Lihat sumber bagi Sindrom paraneoplastik

{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Sindrom paraneoplastik
| synonyms        =
| image           =
| caption         =
| pronounce       =
| field           = [[Onkologi]]
| symptoms        =
| complications   =
| onset           =
| duration        =
| types           =
| causes          =
| risks           =
| diagnosis       =
| differential    =
| prevention      =
| treatment       =
| medication      =
| prognosis       =
| frequency       =Jarang<ref name=NIH/>
| deaths          =
}}

'''Sindrom paraneoplastik''' ialah [[sindrom]] (satu set tanda dan gejala) yang terhasil akibat daripada kewujudan [[tumor]] dalam badan (biasanya tumor [[kanser]]).<ref name=NIH>{{cite web |title=Paraneoplastic Syndromes |url=https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/paraneoplastic-syndromes#:~:text=What%20are%20paraneoplastic%20syndromes%3F,important%20in%20keeping%20you%20healthy. |website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |accessdate=5 September 2023 |language=en  }}</ref> Ia disebabkan secara khusus oleh penghasilan molekul isyarat kimia (seperti [[hormon]] atau [[sitokin]]) oleh sel-sel tumor atau oleh [[tindak balas imun]] terhadap tumor.<ref name=Sard2022>{{cite journal |last1=Sardiña González |first1=Cristina |last2=Martínez Vivero |first2=Clara |last3=López Castro |first3=José |title=Paraneoplastic syndromes review: The great forgotten ones |journal=Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology |date=June 2022 |volume=174 |pages=103676 |doi=10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103676 |pmid=35378267 |s2cid=247934655 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35378267/ |issn=1879-0461|url-access=subscription}}</ref> 

Sindrom paraneoplastik biasanya berlaku dalam kalangan individu pertengahan umur hingga warga emas, dan ia paling kerap dikaitkan dengan [[kanser paru-paru]], [[kanser payudara|payudara]], [[kanser ovari|ovari]], atau sistem limfatik ([[limfoma]]).<ref>[http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/paraneoplastic/paraneoplastic.htm NINDS Paraneoplastic Syndromes Information Page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104180539/http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/paraneoplastic/paraneoplastic.htm |date=2015-01-04 }} National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke</ref> Kadangkala, gejala sindrom paraneoplastik muncul sebelum diagnosis penyakit [[malignan]], yang dikaitkan dengan hipotesis mengenai patogenesis penyakit tersebut. Dalam paradigma ini, sel-sel tumor mengekspresikan antigen terhad kepada tisu tertentu (contohnya, protein neuron), lalu mencetuskan tindak balas imun anti-tumor yang mungkin sebahagian atau jarang sekali sepenuhnya berkesan<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Darnell RB, DeAngelis LM | title = Regression of small-cell lung carcinoma in patients with paraneoplastic neuronal antibodies | journal = Lancet | volume = 341 | issue = 8836 | pages = 21–22 | date = January 1993 | pmid = 8093269 | doi = 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92485-c | s2cid = 205040647 | doi-access = free }}</ref> dalam menekan pertumbuhan tumor dan gejala-gejalanya.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Roberts WK, Darnell RB | title = Neuroimmunology of the paraneoplastic neurological degenerations | journal = Current Opinion in Immunology | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 616–622 | date = October 2004 | pmid = 15342008 | doi = 10.1016/j.coi.2004.07.009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Albert ML, Darnell RB | title = Paraneoplastic neurological degenerations: keys to tumour immunity | journal = Nature Reviews. Cancer | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 36–44 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14708025 | doi = 10.1038/nrc1255 | s2cid = 7319871 }}</ref> Pesakit kemudiannya mendapatkan perhatian klinikal apabila tindak balas imun terhadap tumor ini memecahkan [[toleransi imun]] dan mula menyerang tisu normal yang turut mengekspresikan protein tersebut (contohnya, protein neuron).

Singkatan PNS kadang-kadang digunakan untuk sindrom paraneoplastik, walaupun lebih kerap ia merujuk kepada [[sistem saraf periferi]].

==Rujukan ==
* [http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/paraneoplastic-syndromes/basics/definition/con-20028459 Paraneoplastic syndromes of the nervous system]

[[Kategori:Penyakit dan gangguan]]
[[Kategori:WPPER]]