke-15, tetapi kepelbagaian yang luas juga termasuk kejiranan, penghasilan berpendapatan tinggi dan penghasilan berpendapatan pertengahan seperti Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park dan Country Club.[10][11] The Bronx, khususnya Bronx Selatan, menyaksikan penurunan mendadak penduduk, perumahan yang sesuai, dan kualiti hidup pada akhir tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an, memuncak dalam gelombang pembakaran. Sejak itu, masyarakat telah menunjukkan pembangunan semula yang penting bermula pada akhir 1980-an sebelum mengambil langkah dari tahun 1990-an sehingga hari ini.[12]
Etimologi dan penamaan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Nama awal
[sunting | sunting sumber]The Bronx dipanggil Rananchqua[13] oleh Siwanoy asli[14] band Lenape (juga dikenali sebagai sejarah sebagai Delawares), manakala orang asli Amerika yang lain tahu Bronx sebagai Keskeskeck.[15] Ia dibahagikan dengan Sungai Aquahung.
Asal-usul Jonas Bronck (s. 1600-43) dipertandingkan. Sesetengah sumber mendakwa dia seorang pendatang Sweden dari Komstad, paroki Norra Ljunga di Småland, Sweden, yang tiba di New Netherland pada musim bunga tahun 1639.[16][17][18][19][20][21] Bronck menjadi peneroka Eropah yang pertama di kawasan yang kini dikenali sebagai Bronx dan membina ladang bernama "Emmanus" dekat dengan apa yang kini adalah sudut Willis Avenue dan 132nd Street di Mott Haven.[22] Beliau memajak tanah dari Syarikat Hindia Belanda Barat di leher tanah besar di utara utara penempatan Belanda di Harlem (di Pulau Manhattan), dan membeli saluran tambahan dari suku-suku tempatan. Dia akhirnya mengumpulkan 500 ekar (200 ha) di antara Sungai Harlem dan Aquahung, yang dikenali sebagai Sungai Bronck atau Sungai Bronx. Peneroka Belanda dan Inggeris merujuk kawasan tersebut sebagai Tanah Bronck.[17] Penyair Amerika William Bronk adalah keturunan Pieter Bronck, anak lelaki Jonas Bronck atau adiknya.[23] Penyelidikan yang lebih baru menunjukkan bahawa Pieter mungkin anak saudara lelaki Jonas atau sepupu, tetapi pasti keluarga yang sama.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b "Counties Population Totals Tables: 2010-2016, Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016". Dicapai pada June 10, 2017.
- ^ a b New York State Department of Health, Population, Land Area, and Population Density by County, New York State – 2010, retrieved on August 8, 2015.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
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- ^ On the start of business for Bronx County: Bronx County In Motion. New Officials All Find Work to Do on Their First Day. The New York Times, January 3, 1914 (PDF retrieved on June 26, 2008):
- "Despite the fact that the new Bronx County Court House is not completed there was no delay yesterday in getting the court machinery in motion. All the new county officials were on hand and the County Clerk, the District Attorney, the Surrogate, and the County Judge soon had things in working order. The seal to be used by the new county was selected by County Judge Louis D. Gibbs. It is circular. In the center is a seated figure of Justice. To her right is an American shield and over the figure is written 'Populi Suprema.' ..."
- "Surrogate George M. S. Schulz, with his office force, was busy at the stroke of 9 o'clock. Two wills were filed in the early morning, but owing to the absence of a safe they were recorded and then returned to the attorneys for safe keeping. ..."
- "There was a rush of business to the new County Clerk's office. Between seventy-five and a hundred men applied for first naturalization papers. Two certificates of incorporation were issued, and seventeen judgments, seven lis pendens, three mechanics' liens and one suit for negligence were filed."
- "Sheriff O'Brien announced several additional appointments."
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
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tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamablooming
- ^ Wylie, Jonathon (1987). The Faroe Islands: Interpretations of History. University of Kentucky Press. m/s. 209. ISBN 978-0-8131-1578-8.
Jónas Bronck (or Brunck) was the son of Morten Jespersen Bronck ... Jónas seems to have gone to school in Roskilde in 1619, but found his way to Holland where he joined an expedition to Amsterdam.
- ^ * "Jonas Bronx". Bronx Notables. Bronx Historical Society. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada May 9, 2008. Dicapai pada January 20, 2012. Unknown parameter
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ignored (bantuan)- van Laer, A. J. F. (October 1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". The American Historical Review. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association. 22 (1): 164–166. doi:10.1086/ahr/22.1.164. JSTOR 1836219. "... Jonas Bronck was a Dane ...".
- Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. m/s. 30–37. ISBN 0-19-511634-8.
... many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...
- ^ Van Rensselaer, Mariana Griswold (1909). History of the city of New York in the seventeenth century. 1. New York: The Macmillan Company. m/s. 161.
- ^ Braver (1998)
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
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- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
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tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaStat Abst
- ^ See the "Historical Populations" table in History above and its sources.
- ^ "Bronx History: What's in a Name?". New York Public Library. Dicapai pada March 15, 2008.
The Native Americans called the land Rananchqua, but the Dutch and English began to refer to it as Broncksland.
- ^ "Harding Park". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Dicapai pada March 15, 2008.
- ^ Ellis, Edward Robb (1966). The Epic of New York City. Old Town Books. m/s. 55. ISBN 0-7867-1436-0.
- ^ Ralat petik: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernamaVan Rensselaer 1909 1612
- ^ a b Hansen, Harry (1950). North of Manhattan. Hastings House. OCLC 542679., excerpted at The Bronx ... Its History & Perspective
- ^ van Laer, A. J. F. (1916). "Scandinavian Immigrants in New York, 1630–1674". The American Historical Review. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the American Historical Association. 22 (1): 164–166. doi:10.2307/1836219. JSTOR 1836219.
... Jonas Bronck was a Swede ...
- ^ Burrows, Edwin G.; Wallace, Mike (Michael L.) (1999). Gotham, A History of New York City to 1898. 1. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. m/s. 30–37. ISBN 0-19-511634-8.
…many of these colonists, perhaps as many as half of them, represented the same broad mixture of nationalities as New Amsterdam itself. Among them were Swedes, Germans, French, Belgians, Africans, and Danes (such as a certain Jonas Bronck)...
- ^ "The first Bronxite". The Advocate. Bronx County Bar Association. 24: 59. 1977.
It is widely accepted that Bronck came from Sweden, but claims have also been made by the Frisian Islands on the North Sea coast and by a small town in Germany.
- ^ Karl Ritter, "Swedish town celebrates link to the Bronx" Associated Press, August 21, 2014. [1] which also refers to a claim by the Faeroe Islands.
- ^ "The Bronx Mall – Cultural Mosaic – The Bronx... Its History & Perspective". Bronxmall.com. Dicapai pada July 12, 2016.
- ^ "Excerpts from an Interview with William Bronk by Mark Katzman". uiuc.edu.
Pautan luar
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Akhbar:
- The Bronx Times Reporter
- The Bronx Times
- Weekly Bronx Report from Inner City Press
- The Hunts Point Express Diarkibkan 2015-10-25 di Wayback Machine
- The Mott Haven Herald
- Norwood News
- The Riverdale Press
Blog:
Persatuan:
- The Bronx River Alliance
- Bronx Council for Environmental Quality
- Throggs Neck Merchant Association
- The Bronx Market
- The South Bronx Overall Economic Development Corporation
- Bronx County, NY Website
Sejarah:
- City Island Nautical Museum
- East Bronx History Forum
- Kingsbridge Historical Society
- Museum of Bronx History
- The Bronx County Historical Society
- The Bronx: A Swedish Connection
- Report of the Bronx Parkway Commission, December 31, 1918, retrieved on July 24, 2008
- Remembrance of Synagogues Past: The Lost Civilization of the Jewish South Bronx by Seymour Perlin, retrieved on August 10, 2008
- Forgotten New York: Relics of a Rich History in the Everyday Life of New York City
Westchester County | ||||
Bergen County, New Jersey | Eastchester Bay | |||
Bronx County, New York | ||||
New York County (Manhattan) |
Queens County (Queens) |