Gyvūnai: Skirtumas tarp puslapio versijų
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Nėra keitimo santraukos |
Šaltinio metaduomenų praturtinimas. DOI:10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3 |
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| (nerodoma 12 tarpinių versijų, sukurtų 6 naudotojų) | |||
Eilutė 14:
== Gyvūnų rūšių skaičius ==
=== Pasaulinė įvairovė ===
Kaip manoma, [[Žemė|pasaulyje]] yra apie 8,74 milijono gyvų [[Organizmas|organizmų]] [[Rūšis|rūšių]], bet į šį skaičių neįskaičiuojant [[Bakterijos|bakterijų]] ir kitų [[Mikroorganizmai|mikroorganizmų]]. Gyvūnų skaičius yra didžiausias, jų yra apie 7,77 milijono rūšių, bet iš jų tik mažas kiekis, tai yra apie 12 procentų aprašyti<ref
==== Rūšių skaičius pagal grupes ====
eilutė 36 ⟶ 37:
==== Rūšių skaičius pagal tipus ====
Žemiau pateiktoje lentelėje pateikiamas apytikslis aprašytų gyvūnų rūšių skaičius pagal dažniausius tipus,<ref name="Zhang2013">{{cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Zhi-Qiang |title=Animal biodiversity: An update of classification and diversity in 2013. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013) |journal=Zootaxa |volume=3703 |issue=1 |date=2013-08-30 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.3 |url=https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/download/zootaxa.3703.1.3/4273 |page=5 |access-date=2018-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424154926/https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/download/zootaxa.3703.1.3/4273 |archive-date=2019-04-24 |url-status=live |issn = 1175-5326 }}</ref> taip pat jų gyvenamosios buveinės (sausuma, gėlavandeniai telkiniai ar jūros), nurodant ir tai, ar gyvūnai yra laisvai gyvenantys, ar parazituojantys. Realybėje skaičiai turėtų būti didesni, kadangi didesnė dalis gyvūnų (pvz., [[nematodai|apvaliųjų kirmėlių]]) lieka neaprašyti.<ref name=sciencedaily>{{cite web |title=How many species on Earth? About 8.7 million, new estimate says |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110823180459.htm |access-date=2018-03-02|date=2011-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701164954/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110823180459.htm |archive-date=2018-07-01 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mora2011">{{cite journal |last1=Mora |first1=Camilo |last2=Tittensor |first2=Derek P. |last3=Adl |first3=Sina |last4=Simpson |first4=Alastair G.B. |last5=Worm |first5=Boris |editor-last=Mace |editor-first=Georgina M. |title=How Many Species Are There on Earth and in the Ocean? |journal=PLOS Biology |volume=9 |issue=8 |date=2011-08-23 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 |page=e1001127 |pmid=21886479 |pmc=3160336}}</ref><ref name=Felder2009>{{cite book |last1=Felder |first1=Darryl L. |last2=Camp |first2=David K. |title=Gulf of Mexico Origin, Waters, and Biota: Biodiversity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CphA8hiwaFIC&pg=RA1-PA1111 |year=2009 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-1-60344-269-5 |page=1111}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"<!--sortable goes screwy with the numbers-->
eilutė 50 ⟶ 51:
|-
|'''[[Nariuotakojai]]'''
|[[
|align=right |1 257 000<ref name="Zhang2013"/>
|1 000 000<br />(vabzdžiai)<ref name="Stork2018">{{cite journal |last=Stork |first=Nigel E. |s2cid=23755007 |title=How Many Species of Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods Are There on Earth? |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=63 |issue=1 |date=
|>40 000<br />(Malac-<br />ostraca)<ref>{{cite book |year=2002 |series=Zoological catalogue of Australia |volume=19.2A |title=Crustacea: Malacostraca |publisher=[[CSIRO Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-643-06901-5 |chapter=Introduction |last=Poore |first=Hugh F. |pages=1–7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ww6RzBz42-4C&pg=PA1}}</ref>
|94 000<ref name=Balian2008>{{cite book |last1=Balian |first1=E. V. |last2=Lévêque |first2=C. |last3=Segers|first3=H.|first4=K. |last4=Martens |title=Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw4H6DBHnAgC&pg=PA628 |year=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-8259-7 |page=628}}</ref>
|Taip<ref name="Hogenboom2016">{{cite web |last1=Hogenboom |first1=Melissa |title=There are only 35 kinds of animal and most are really weird |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20150325-all-animal-life-in-35-photos |publisher=BBC Earth |access-date=2018-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810141811/https://www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20150325-all-animal-life-in-35-photos|archive-date=2018-08-10|url-status=live}}</ref>
|>45 000{{efn|
|-
|'''[[Moliuskai]]'''
|[[
|align=right |85 000<ref name="Zhang2013"/><br />107 000<ref name=Nicol1969/>
|35 000<ref name=Nicol1969>{{cite journal |last=Nicol |first=David |title=The Number of Living Species of Molluscs |journal=Systematic Zoology |volume=18 |issue=2 |date=
|60 000<ref name=Nicol1969/>
|5000<ref name=Balian2008/><br />12 000<ref name=Nicol1969/>
eilutė 68 ⟶ 69:
|-
|'''[[Chordiniai]]'''
|[[
|align=right |>70 000<ref name="Zhang2013"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Uetz|first=P.|title=A Quarter Century of Reptile and Amphibian Databases|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352462027|journal=Herpetological Review|volume=52|pages=246–255|via=ResearchGate|access-date=
|23 000<ref name="Reaka-Kudla1996">{{cite book |last1=Reaka-Kudla |first1=Marjorie L. |last2=Wilson |first2=Don E. |last3=Wilson |first3=Edward O. |title=Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting Our Biological Resources |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-X5OAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 |year=1996 |publisher=Joseph Henry Press |isbn=978-0-309-52075-1 |page=90}}</ref>
|13 000<ref name="Reaka-Kudla1996"/>
eilutė 77 ⟶ 78:
|-
|'''[[Plokščiosios kirmėlės]]'''
|[[
|align=right |29
|Taip<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sluys |first=R. |title=Global diversity of land planarians (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Terricola): a new indicator-taxon in biodiversity and conservation studies|journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=8 |issue=12 |pages=1663–1681 |doi=10.1023/A:1008994925673 |year=1999|s2cid=38784755 }}</ref>
|Taip<ref name="Hogenboom2016"/>
|1300<!--Turbellaria--><ref name=Balian2008/>
|Taip<ref name="Hogenboom2016"/><br />
3000–6500<ref name=Pandian>{{cite book |last=Pandian |first=T. J. |title=Reproduction and Development in Platyhelminthes |publisher=CRC Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-000-05490-3 |pages=13–14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6rMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT14 |access-date=
|>
4000–25 000<ref name=Pandian/>
|-
|'''[[Apvaliosios kirmėlės]]'''
|[[
|align=right |25 000<ref name="Zhang2013"/>
|Taip (dirvožemis)<ref name="Hogenboom2016"/>
eilutė 97 ⟶ 98:
|-
|'''[[Žieduotosios kirmėlės]]'''
|[[
|align=right |17 000<ref name="Zhang2013"/>
|Taip (dirvožemis)<ref name="Hogenboom2016"/>
eilutė 106 ⟶ 107:
|-
|'''[[Duobagyviai]]'''
|[[
|align=right |16 000<ref name="Zhang2013"/>
|
eilutė 115 ⟶ 116:
|-
|'''[[Pintys]]'''
|[[
|align=right |10
|
|Taip<ref name="Hogenboom2016"/>
|200–300<ref name=Balian2008/>
|Taip
|Taip<ref>{{cite book |last1=Morand |first1=Serge |last2=Krasnov |first2=Boris R. |last3=Littlewood |first3=D. Timothy J. |title=Parasite Diversity and Diversification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2t2BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |year=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03765-6 |page=44 |access-date=
|-
|'''[[Dygiaodžiai]]'''
|[[
|align=right |
|
|7500<ref name="Zhang2013"/>
eilutė 133 ⟶ 134:
|-
|'''[[Samangyviai]]'''
|[[
|align=right |6000<ref name="Zhang2013"/>
|
eilutė 142 ⟶ 143:
|-
|'''[[Verpetės]]'''
|[[
|align=right |2000<ref name="Zhang2013"/>
|
|>400<ref>{{cite web |last=Fontaneto |first=Diego |title=Marine Rotifers {{!}} An Unexplored World of Richness |url=https://ukmarinesac.org.uk/PDF/rotifers.pdf |publisher=JMBA Global Marine Environment |access-date=
|2000<ref name=Balian2008/>
|Taip
eilutė 151 ⟶ 152:
|-
|'''[[Nemertinos]]'''
|[[
|align=right |1350<ref name="Chernyshev_2021">{{cite journal |last1=Chernyshev |first1=A. V. |title=An updated classification of the phylum Nemertea |journal=Invertebrate Zoology |date=2021 m.
|
|Taip
eilutė 160 ⟶ 161:
|-
|'''[[Lėtūnai]]'''
|[[
|align=right |
|Taip<ref name="Hickman Diversity 2018">{{cite book|title=Animal Diversity|first1=Cleveland P.|last1=Hickman|first2=Susan L.|last2=Keen|first3=Allan|last3=Larson|first4=David J.|last4=Eisenhour|edition=8th|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education, New York|date=2018|isbn=978-1-260-08427-6}}</ref><br />(drėgni augalai)
|Taip
eilutė 168 ⟶ 169:
|
|-
! colspan=8 |Viso aprašytų rūšių (2013
|}
eilutė 175 ⟶ 176:
* Bestuburių gyvūnų rūšių skaičius nežinomas
** Kirmėlių rūšių skaičius nežinomas.
** Moliuskų
** Vėžiagyvių
** Vabzdžių
*** Iš jų [[drugiai|drugių]]
* Stuburinių
** Žinduolių
** Paukščių
** Roplių
** Varliagyvių
** Žuvų
** Apskritažiomenių
== Filogenetika ==
=== Išorinė filogenetika ===
Visi gyvūnai kilę iš bendro protėvio. Gyvūnams artimiausia organizmų grupė yra ''[[Choanoflagellata]]'', su kuriais jie sudaro ''[[Choanozoa]]''.<ref name="Budd2015">{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/brv.12239 |pmid=26588818 |title=The origin of the animals and a 'Savannah' hypothesis for early bilaterian evolution |journal=[[Biological Reviews]] |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=446–473 |year=2017 |last1=Budd |first1=Graham E. |last2=Jensen |first2=Sören |doi-access=free }}</ref> Skaičiai filogenetiniame medyje nurodo, prieš kiek milijonų metų (''mya'', {{en|million years ago}}) linijos išsiskyrė.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=Kevin J. |last2=Cotton |first2=James A. |last3=Gehling |first3=James G. |last4=Pisani |first4=Davide |date=27 April 2008 |title=The Ediacaran emergence of bilaterians: congruence between the genetic and the geological fossil records |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences |volume=363 |issue=1496 |pages=1435–1443 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2233 |pmid=18192191 |pmc=2614224 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parfrey |first1=Laura Wegener |last2=Lahr |first2=Daniel J. G. |last3=Knoll |first3=Andrew H. | last4=Katz |first4=Laura A. |date=2011-08-16 |title=Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=108 |issue=33 |pages=13624–13629 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1110633108 |pmid=21810989 |bibcode=2011PNAS..10813624P |pmc=3158185 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Raising the Standard in Fossil Calibration |url=https://fossilcalibrations.org/ |website=Fossil Calibration Database |access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307054141/https://fossilcalibrations.org/ |archive-date=2018-03-07 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Laumer |first1=Christopher E. |last2=Gruber-Vodicka |first2=Harald |last3=Hadfield |first3=Michael G. |last4=Pearse |first4=Vicki B. |last5=Riesgo |first5=Ana |last6=Marioni |first6=John C. |last7=Giribet |first7=Gonzalo |year=2018 |title=Support for a clade of Placozoa and Cnidaria in genes with minimal compositional bias |journal=eLife |volume=2018;7 |pages=e36278 |doi=10.7554/eLife.36278 |pmid=30373720 |pmc=6277202 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Adl |first1=Sina M. |last2=Bass |first2=David |last3=Lane |first3=Christopher E. |last4=Lukeš |first4=Julius |last5=Schoch |first5=Conrad L. |last6=Smirnov |first6=Alexey |last7=Agatha |first7=Sabine |last8=Berney |first8=Cedric |last9=Brown |first9=Matthew W. |date=2018 |title=Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes |journal=Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=4–119 |doi=10.1111/jeu.12691|pmid=30257078 |pmc=6492006 }}</ref>
Žemiau pateiktas Ros-Rocher ir kitų mokslininkų 2021 m. sudaryta kladograma, pagal kurią galima atsekti gyvūnų kilmę iki vienaląsčių protėvių. Punktyrinės linijos reiškia ryšio tarp skirtingų kladų neapibrėžtumą.<ref name="Ros-Rocher Pérez-Posada Leger Ruiz-Trillo 2021">{{cite journal | last1=Ros-Rocher | first1=Núria | last2=Pérez-Posada | first2=Alberto | last3=Leger | first3=Michelle M. | last4=Ruiz-Trillo | first4=Iñaki | title=The origin of animals: an ancestral reconstruction of the unicellular-to-multicellular transition | journal=Open Biology | publisher=The Royal Society | volume=11 | issue=2 | year=2021 | page=200359 | issn=2046-2441 | doi=10.1098/rsob.200359| pmid=33622103 | pmc=8061703 }}</ref>
{{Clade |style=font-size:100%; line-height:100%
|label1=''[[Opisthokonta]]'' |sublabel1=1300 mya
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Holomycota]]'' (įskaitant ''[[Fungi]]'') [[File:Asco1013.jpg|60 px]]
|label2=''[[Holozoa]]'' |sublabel2=1100 mya
|2={{Clade |state=dashed
|1=''[[Ichthyosporea]]'' [[File:Abeoforma whisleri-2.jpg|50 px]]
|2=''[[Pluriformea]]'' [[File:Corallochytrium limacisporum.png|50 px]]
|label3=''[[Filozoa]]''
|3={{Clade
|1=''[[Filasterea]]'' [[File:Ministeria vibrans.jpeg|60 px]]
|label2=''[[Choanozoa]]'' |sublabel2=950 mya
|2={{Clade
|label1=''[[Choanoflagellata]]'' |1=[[File:Desmarella moniliformis.jpg|60 px]]
|label2 ='''Animalia''' |sublabel2=760 mya |2= [[File:Polychaeta (no) 2.jpg|60 px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
=== Vidinė filogenetika ===
Primityviausi gyvūnai (''[[Porifera]]'', ''[[Ctenophora]]'', ''[[Cnidaria]]'' ir ''[[Placozoa]]'' neturi [[biologinė simetrija|dvišalės simetrijos]]. Jų filogenetiniai santykiai vis dar ginčijami. Visi šie gyvūnai galėjo išsivystyti iš ''[[Porifera]]'' arba ''[[Ctenophora]]''<ref name="Kapli_2020">{{cite journal |last1=Kapli |first1=Paschalia |last2=Telford |first2=Maximilian J. |title=Topology-dependent asymmetry in systematic errors affects phylogenetic placement of Ctenophora and Xenacoelomorpha |journal=Science Advances |date=2020-12-11|volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=eabc5162 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abc5162 |pmid=33310849 |pmc=7732190 |bibcode=2020SciA....6.5162K |doi-access=free }}</ref> – abiems šioms grupėms trūksta ''[[hox genai|hox genų]]'', svarbių organizmų kūnams vystytis.<ref name="Giribet 2016">{{cite journal |last=Giribet |first=Gonzalo |title=Genomics and the animal tree of life: conflicts and future prospects |journal=[[Zoologica Scripta]] |volume=45 |date=2016-09-27 |doi=10.1111/zsc.12215 |pages=14–21 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
Hox genai randami ''[[Placozoa]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://emb.carnegiescience.edu/sites/emb.carnegiescience.edu/files/evodevo12.pdf |title=Evolution and Development |date=1 May 2012 |website=Carnegie Institution for Science Department of Embryology |page=38 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302084415/https://emb.carnegiescience.edu/sites/emb.carnegiescience.edu/files/evodevo12.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=Dellaporta2004>{{cite journal |last1=Dellaporta |first1=Stephen |last2=Holland |first2=Peter |last3=Schierwater |first3=Bernd |last4=Jakob |first4=Wolfgang |last5=Sagasser |first5=Sven |last6=Kuhn |first6=Kerstin |title=The Trox-2 Hox/ParaHox gene of Trichoplax (Placozoa) marks an epithelial boundary |journal=Development Genes and Evolution |volume=214 |issue=4 |date=April 2004 |doi=10.1007/s00427-004-0390-8 |pmid=14997392 |pages=170–175| s2cid=41288638 }}</ref> ir aukštesniuosiuose gyvūnuose (''[[Bilateria]]'').<ref name="Peterson2001">{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1525-142x.2001.003003170.x |pmid=11440251 |title=Animal phylogeny and the ancestry of bilaterians: Inferences from morphology and 18S rDNA gene sequences |journal=Evolution and Development |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=170–205 |year=2001 |last1=Peterson |first1=Kevin J. |last2=Eernisse |first2=Douglas J|citeseerx=10.1.1.121.1228 |s2cid=7829548 }}</ref><ref name="KraemerEis2016">{{cite journal |title=A catalogue of Bilaterian-specific genes – their function and expression profiles in early development |year=2016 |last1=Kraemer-Eis |first1=Andrea |last2=Ferretti |first2=Luca |last3=Schiffer |first3=Philipp |last4=Heger |first4=Peter |last5=Wiehe |first5=Thomas |journal=bioRxiv |doi=10.1101/041806 |s2cid=89080338 |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/03/19/041806.full.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032414/https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2016/03/19/041806.full.pdf |archive-date=2018-02-26|url-status=live }}</ref> Nustatyta 6331 visiems gyviems gyvūnams būdinga genų grupė. Iš to daroma prielaida, kad gyvūnai išsivystė iš vieno bendro protėvio, gyvenusio prieš 650 milijonų metų [[Prekambras|Prekambre]].<ref name="Zimmer2018">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |title=The Very First Animal Appeared Amid an Explosion of DNA |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/04/science/first-animal-genes-evolution.html |date=2018-05-04|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=2018-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504170120/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/04/science/first-animal-genes-evolution.html |archive-date=2018-05-04|url-status=live }}</ref>
Žemiau pateiktas mokslininkų Giribet ir Edgecombe 2020 m. pasiūlytas filogenetinis medis. Punktyrinės linijos rodo ryšių neapibrėžtumą.<ref name=Giribet-2020>{{cite book |last1=Giribet |first1=G. |last2=Edgecombe |first2=G.D. |title=The Invertebrate Tree of Life |year=2020 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YHetDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA21 |page=21 |isbn=978-0-6911-7025-1 }}</ref>
{{Clade |style = font-size:100%; line-height:100%
|label1='''Animalia''' |sublabel1=''[[Daugialąsčiai organizmai|daugialąsčiai]]''
|1={{Clade
|1=''[[Porifera]]'' [[File:Estonian Museum of Natural History - Sponge.png|60 px]] |state=dashed
|2=''[[Ctenophora]]'' [[File:Mnemiopsis leidyi 247259012.png|60 px]]
|label3=''[[ParaHoxozoa]]'' |sublabel3=''[[hox genai]]''
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Placozoa]]''[[File:Trichoplax adhaerens photograph (no background).png|60 px]] |state=dashed
|2=''[[Cnidaria]]'' <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Jellyfish, Shaw Ocean Discovery Centre (7201323966).png|70px]]</span>
|label3=''[[Bilateria]]'' |sublabel3=''[[dvišalė simetrija|simetriškas]] embrionas''
|3={{clade
|1=''[[Xenacoelomorpha]]'' [[File:Proporus sp. (no background).png|55 px]]
|label2=''[[Nephrozoa]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=''[[Deuterostomia]]''
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Ambulacraria]] [[File:Echinaster serpentarius (USNM E28192) 001.png|50 px]]
|2=''[[Chordata]]'' [[File:Cyprin carpi 090613-0329 tdp.png|60 px]]
}}
|label2 =''[[Protostomia]]'' |sublabel2=''[[blastopora]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ecdysozoa]]'' [[File:Aptostichus simus Monterey County.jpg|60px]]
|2=''[[Spiralia]]'' <span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Grapevinesnail 01a.jpg|60px]]</span>
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
Egzistuoja ir kita hipotetinė filogenetika, 2021 m. pasiūlyta mokslininkų, vadovaujamų Kapli, grupės. Šioje filogenetikoje ''[[Xenambulacraria]]'' apima ''Xenacoelamorpha'' ir ''Ambulacraria''.<ref name="Kapli 2021">{{Cite journal |last1=Kapli |first1=Paschalia |last2=Natsidis |first2=Paschalis |last3=Leite |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Fursman |first4=Maximilian |last5=Jeffrie |first5=Nadia |last6=Rahman |first6=Imran A. |last7=Philippe |first7=Hervé |last8=Copley |first8=Richard R. |last9=Telford |first9=Maximilian J. |date=2021-03-19 |title=Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=eabe2741 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abe2741 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=7978419 |pmid=33741592|bibcode=2021SciA....7.2741K }}</ref>
== Sistematika ==
eilutė 233 ⟶ 301:
* [[Gyvūnų teisės]]
* [[Gyvūnų globa]]
== Pastabos ==
{{notelist}}
== Šaltiniai ==
eilutė 240 ⟶ 311:
{{commons|Category:Animals}}
{{Vikižodynas|gyvūnai}}
* [https://tolweb.org/ Gyvybės medžio projektas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612121424/http://www.tolweb.org// |date=2011-06-12}} (anglų k.)
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