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Bellaria socolatae et socolata liquefacta. Socolata e nuce cocoa^? fit, e naturali theobromini fonte.

Theobrominum, etiam xantheosum appellatum, est principale Theobromatis cacao alcaloidum.^[1] Aliquantulum solubile in aqua (330 mg/L) est, gustatu amarum.^[2] Additivo cibario^? et precursori nonnullorum faciei medicaminum in rebus fabricandis prodest.^[1] Invenitur in socolata variisque cibis aliis, foliis Camelliae sinensis plantisque generis Colae non exclusis. Theobrominum est solidum album, aut colore caret, sed exemplaria in commercio adhibita subflava videri possunt.^[2]

Structura

Theobrominum est molecula plana,^[3] e purino deductum. Dimethyl^? xanthinum describitur.^[2]^[4] Inter cognata composita chemica sunt theophyllinum, caffeinum, paraxanthinum, et 7-methylxanthinum, quorum quodque numero vel loco gregum methylatorum unicum est.^[2]

Historia

Theobrominum primum anno 1841 inventum est^[5] in nucibus Theobromatis cacao ab Alexandro Voskresenskij, chemico Russico.^[6] Synthesis theobromini ex xanthino primum anno 1882 a Hermanno Aemilio Fischer nuntiata est.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Etymologia

Deducitur vocabulum theobrominum a Theobromate (nomine generis arboris cacao) + -inum, suffixo alcaloidorum aliorumque compositorum quae nitrogenium basicum continent.^[10] Quod nomen vicissim in theo 'deo' + broma 'cibo' radicibus Graecis consistit, una 'victum deorum' significantes.^[11] Contra autem nomen, hoc compositum bromino caret.

Fontes naturales

Inter species plantarum quibus sunt notabiles theobromini summae sunt:^[12]

Camellia sinensis—folia
Ilex paraguariensis—folia
Theobroma bicolor—tegmina seminum
Theobroma cacao— semina et tegmina seminum

Parvae theobromini summae etiam in nuce cola,^? baccis Paulliniae cupanae, Ilice paraguariensi, Ilice vomitoria, Ilice guayusa, et Camellia sinensi inveni possunt.^[13]

Nexus interni

Notae

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 "Theobromine". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 27 Augusti 2022 .
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 "Theobromine and the pharmacology of cocoa". Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 200 (200): 201–34. 2011. ISBN 978-3-642-13442-5 .
↑ Ford, K. A.; Ebisuzaki, Y.; Boyle, P. D. (1998). "Methylxanthines. II. Anhydrous Theobromine". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 54 (12): 1980–83 .
↑ Environment and Behavior. Westview Press. 1997. p. 200. ISBN 978-0813331591 .
↑ Plant Intoxicants: A Classic Text on the Use of Mind-Altering Plants. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. 1995. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-0-89281-498-5 .
↑ "Über das Theobromin". Liebigs Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 41: 125–27. 1842 .
↑ Essays in Historical Chemistry. The MacMillan Company. 1902
↑ "Umwandlung des Xanthin in Theobromin und Caffein". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 15 (1): 453–56. 1882 .
↑ "Über Caffein, Theobromin, Xanthin und Guanin". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 215 (3): 253–320. 1882 .
↑ "-ine". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004. ISBN 978-0-395-71146-0 .
↑ The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. Novi Eboraci: Routledge. 2002. ISBN 978-0-415-92723-9 . Nota bene: hic liber false dicit nomen theobroma a nostra lingua deduci.
↑ "Theobromine content in plant sources". Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases, United States Department of Agriculture. 6 Februarii 2019 .
↑ The Cultural History of Plants. Novi Eboraci: Routledge. 2004. pp. 137, 175, 178–180. ISBN 978-0-415-92746-8 .

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad theobrominum spectant.

[pubchem-1] 1.0 ^1.1 "Theobromine". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 27 Augusti 2022 .

[Hbk-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 "Theobromine and the pharmacology of cocoa". Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 200 (200): 201–34. 2011. ISBN 978-3-642-13442-5 .

[Acta-3] Ford, K. A.; Ebisuzaki, Y.; Boyle, P. D. (1998). "Methylxanthines. II. Anhydrous Theobromine". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 54 (12): 1980–83 .

[envbeh-p200-4] Environment and Behavior. Westview Press. 1997. p. 200. ISBN 978-0813331591 .

[5] Plant Intoxicants: A Classic Text on the Use of Mind-Altering Plants. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. 1995. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-0-89281-498-5 .

[6] "Über das Theobromin". Liebigs Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 41: 125–27. 1842 .

[historicalchemistry-7] Essays in Historical Chemistry. The MacMillan Company. 1902

[8] "Umwandlung des Xanthin in Theobromin und Caffein". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 15 (1): 453–56. 1882 .

[9] "Über Caffein, Theobromin, Xanthin und Guanin". Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 215 (3): 253–320. 1882 .

[dict-ine-10] "-ine". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004. ISBN 978-0-395-71146-0 .

[worldofcaffeine-11] The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug. Novi Eboraci: Routledge. 2002. ISBN 978-0-415-92723-9 . Nota bene: hic liber false dicit nomen theobroma a nostra lingua deduci.

[arsgrin-theobromine-12] "Theobromine content in plant sources". Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases, United States Department of Agriculture. 6 Februarii 2019 .

[culthistplants-13] The Cultural History of Plants. Novi Eboraci: Routledge. 2004. pp. 137, 175, 178–180. ISBN 978-0-415-92746-8 .

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 [[Categoria:Antagonistae receptorum adenosini]]
+[[Categoria:Carcinogena Gregis 3 IARC]]
 [[Categoria:Composita amara]]
 [[Categoria:Elementa socolatae]]
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 [[Category:Xanthina]]<!--
 [[Category:IARC Group 3 carcinogens]]-->
-[[en:Theobromine]]