Lihat sumber bagi Westminster Abbey

{{terjemah|en|Westminster Abbey}}
{{For|biara Benedictine, lihat [[Westminster Abbey (British Columbia)]]. Untuk katedral Roman Katolik, lihat [[Katedral Westminster]]. Untuk bekas kawasan pilihan raya|Westminster Abbey (kawasan pilihan raya Parlimen UK)}}
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
| WHS         = [[Istana Westminster]], Westminster Abbey dan [[St. Margaret's, Westminster|Gereja Saint Margaret's]]
| Image       = [[Fail:Westminster abbey west.jpg|250px|Muka barat Abbey]]
| State Party = [[Fail:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|22px]] [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom Great Britain dan Ireland Utara]]
| Type        = Kebudayaan
| Criteria    = I, II, IV
| ID          = 426
| Region      = [[Senarai Tapak Warisan Dunia di Eropah|Eropah dan Amerika Utara]] 
| Year        = 1987
| Session     = ke-11
| Link        = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/426
}}

'''Gereja Berkolej St Peter di Westminster''' ({{lang-en|Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster}}), sering dirujukkan secara masyhur dan tidak rasmi sebagai '''Gereja Westminster''' ({{lang|en|'''''Westminster Abbey'''''}}), ialah sebuah [[gereja]] [[seni bina Gothik|Goth]] utama besar, di [[Westminster]], [[London]], di arah barat [[Istana Westminster]]. Ia merupakan tempat tradisional untuk upacara [[pertabalan raja British|kemahkotaan]] dan [[senarai perkuburan|tapak pengebumian]] untuk raja [[senarai raja England|Inggeris]], kemudiannya [[senarai raja British|British]] dan kemudian lagi raja  [[Alam Komanwel]]. Ia pernah  memegang status [[katedral]] buat sebentar, dari tahun 1546–1556 [[Tahun Masihi|M]], dan merupakan sebuah ''[[Royal Peculiar]]''.

Westminster Abbey ditadbir oleh Dekan dan ''Chapter'' Westminster, seperti yang ditubuhkan oleh Piagam Diraja Ratu Elizabeth I pada 1560, yang menciptanya sebagai Gereja Berkolej St Peter Westminster dan sebuah ''Royal Peculiar'' di bawah bidang kuasa peribadi Raja. Ahli-ahli ''Chapter'' adalah Dekan dan empat Qanun pemastautin, dibantu oleh ''Receiver General'' dan ''Chapter Clerk''. Salah seorang Qanun juga adalah Rektor ''St Margaret’s Church Westminster Abbey'' (yang kini juga memegang jawatan Paderi bagi Pengerusi Dewan Rakyat). Selain daripada Dekan dan Qanun pada masa kini ada dua qanun muda sepenuh waktu, seorang presentor dan yang lagi satu ''succentor''. Pejabat Vikar Paderi telah dicipta pada 1970-an untuk membantu qanun muda. Bersama dengan Padri and ''Receiver General'' dan ''Chapter Clerk'' pelbagai ''Lay Officer'' membentuk Kolej, termasuk Pemain Organ dan Ketua Penyanyi Koir Gereja, Pendaftar, Juruaudit, Setiausaha Guaman, Juruukur Fabrik, Guru Besar Sekolah Koir, Penyimpan ''Muniment'' dan Setiausaha Kerja, serta 12 ''Lay Vicar'' dan 10 penyanyi koir dan ''High Steward'' dan ''High Bailiff''. Ada juga empat puluh Cendekiawan Ratu yang merupakan murid di ''Westminster School'' (sekolah ini memiliki Badan Pentadbirannya sendiri). Mereka yang paling terlibat dengan hal liturgi dan istiadat adalah dua Qanun Muda dan Pemain Organ dan Ketua Penyanyi Koir Gereja.

Gereja ini dibina dalam zaman pemerintahan [[Edward si Pengaku]] antar tahun 1042&ndash;1052 M.
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== Sejarah ==
Menurut tradisi pertama dilaporkan oleh [[Sulcard]] pada kira-kiranya 1080, Abbey telah ditubuhkan sewaktu [[Mellitus]] (d. 624), Biskop London, pada tapak kini, kemudian digelarkan [[Pulau Thorney (London)|Thorn Ey (Pulau Thorn)]]; berasaskan pada 'tradisi' lewat yang seorang nelayan bergelar ' Aldrich ' di [[Sungai Thames]] nampak penglihatan [[Santo Peter]] berhampiran tapak. Ini kelihatan telah dipetik untuk justify hadiah ikan salmon dari para nelayan Thames yang Abbey menerima bertahun-tahun kemudian. Asal-usul dibukti adalah bahawa pada 960an atau awal 970an, [[Santo Dunstan]], dibantu oleh Raja [[Edgar dari England|Edgar]], menamam masyarakat [[sami]] [[Benedictine]] di sini. Sebuah Abbey batu telah dibinakan sekitar 1045–1050 oleh Raja [[Edward yang Pengaku]] sebagai sebahagian dari istananya di situ: ia ditahbiskan pada [[Disember 28]] [[1065]],<ref name=History>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history|title=History|publisher=Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey|accessdate=2008-04-19}}</ref> hanya seminggu sebelum kematian Pengaku dan jenazah dan pengebumian berikutnya. Ia adalah tapak upacara kemahkotaan terakhir sebelum [[Penyerbuan Norman]], yang penggantinya Raja [[Harold II dari England|Harold]]. Ia kemudiannya telah dibina semula oleh Henry III dari 1245, yang memilih tapak untuk pengebumiannya.
[[Fail:London westminster 1894.jpg|thumb|left|Sebuah pelan susunan bertarikh 1894.]]
The only extant depiction of the original [[Abbey]], in the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style that is called [[Norman architecture|Norman]] in England, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the [[Bayeux Tapestry]]. Increased endowments supported a community increased from a dozen monks in Dunstan's original foundation, to about eighty monks.<ref>Harvey (1993); p. 2</ref>

The Abbot and learned monks, in close proximity to the Royal [[Palace of Westminster]], the seat of government from the later twelfth century, became a powerful force in the centuries after the Norman Conquest: the Abbot was often employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. Released from the burdens of spiritual leadership, which passed to the reformed [[Abbey of Cluny|Cluniac movement]] after the mid-tenth century, and occupied with the administration of great landed properties, some of which lay far from Westminster, "the Benedictines achieved a remarkable degree of identification with the secular life of their times, and particularly with upper-class life", Barbara Harvey concluded, to the extent that her depiction of daily life<ref>Harvey (1993)</ref> provides a wider view of the concerns of the English gentry in the High and Late Middle Ages.  The proximity of the Palace of Westminster did not extend to providing monks or abbots with high royal connections; in social origin the Benedictines of Westminster were as modest as most of the order. The abbot remained [[Lord of the Manor]] of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew around it: as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy, and relations with the town remained unusually cordial, but no enfranchising charter was issued during the Middle Ages.<ref>Harvey (1993); p. 6f</ref> The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary. 

The Abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings, but none were buried there until [[Henry III of England|Henry III]], intensely devoted to the cult of the Confessor, rebuilt the Abbey in [[Gothic architecture|Anglo-French Gothic style]] as a shrine to honour [[St Edward the Confessor]] and as a suitably regal setting for Henry's own [[tomb]], under the highest Gothic nave in England. The Confessor's [[shrine]] subsequently played a great part in his canonisation. The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was largely finished by the architect [[Henry Yevele]] in the reign of King [[Richard II of England|Richard II]]. [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] added a [[Perpendicular Period|Perpendicular style]] chapel dedicated to the [[Mary, the mother of Jesus|Blessed Virgin Mary]] in 1503 (known as the ''[[Henry VII Lady Chapel|Henry VII Chapel]]''). Much of the stone came from [[Caen]], in [[France]] ([[Caen stone]]), the [[Isle of Portland]] ([[Portland stone]]) and the [[Loire Valley]] region of France ([[Tuffeau stone|tuffeau limestone]]).

[[Fail:Westminster Abbey Standard.png|thumb|left|Flag of Westminster Abbey, featuring the [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] Arms between [[Tudor Rose]]s above the [[attributed arms|supposed arms]] of [[St Edward the Confessor]]]]
In 1535, the Abbey's annual income of £2400–2800{{Fact|date=April 2008}} during the assessment attendant on the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] rendered it second in wealth only to [[Glastonbury Abbey]]. [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] had assumed direct royal control in 1539 and granted the Abbey cathedral status by charter in 1540, simultaneously issuing [[letters patent]] establishing the [[Diocese of Westminster]]. By granting the Abbey cathedral status Henry VIII gained an excuse to spare it from the destruction or dissolution which he inflicted on most English abbeys during this period. Westminster was a cathedral only until 1550. The expression "robbing Peter to pay Paul" may arise from this period when money meant for the Abbey, which was dedicated to [[Saint Peter|St Peter]], was diverted to the treasury of [[St Paul's Cathedral]].

The Abbey was restored to the Benedictines under the Catholic [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]], but they were again ejected under [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]] in 1559. In 1579, Elizabeth re-established Westminster as a "[[Royal Peculiar]]"—a church responsible directly to the [[monarch|sovereign]], rather than to a diocesan bishop—and made it the '''Collegiate Church of St Peter''', (that is a church with an attached chapter of [[canon (priest)|canons]], headed by a dean). The last Abbot was made the first Dean.  It suffered damage during the turbulent 1640s, when it was attacked by [[Puritan]] [[iconoclasm|iconoclasts]], but was again protected by its close ties to the state during the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]] period. [[Oliver Cromwell]] was given an elaborate funeral there in 1658, only to be disinterred in January 1661 and posthumously hanged from a nearby [[gibbet]].

[[Fail:Westminster Abbey by Canaletto, 1749.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Westminster Abbey with a procession of [[Knights of the Bath]], by [[Canaletto]], 1749.]][[Fail:Layout Of Westminster Abby.svg|thumb|right|250px|Layout of Westminster Abbey, 2008.]]
The abbey's two western towers were built between 1722 and 1745 by [[Nicholas Hawksmoor]], constructed from [[Portland stone]] to an early example of a [[Gothic Revival]] design. Further rebuilding and restoration occurred in the 19th century under Sir [[George Gilbert Scott]]. A [[narthex]] for the west front was designed by Sir [[Edwin Lutyens]] in the mid C20 but was not executed. 

Until the 19th century, Westminster was the third seat of learning in England, after [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]. It was here that the first third of the [[King James Bible]] Old Testament and the last half of the New Testament were translated. The [[New English Bible]] was also put together here in the 20th century.  Westminster suffered minor damage during [[the Blitz]] on November 15, 1940.   
<div style="clear: both"></div>

== Coronations ==
[[Fail:SanktEdvardsstol westminster.jpg|thumb||King Edward's Chair]]

Since the coronations in 1066 of both [[Harold Godwinson|King Harold]] and [[William the Conqueror]], all English and British monarchs (except [[Edward V of England|Edward V]] and [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]], who did not have coronations) have been crowned in the Abbey.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history|title=History|publisher=Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey|accessdate=2008-04-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/coronations|title=Coronations|publisher=Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey|accessdate=2008-04-19}}http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/royals/coronations</ref>  [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] was unable to be crowned in London when he first came to the throne because [[Louis VIII of France|Prince Louis]] of France had taken control of the city, and so the king was crowned in [[Gloucester Cathedral]]. However, this coronation was deemed by the [[Pope]] to be improper, and a further coronation was held in the Abbey on [[17 May]] [[1220]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archontology.org/nations/england/king_england/henry3.php|title=Henry III, Archonotology.org|accessdate=2008-04-21}}</ref> [[Jane of England|Lady Jane Grey]], whose reign lasted just nine days and was of doubtful legality, was also never crowned. The [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] is the traditional  [[clergy|cleric]] in the coronation ceremony. 

[[King Edward's Chair]] (or St Edward's Chair), the throne on which [[British people|British]] sovereigns are seated at the moment of coronation, is housed within the Abbey and has been used at every coronation since 1308; from 1301 to 1996 (except for a short time in 1950 when it was temporarily stolen by [[Scottish nationalist]]s), the chair also housed the [[Stone of Scone]] upon which the kings of Scotland are crowned, but pending another coronation the Stone is now kept in Scotland.

== Burials and memorials ==
{{main|Westminster Abbey Burials and Memorials}}

[[Henry III of England|Henry III]] rebuilt the Abbey in honour of the Royal Saint [[Edward the Confessor]] whose relics were placed in a [[shrine]] in the sanctuary and now lie in a [[burial vault (tomb)|burial vault]] beneath the 1268 [[Cosmati]] mosaic pavement, in front of the High Altar. Henry III was interred nearby in a superb [[tomb|chest tomb]] with [[church monument|effigial monument]], as were many of the [[Plantagenet]] kings of England, their wives and other relatives. Subsequently, most Kings and Queens of England were buried here, although [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] are buried in [[St George's Chapel, Windsor|St George's Chapel]] at [[Windsor Castle]], as are all monarchs and royals after [[George II of Great Britain|George II]]. 

[[Fail:Westminster Abbey cloister.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The cloister.]]
Aristocrats were buried inside chapels and monks and people associated with the Abbey were buried in the Cloisters and other areas. One of these was [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], who was buried here as he had apartments in the Abbey where he was employed as master of the Kings Works. Other poets were buried or memorialized around Chaucer in what became known as [[Poets' Corner]]. These include: [[William Blake]], [[Robert Burns]], [[George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron|Lord Byron]], [[Charles Dickens]], [[John Dryden]], [[George Eliot]], [[T. S. Eliot]], [[Thomas Gray]], [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]], [[Samuel Johnson]], [[John Keats]], [[Rudyard Kipling]], [[John Masefield]], [[John Milton]], [[Laurence Olivier]], [[Alexander Pope]], [[Nicholas Rowe (dramatist)|Nicholas Rowe]], [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], [[Thomas Shadwell]], [[Alfred Lord Tennyson]] and [[William Wordsworth]]. 

Abbey musicians such as [[Henry Purcell]] were also buried in their place of work. Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated here.<ref name="world and its people">{{cite book
  |last = Dunton
  |first = Larkin
  |authorlink = 
  |title = The World and Its People
  |publisher = Silver, Burdett
  |series = 
  |year = 1896
  |page = 26}}</ref> The practice spread from aristocrats and poets to generals, admirals, politicians, scientists, and doctors.

== Schools ==
[[Westminster School]] and [[Westminster Abbey Choir School]] are also in the precincts of the Abbey. It was natural for the learned and literate monks to be entrusted with education, and [[Benedictine]] monks were required by the Pope to maintain a charity school in 1179;{{Fact|date=April 2008}} Westminster School may have been founded even earlier for children or novices, and the unreliable [[Croyland Chronicle]] relates a story of 11th century king [[Edward the Confessor]]'s Queen [[Edith of Wessex|Editha]] chatting to a schoolboy in the cloisters, and sending him off to the Palace larder for a treat.{{Fact|date=April 2008}}

The [[Westminster School]]boys once used to play in the Abbey cloisters, and the marks for their marbles on the Abbey floor are still visible.<ref name="world & people">{{cite book
  |last = Dunton
  |first = Larkin
  |authorlink = 
  |title = The World and Its People
  |publisher = Silver, Burdett
  |series = 
  |year = 1896
  |pages = 35–36}}</ref>
Currently, students of Westminster School attend twice-weekly services in Westminster Abbey and use it for some events such as concerts.

== Organ ==
The organ was built by [[Harrison & Harrison]] in 1937, then with four manuals and 84 speaking stops, and was used for the first time at the coronation of [[King George VI]]. Some pipework from the previous Hill organ of 1848 was revoiced and incorporated in the new scheme. The two organ cases, designed in the late nineteenth century by [[John Loughborough Pearson]], were re-instated and coloured in 1959. In 1982 and 1987, Harrison and Harrison enlarged the organ under the direction of the then Abbey Organist [[Simon Preston]] to include an additional Lower Choir Organ and a Bombarde Organ: the current instrument now has five manuals and 109 speaking stops.  In 2006, the console of the organ was refurbished by Harrison and Harrison, and space was prepared for two additional 16ft stops on the Lower Choir Organ and the Bombarde Organ.

[http://www.npor.org.uk/cgi-bin/Rsearch.cgi?Fn=Rsearch&rec_index=N00646 Link to details of the organ on the National Pipe Organ Register.]

=== Organists ===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-1-of-3}}
* 1549 John Howe
* 1560 [[Master Whitt]]
* 1562 [[John Taylor]]
* 1570 [[Robert White]]
* 1575 [[Henry Leeve]]
* 1585 [[Nathaniel Giles]] and [[John Mundy (composer)|John Mundy]] (joint organists)
* 1606 [[Edmund Hooper (organist)|Edmund Hooper]]
* 1621 [[John Parsons (organist)|John Parsons]]
* 1623 [[Orlando Gibbons]]
* 1625 [[Thomas Day]]
* 1633 Richard Portman
{{col-2-of-3}}
* 1660 [[Christopher Gibbons]]
* 1666 [[Albertus Bryne]]
* 1668 [[John Blow]]
* 1679 [[Henry Purcell]]
* 1696 [[John Blow]] (re-appointed)
* 1708 [[William Croft]]       
* 1727 [[John Robinson (1682–1762)|John Robinson]]
* 1762 [[Benjamin Cooke]]
* 1793 [[Samuel Arnold (composer)|Samuel Arnold]]
* 1802 [[Robert Cooke (organist)|Robert Cooke]]
* 1814 George Ebenezer Williams
{{col-3-of-3}}
* 1819 [[Thomas Greatorex]]
* 1831 [[James Turle]]
* 1882 Sir [[Frederick Bridge]]
* 1919 Sir [[Sydney Nicholson]], MVO
* 1928 Sir [[Ernest Bullock]], CVO
* 1941 Sir [[William Neil McKie]]
* 1963 [[Douglas Guest]], CVO
* 1981 [[Simon Preston]], CBE
* 1988 [[Martin Neary]]
* 1998 [[Martin Baker (organist)|Martin Baker]] (Acting)
* 2000 [[James O'Donnell (organist)|James O'Donnell]]   
{{col-end}}

=== Sub organists ===
* Charles Sherwood Jekyll 1860–1875<ref>British Musical Biography By James D. Brown</ref>
* [[Frederick Bridge]] 1875–1882 (afterwards Organist)
* Henry Davan Wetton ????–1896<ref>The Musical Times and Singing-class Circular</ref>
* [[Walter Galpin Alcock]] 1896–1916
* Stanley Roper 1917–1919

* Osborne Harold Peasgood 1921–1941, 1946–1962 (acting organist 1941–1946)
* [[Simon Preston]] 1962–1967
* Tim W. R. Farrell 1967–1974 (afterwards organist of the [[Chapel Royal]])
* [[Stephen Cleobury]] 1974–1978
* [[Christopher Herrick]] 1979–1984
* lain Simcock
* [[Harry Bicket]]
* [[Andrew Lumsden (choral director)|Andrew Lumsden]] 1988–1992
* [[Martin Baker (organist)|Martin Baker]] 1992–1998 (acting organist 1998–1999)
* Andrew Reid
* [[Robert Quinney]] 2004–current

{{Expand list|date=December 2008}}

=== Assistant organists ===
* Hugh Marchant 1947–1950
* Hugo Limer 1950–1959
* Rilford Trafalgar 1959–1984
* David Bruce-Payne 1968(?)-1974
* Geoffrey Morgan 1979-1989
* Stephen Le Prevost 1989-2001
* Simon Bell 2001-2002
* Daniel Cook 2003-2005
* Ashley Grote 2005–2008
* James McVinnie 2008–present

{{Expand list|date=May 2009}}

=== Organ Scholars ===
* James Cryer
* Jonathan Dimmock
* Adrian Lenthall
* Simon Morley (became Assistant Organist at [[Lincoln Cathedral]], then Organist of [[Ripon Cathedral]])
* Geoffrey Styles (became Organ Scholar at [[Christ Church Cathedral, Oxford]]) [http://www.geoffreystyles.com/]
* James Cryer
* Richard Moorhouse 1990–1992 (Organist and Master of the Choristers at [[Llandaff Cathedral]])
* Meirion Wynn Jones 1992–1993 (Assistant Organist at [[Brecon Cathedral]])
* Louise Reid (née Marsh) (Director of [[Ely Cathedral]] Girls' Choir)
* John Hosking 1996–1999 (Assistant Organist at [[St Asaph Cathedral]])
* Iestyn Evans 1999–2000
* Simon Bell 2000–2001 (Assistant Director of Music at [[Winchester Cathedral]])
* Justin Luke 2001–2002
* Daniel Cook 2002–2003 (Assistant Organist at [[Salisbury Cathedral]])
* Richard Hills 2003–2004 (Assistant Organist at St Mary's, Bourne Street, London)
* Ian Keatley 2004–2006 (Director of Music at Westminster Abbey Choir School)
* Simon Jacobs 2006–2007 (Organist of St Thomas Episcopal Parish, Coral Gables, FL, USA)
* Benjamin Chewter 2007–2008 (Assistant Organist at [[Lincoln Cathedral]])
* Léon Charles 2008–2009
* Samuel Rathbone 2009–present

{{Expand list|date=May 2009}}

== Bells ==
The bells at the Abbey were overhauled in 1971. The [[ring of bells|ring]] is now made up of ten bells, hung for [[change ringing]], cast in 1971, by the [[Whitechapel Bell Foundry]], tuned to the notes: F#, E, D, C#, B, A, G, F#, E and D. The Tenor bell in D (588.5&nbsp;Hz) has a weight of 30&nbsp;cwt, 1&nbsp;qtr, 15&nbsp;lb (3403&nbsp;lb or 1544&nbsp;kg). In addition there are two service bells, cast by Robert Mot, in 1585 and 1598 respectively, a Sanctus bell cast in 1738 by [[Richard Phelps]] and Thomas Lester and two unused bells—one cast circa 1320, by the successor to R de Wymbish, and a second cast in 1742, by Thomas Lester.<ref>[http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/detail.php?searchString=westminster&numPerPage=10&Submit=++Go++&searchAmount=%3D&searchMetric=cwt&sortBy=Place&sortDir=Asc&DoveID=WESTMINS+A Westminster—Collegiate Church of S Peter (Westminster Abbey)], [[Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers]], 25 October 2006.  Retrieved on 16 October 2008.</ref>  The two service bells and the 1320 bell, along with a  fourth small silver "dish bell", kept in the refectory, have been noted as being of historical importance by the Church Buildings Council of the Church of England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.churchcare.co.uk/bells.php |title=Database of Historically Significant Bells and Bell Frames|work=Churchcare website|quote=search on "Westminster Abbey" for bell details|publisher=[[Church of England]]|date=2008-04-01|accessdate=2008-10-16}}</ref>

== Transport ==
* Nearest [[London Underground]] stations:
** [[St. James's Park tube station|St. James's Park]] (District, Circle lines)
** [[Westminster tube station|Westminster]] (Jubilee, District, Circle lines)

== Chapter ==
The Chapter house was built concurrently with the east parts of the abbey under Henry III, between about 1245 and 1253. It was restored by Sir Gilbert Scott in the late 19th century (1872). The entrance is approached from the east cloister walk and includes a double doorway with a large tympanum above. Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with Le Sainte Chapelle, Paris. The chapter house has an original mid-13th century tiled pavement. A door within the vestibule dates from around 1050 and is believed to be the oldest in England. The exterior includes flying buttresses added in the 14th century and a leaded tent-lantern roof on an iron frame designed by Scott. The Chapter house was originally used in the 13th century by Benedictine monks for daily meetings. It later became a meeting place of the King's Great Council and the Commons, predecessors of Parliament.

The Pyx Chamber formed the undercroft of the monks' dormitory. It dates to the late 11th century and was used as a monastic and royal treasury. The outer walls and circular piers are of 11th century date, several of the capitals were enriched in the 12th century and the stone altar added in the 13th century. The term 'Pyx' refers to the boxwood chest in which coins were held and presented to a jury during the 'Trial of the Pyx' in which newly minted coins were presented to ensure they conformed to the required standards. 

The Chapter house and Pyx Chamber at Westminster Abbey are in the guardianship of English Heritage, but under the care and management of the Dean and Chapter of Westminster. This arrangement is seen by some as a deliberate ploy to secure unwarranted funding since it is doubtful that the Abbey, when considered as a whole, would meet the criteria for substantial English Heritage funding. During the last year, English Heritage have funded a major programme of work on the Chapter, comprising repairs to the roof, gutters, stonework on the elevations and flying buttresses, and repairs to the lead light.

== Museum ==
The [[Westminster abbey museum]] is located in the 11th century vaulted undercroft of [[St Peter]] beneath the former monks' dormitory in Westminster Abbey. This is one of the oldest areas of the Abbey, dating back almost to the foundation of the Norman church by King [[Edward the Confessor]] in 1065.

=== Exhibits ===
The exhibits include a unique collection of royal and other funeral effigies  (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of medieval glass, 12th century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the Coronation regalia, effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth I, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne.

Later wax effigies include a striking likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson wearing some of his own clothes and another of the famous Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by an American lady called Patience Wright. During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.<br /> 

A recent addition to the display is the late 13th century [[Westminster Retable]], England's oldest altarpiece. It was most probably designed for the High Altar of the Abbey, although it has been damaged in past centuries. The panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved. One section shows the figure of St Peter, the patron saint of the Abbey.

== Development plans ==
In June 2009, the first major building work at the Abbey for 250 years was announced. A [[crown steeple|corona]]—a crown-like architectural feature—is intended to be built around the [[lantern (architecture)|lantern]] over the central [[crossing (architecture)|crossing]], replacing an existing pyramidal structure dating from the 1950s.  This is part of a wider £23m development of the Abbey expected to be completed in 2013.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8123241.stm "Building work announced for Abbey"], BBC News. Retrieved on 29 June 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2009/jun/29/westminister-abbey-roof-project Dean lines up new crown shaped roof for Westminster Abbey—Queen and Prince Charles kept abreast of £10m project to revamp historic church in time for diamond jubilee], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 29 June 2009.  Retrieved on 29 June 2009.</ref>
-->
== Galeri ==
<gallery>
Image:Westminster Abbey London 900px.jpg|The Great West Door and towers, as seen from [[Tothill Street]]
Image:Westminsterabbeyfromeye.jpg|A view of from the nearby [[London Eye]] to the North East 
Image:Westminster abbey night.jpg|At night, from Dean's Yard to the South; artificial light highlights the [[flying buttress]]es
Image:Westminster.abbey.northentrance.arp.500pix.jpg|The North entrance
Image:Westminster Abbey C20th martyrs.jpg|Four of the ten Christian [[martyr]]s depicted in statues above the Great West Door
Image:Commemoration of Handel 1784.JPG|Handel Commemoration in 1784
Image:Westminster Abbey Choir ILN 1848.jpg|The Quire in 1848.
Image:westminster.abbey.tombofhenry.london.arp.jpg| Makam [[Henry III dari England]] di dalam Abbey.
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Westminster Abbey Burials and Memorials]]
* [[List of Abbots of Westminster]]
* [[List of Deans of Westminster Abbey|List of Deans of Westminster]]
* [[List of churches and cathedrals of London]]
* [[List of famous cemeteries|List of other famous burial sites]]
* [[The Unknown Warrior]]
* ''[[The Abbey (documentary)|The Abbey]]'', a 1995 BBC TV documentary film

== Nota ==
{{reflist}}

== Rujukan ==
{{refbegin}}
* Bradley, S. and [[Nikolaus Pevsner|Pevsner, N.]] (2003) ''The Buildings of England - London 6: Westminster'', Yale University Press 2003. ISBN 0-300-09595-3, pp. 105–207
* Harvey, B. (1993) ''Living and Dying in England 1100-1540: The Monastic Experience'', Ford Lecture series, Oxford : Clarendon Press, ISBN 0-19-820161-3
* [[Henry Vollam Morton|Morton, H.V.]] [1951] (1988) ''In Search of London'', London : Methuen, ISBN 0-413-18470-6
{{refend}}

== Pautan luar ==
{{Kategori Commons|Westminster Abbey|Westminster Abbey}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia | Westminster Abbey.ogg | 2005-04-21}}
* [http://www.westminster-abbey.org/ Official site]
* [http://www.keithshortsculptor.com/westminsterabbey.htm Keith Short - Sculptor] Images of stone carving for Westminster Abbey
** [http://www.shipoffools.com/Mystery/mws_05/reports/1054.html Mystery Worshipper Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215001536/http://www.shipoffools.com/Mystery/mws_05/reports/1054.html |date=2008-02-15 }} at the [[Ship of Fools (website)|Ship of Fools website]]
* [http://www.heraldicsculptor.com/bathcres.html Carved Crests for the Knights of the Bath]
* [http://www.ofchoristers.net/Chapters/WestminsterAbbey.htm A history of the choristers and choir school of Westminster Abbey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623025618/http://www.ofchoristers.net/Chapters/WestminsterAbbey.htm |date=2006-06-23 }}
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15598a.htm/ Catholic Encyclopedia: Westminster Abbey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525115338/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15598a.htm |date=2009-05-25 }}
* [http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/UK/Britain_South_and_West/Westminster_Abbey/Westminster_Abbey.htm Adrian Fletcher’s Paradoxplace Westminster Abbey Pages — Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812043619/http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/UK/Britain_South_and_West/Westminster_Abbey/Westminster_Abbey.htm |date=2013-08-12 }}
* A panorama of Westminster Abbey in daytime – [[:Image:Westa.jpg|JPEG]] and [http://digitalurban.blogspot.com/2005/08/westminster-abbey-london-panorama.html 3D Quicktime] versions
* [https://twitter.com/wabbey Westminster Abbey on [[Twitter.com]]]

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