Temperatura thermodynamica

Vide etiam paginam discretivam: Temperatura (discretiva).

Temperatura est quantitas physica^(en) quae naturam caloris vel frigoris per quantitates significat. Temperatura est mensura quae thermometro computatur^(en). Energiam kineticam atomorum vibrantium^(en) et confligentium quibus substantia constituitur ostendit.

Haec magnitudo olim gradus caloris appellabatur, sed hoc nomen dubiosum proveniebat ex theoria falsa, quae calorem esse materiam sicut aquam inter res fluentem dicebat.

Temperatura hodie saepe secundum scalam thermodynamicam scientificam indicatur, gradibus K = Kelvinianis. Hoc nomen unitatis ex Guilielmo Thomson, Barone Kelvino electum appellatur, propter eius conlationes maximi momenti ad theoriam thermodynamicam amplificandam. Secundum axiomata thermodynamica, 0 Kelvin est temperatura minima in statu aequilibrii, quamquam temperaturae negativae fieri sunt in statibus quo aequilibrio caretur.

Quamquam autem gradus K est unitas probata per Systema Unitatium Internationale, aliae unitates ad temperaturae thermodynamicae mensuram hodie etiam adhibitae sunt, sicut gradus °C appellata secundum Andream Celsium, °F secundum Danielem Gabrielem Fahrenheit, °R secundum Réaumur, et R aut °Ra secundum Gulielmum Rankine.

Temperatura magni momenti in omnibus scientiae naturalis^(en) disciplinis est, inter quas astronomia, biologia, chemia, geographia, ingeniaria mechanica, medicina, metallurgia, oecologia, physica, scientia materiarum^(en), et scientia telluris, atque in plurimis vitae quotidianae rebus. In re meteorologica, temperatura inter variabiles maximi momenti quantitates numeratur, praecipitationis modum, ventorum vehementiam, et tempestatum magnitudines determinantes.

Effectus temperaturae

Usitatum thermometrum Celsianum temperaturam diei hiemalis −17C metitur.

Multae rationes physicae ad temperaturam coniunguntur, quarum aliquot infra perscribuntur.

physicae materiarum proprietates, inter quas phases materiae^(en) (solidum, liquidum, gasium, plasma), densitas, solubilitas, pressura vaporis^(en), conductivitas electrica^(en), duritia^(en), resistentia usalis^(en), conductivitas thermalis^(en), resistentia rosionis^(en), vires.
modus et ambitus quibus reactiones chemicae fiunt^[1]
summa et proprietates radiationis thermalis^(en) quae e superficie rei emittitur
temperatura aeris^(en), quae omnes organismos vivos afficit
celeritas soni, quae in gasio pro radice quadrata temperaturae absolutae est^[2]

De scala Kelviniana, Celsiana, Fahrenheitiana

Cum systema aequore maris sub pressione atmosphaerica (1 atm) quoddam calefaciatur, temperatura augmentat gradibus:

0 K, −273,15 °C, −459,67 °F: temperatura thermodynamica minima, quae scalam incipit; praeter helium, omnes materiae extrastellares hac temperatura sunt solidae
63,15 K, −210,00 °C, −346,00 °F: nitrogenium (quod 78% aëris Tellurici constituit) gelatur
77,36 K, −195,79 °C, −320,33 °F: nitrogenium liquidum conversum est in gasium
273.15 K, 0 °C, 32 °F: aqua in glaciem vertur
310 K, 37 °C, 98 °F: ordinaria hominis temperatura interna
373.15 K, 100 °C, 212 °F: aqua liquida nunc fervet in vaporem
1808 K, 1535 °C, 2795 °F: ferrum liquefit
ca. 6500 K: superficies solaris quae videri potest

Ad usum quotidianum, homines scalam Celsianam malunt, ubi aquae congelationis temperatura valore zero assignatur, et ebullitionis centum. Ad temperaturas Kelvinienses in Celsienses et vice versa convertant, habemus igitur formulas:

Kelvin = °Celsius + 273.15

°Celsius = Kelvin − 273.15

Scala vetus in usu Americano populo gratissima habetur Fahrenheitiana, cui formula definiens est

^{\circ }{\text{Fahrenheit}}=32^{\circ }+{\frac {9}{5}}({\text{Kelvin}}-273.15)

De temperaturae natura

Temperatura plerumque per quodquam rei adiunctum decernitur, quod cum res calefit augmentat.^? Thermometra primitiva utuntur, exempli gratia columnis vitrii longis hydrargyri plenis; his in thermometris prope temperaturas ordinarias hydrarguntum^? in proportione calori dato expandit. Saepe autem adiuncta in proportione calori applicato agumentare nolunt. Aqua, exempli gratia, cum calefit, primum contrahit, tunc expandit; qua de causa crystalla aquae in superficie corporis aquae hieme fluitant, quod ea minus densa sunt quam aqua liquida.

Temperaturae praecipuae

Nexus interni

Bibliographia

Adkins, C. J. (1968) 1983. Equilibrium Thermodynamics. ed. tertia. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-25445-0.
Buchdahl, H. A. 1966. The Concepts of Classical Thermodynamics. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
Chang, Hasok. 2004. Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517127-3.
Jaynes, E. T. 1965. "Gibbs vs Boltzmann entropies." American Journal of Physics 33 (5), 391–398.
Middleton, W. E. K. 1966. A History of the Thermometer and its Use in Metrology. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins Press.
Miller, J. 2013. "Cooling molecules the optoelectric way." Physics Today 66 (1): 12–14. doi:10.1063/pt.3.1840. Bibcode 2013PhT....66a..12M.
Partington, Iacobus Riddick. 1949. An Advanced Treatise on Physical Chemistry, vol. 1, Fundamental Principles: The Properties of Gases. Londinii: Longmans, Green & Co.
Pippard, Alfred Brian. (1957) 1966. Elements of Classical Thermodynamics for Advanced Students of Physics. Iterum impressum. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
Quinn, T. J. 1983. Temperature. Londinii: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-569680-9.
Schooley, J. F. 1986. Thermometry. Boca Raton Floridae: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-5833-7.
Roberts, J. K., et A. R. Miller. (1928) 1960. Heat and Thermodynamics. Ed. quinta. Glasgoviae: Blackie & Son Limited.
Thomson, W. (Lord Kelvin). (1843) 1863. "On an absolute thermometric scale founded on Carnot's theory of the motive power of heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations," Proceedings of the Cambridge Phil. Society. 1 (5): 66–71.
Thomson, W. 1851. "On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 20, pars 2 ((Martius): 261–268, 289–298.
Truesdell, C. A. 1980. The Tragicomical History of Thermodynamics, 1822–1854. Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 0-387-90403-4.
Tschoegl, N. W. 2000. Fundamentals of Equilibrium and Steady-State Thermodynamics. Amstelodami: Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-50426-5.
Zemansky, Mark Waldo. 1964. Temperatures Very Low and Very High. Princetoniae: Van Nostrand.
Zeppenfeld, M.; Englert, B. G. U.; Glöckner, R.; Prehn, A.; Mielenz, M.; Sommer, C.; van Buuren, L. D.; Motsch, M. et al (2012). "Sysiphus cooling of electrically trapped polyatomic molecules". Nature 491 (7425): 570–573. arXiv:1208.0046 .

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad temperaturam spectant.

Vide temperaturam in Victionario.

↑ Agency, International Atomic Energy (1974). Thermal discharges at nuclear power stations: their management and environmental impacts: a report prepared by a group of experts as the result of a panel meeting held in Vienna, 23–27 October 1972. International Atomic Energy Agency .
↑ Watkinson, John (2001). The Art of Digital Audio. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-240-51587-8 .

[1] Agency, International Atomic Energy (1974). Thermal discharges at nuclear power stations: their management and environmental impacts: a report prepared by a group of experts as the result of a panel meeting held in Vienna, 23–27 October 1972. International Atomic Energy Agency .

[2] Watkinson, John (2001). The Art of Digital Audio. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-240-51587-8 .

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