Fontem paginae Geologia inspicere

[[Fasciculus:WasatchFault.JPG|thumb|Discipuli [[Defectio Wasatchensis|Defectionem Wasatchensem]]<!--Wasatch Fault--> prope [[Urbs Lacus Salsi|Urbem Lacus Salsi]] [[Uta]]e investigant.]]
'''Geologia'''<ref>Vocabulum quod [[Ulysses Aldrovandus]] in testamento suo anno 1603 scripto primus invenit, quibusdam documentis suis "Geologia aut De fossilibus" ibi rubricatis: vide C. E. N. Bromehead, "[https://www.sciencedirect.com/sdfe/pdf/download/eid/1-s2.0-S0016787845800251/first-page-pdf Geology in Embryo: up to 1600 A.D.]" in ''Proceedings of the Geologists' Association''
vol. 56 (1945) pp. 89-134 ad initium</ref> (a [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graeco]] {{polytonic|γῆ}} 'terra' + {{polytonic|λόγος}} 'ratio') est [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] quae investigationem [[Tellus|Telluris]] [[solidum|solidi]], [[lapis|lapidum]] in quibus terra consistit, et rationes quibus evolvitur comprehendit. Geologia [[historia Telluris|historiam Telluris]] conlustrat, quia prima praebet indicia [[tectonica laminarum|tectonicae laminarum]], [[evolutionaria vitae historia|evolutionariae vitae historiae]], et [[palaeoclimatologia|climatum priorum]]. Hodiernis temporibus, geologia [[commercium|commercio]] magni momenti pro [[explorator|exploratione]] [[fossile|mineralium]] et [[geologia petrolei|hydrocarbonum]] et pro aestimatione [[opes aquaticae|opum aquaticarum]]; magni momenti in publico pro praedicandis et intellegendis [[periculum naturale|periculis naturalibus]], remediatione difficultatum [[circumiecta naturalia|circumiectorum naturalium]], et patefactione priorum [[mutatio climatica|mutationum climatis]]; magni momenti in [[ingeniaria geotechnica]]; atque maior [[disciplina academica]] est. 

Geologia est etiam studium per delectationem exercitatum eorum, qui variis [[saxum|saxis]], [[minerale|mineralibus]], [[fossile|fossilibus]] et collegendis et collectis gaudent.

==Historia==
[[Fasciculus:Giovanni Arduino geological section Valle dell'Agno.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Sectio terrae prope [[Vicetia]]m, res geologicas monstrans, scripta anno [[1758]] a [[Iohannes Arduino|Ioanne Arduino]], qui pater geologiae [[Italia|Italicae]] appellatur.]]
[[Fasciculus:Geological map Britain William Smith 1815.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Gulielmus Smith (geologus)|Gulielmi Smith]] [[tabula geologica]] [[Anglia]]e, [[Wallia]]e, et [[Scotia]]e [[meridies|meridianae]]. Ea, anno [[1815]] perfecta, fuit prima tabula geologica [[magnitudo|magnitudinis]] [[civitas|nationalis]]<!--national-scale-->, et accuratissime sui temporis elaborata.<ref name=map>{{Cite book |isbn=0060931809 |author=Simon Winchester ; |year=[[2002]] |publisher=Perennial |location=Novi Eboraci|title=The map that changed the world: William Smith and the birth of modern geology}}.</ref>]]
[[Fasciculus:Brunton.JPG|thumb|[[Compassatio]]{{dubsig}}<!--compass--> regularis Brunton Geo, latissime a geologis in tabulas et mensuras<!--surveys--> effectas adhibita.]]
[[Fasciculus:USGS 1950s mapping field camp.jpg|thumb|Usitatus castra [[USGS]] agrorum mensuratorum [[decennium 196|decennio 196]].]]
[[Fasciculus:PDA Mapping.jpg|thumb|Hodie, [[computatrum gestabile|computatra gestabilia]] [[GPS]] et [[programmatura computatralis]] [[systemata informationis geographicae|systematibus informationis geographicae]] praedita saepe in agris adhibentur ("[[digital geologic mapping]]").]]
{{Main|Historia geologiae}}<br/>
Studium physicae Telluris [[materia (physica)|materiae]] saltem ex [[Graecia antiqua]] venit. [[Aristoteles]] plurimas res geologicas in suis operibus tractavit (in Meteorologia IV notabiliter), attamen principium geologiae proprie cum [[Theophrastus|Theophrasto]] ([[372 a.C.n.|372]]–[[287 a.C.n.]]) ortum est, cuius opus ''Peri lithon'' ('De lapidibus') virtutes [[lapis|lapidum]] descripsit. Tempore [[Imperium Romanum|Romano]], [[Plinius Maior]] singula multorum [[minerale|mineralium]] et [[metallum|metallorum]] descripsit quae tunc in usu communi erant, et originem [[succinum|electri]] recte rettulit.

Postquam scripserunt quidam [[scriptor]]es [[Lingua Latina|linguae Latinae]] passim de rebus geologicis. Liber XIV ''[[Etymologiae|Etymologiarum]]'' [[Isidorus Hispalensis|Isidori Hispalensis]] nonnulla frustula de [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] antiqua ''De lapidibus et metallis'' collegit. [[Beda]] venerabilis item notitiam eventuum geologicorum habuit, maxime in opere ''De natura rerum.'' 

Nonnulli eruditi putant geologiam hodiernam in [[Aetas Aurea Islamica|mundo Islamico mediaevali]] coepisse.<ref>[[Fielding H. Garrison]] in ''History of Medicine'' scripsit: "The Saracens themselves were the originators not only of algebra, chemistry, and geology, but of many of the so-called improvements or refinements of civilization, such as street lamps, window-panes, fireworks, stringed instruments, cultivated fruits, perfumes, spices, etc."</ref> [[Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī|Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni]] ([[973]]–[[1048]]) fuit unus ex primis [[Geographia in Islam mediaevali|geologis Islamicis]], inter cuius opera sunt primae mentiones [[geologia Indica|geologiae Indicae]], quae existimaverunt [[subcontinens Indicus|subcontinentem Indicum]] olim fuisse [[mare]].<ref name=Salam>[[Abdus Salam]] (1984), "Islam and Science." In ''Ideals and Realities: Selected Essays of Abdus Salam,'' 2nd ed., ed. C. H. Lai (Singapurae: World Scientific, 1987), pp. 179–213.</ref> [[Avicenna|Ibn Sina]] (Avicenna, [[981]]–[[1037]]), vir doctus, multiplices proposuit explanationes conformationis [[mons|montium]], originum [[terrae motus|terraemotuum]], et aliarum rerum quae in geologia hodierna multum valent atque fundamenta evolutionis huius [[scientia (ratio)|scientiae]] factae sunt.<ref>S. Toulmin et J. Goodfield, ''The Ancestry of science: The Discovery of Time'' (Londinii: Hutchinson & Co., 1965) p. 64.</ref> In [[Sinae (regio)|Sinis]], [[Shen Kua]] (1031–1095) [[polymathes]] coniecturam rationis conformationis terrestris excogitavit: ex observatione [[testa (anatomia)|testarum]] [[animal]]ium [[fossile|fossilium]] in [[stratum geographicum|strato]] geologico in [[mons|monte]] nonnulla centies milia passuum ab [[oceanus|oceano]] effossarum, concludit terram per erosionem montium et [[depositio (sedimentum)|depositionem]] [[limus|limi]] conformatam fuisse. Eodem tempore ([[saeculum 12|saeculo duodecimo]] maxime) in terris [[Christiani|Christicolarum]] cogitaverunt et scripserunt nonnulli scriptores de rebus eventibus causisque [[natura]]libus, quibus [[metallum|metalla]] et [[lapis|lapides]] connumerantur. [[Saeculum 13|Saeculo tredecimo]] [[floruit]] [[Albertus Magnus]], qui de [[natura|rebus naturalibus]] [[philosophia|philosophicisque]] in universum scripsit etiamque peritum metallis et lapidibus se exhibuit. Eodem tempore [[Paulus Tarantinus]], de [[regio]]ne [[Italia]]e meridianae, sub nomine [[lingua Arabica|Arabico]] ''Geber'' [[liber|librum]] perfectionis scripsit, qui in scientia [[alchimia]]e magnam auctoritatem diu habuit. 

===Pericula naturalia===
{{Main|Periculum naturale}}<br/>
Geologi et [[geophysica|geophysici]] pericula [[natura]]lia investigant ut meliores [[lex aedificationis|leges aedificationis]] et systemata monitionis ad prohibendum detrimentum possessionum et [[vita]]e sanciantur.<ref>[http://www.usgs.gov/hazards/ "USGS Natural Hazards Gateway,"] www.usgs.gov.</ref> Exempla gravium periculorum quae magni momenti in geologia (contra ea praecipue vel solum in [[meteorologia]] magni momenti) sunt:
{{div col|2}}
*[[Foramen conlapsum|Foramina conlapsa]]<!--Sinkholes-->
*[[Inundatio]]nes
*[[Labina nivis]]
*[[Liquefactio soli|Liquefactio]]
*[[Migratio canalium fluminum]] et [[Avulsio (flumen)|avulsio]]
*[[Mons ignifer|Montes igniferi]]
*[[Subsidentia]]
*[[Terrae lapsus]]et [[flumen detritus|flumina detritus]]<!--debris flows-->
*[[Terrae motus]]
*[[Tsunami]]
{{div col end}}

==Campi et disciplinae cognatae==
{{div col|3}}
*[[Formatio geologica]]<!--g. modeling-->
*[[Geologia oeconomica]]
**[[Fossio|Geologia fossionis]]<!--mining-->
**[[Geologia petrolei]]
*[[Geologia ingeniariae]]
*[[Geologia circumiectus]]
*[[Geoarchaeologia]]
*[[Geochemia]]
**[[Biogeochemia]]
**[[Geochemia isotoporum]]
*[[Geochronologia]]
*[[Geodesia]]
*[[Geographia]]
*[[Geologia historica]]
*[[Geologia structuralis]]
*[[Geometallurgia]]
*[[Geomicrobiologia]]
*[[Geomorphologia]]
*[[Geomythologia]]
*[[Geophysica]]
*[[Glaciologia]]
*[[Hydrogeologia]]
*[[Meteorologia]]
*[[Mineralogia]]
*[[Oceanographia]]
**[[Geologia marina]]
*[[Palaeoclimatologia]]
*[[Palaeontologia]]
**[[Micropalaeontologia]]
**[[Palynologia]]
*[[Petrologia]]
*[[Petrophysica]]
*[[Scientia telluris|Scientia terrestris]]
*[[Sedimentologia]]
*[[Seismologia]]
*[[Scientia solorum]]
**[[Edaphologia]]
**[[Pedologia]]
*[[Speleologia]]
*[[Stratigraphia]]
**[[Biostratigraphia]]
**[[Chronostratigraphia]]
**[[Lithostratigraphia]]
*[[Tectonica laminarum]]
*[[Vulcanologia]]
{{div col end}}

==Geologia regionum==

===Montibus perpetuis===
*[[Geologia Alpium]]
*[[Geologia Andium]]
*[[Geologia Appalachianorum]]
*[[Geologia Himalayae]]
*[[Geologia Montium Saxosorum]]

=== Civitatibus ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Geologia Australiae]]
** [[Geologia Territorii Capitalis Australiae]]
** [[Geologia Tasmaniae]]
** [[Geologia Victoriae]]
** [[Yilgarn craton|Geologia Yilgarn Craton]]
* [[Geologia Sinarum]]
* [[Geologia Hongcongi]]
* [[Geologia Europae]]
** [[Geologia Iberiae]]
** [[Geologia Islandiae]]
** [[Geologia Nederlandiae]]
** [[Geologia Norvegiae]]
** [[Geologia Sueciae]]
*** [[Geologia Gotlandiae]]
** [[Geologia Britanniarum Regnum]]
*** [[Geologia Angliae]]
**** [[Geologia Cestriae]]
**** [[Geologia Corubiae]]<!--
***** [[Geologia Lizard, Cornwall]]-->
**** [[Geologia Dorset]]
**** [[Geologia Gloucestershire]]
**** [[Geologia Hampshire]]
**** [[Geologia Sussexiae Orientalis]]
**** [[Geologia Hertfordshire]]
**** [[Geologia Salopiae]]
**** [[Geologia Somerset]]
**** [[Geologia Eboraci]]
*** [[Geologia Scotiae]]
**** [[Geologia Orkney]]
*** [[Geologia Walliae]]
*** [[Geologia Caesareae]]<!--Jersey-->
*** [[Geologia Guernsey]]
* [[Geologia Americae Australis]]
** [[Geologia Boliviae]]
** [[Geologia Tsiliae]]
** [[Geologia Columbiae]]
** [[Geologia Malvinarum]]
* [[Geologia Indiae]]<!--
** [[Sikkim#Geology|Geology of Sikkim]]-->
* [[Geologia Iaponiae]]
* [[Geologia Philippinarum]]
* [[Geologia Novae Zelandiae]]
* [[Geologia Vietnamiae]]
* [[Geologia Civitatum Foederatarum Americae]]
** ''Geologia CFA civitate digesta''
*** [[Geologia Alabamae]]
*** [[Geologia Connecticutae]]
*** [[Geologia Delavariae]]
*** [[Geologia Floridae]]
*** [[Geologia Georgiae (civitas CFA)|Geologia Georgiae]]
*** [[Geologia Idahi]]
*** [[Geologia Illinoesiae]]
*** [[Geologia Iovae]]
*** [[Geologia Kansiae]]
*** [[Geologia Massachusettae]]
*** [[Geologia Minnesotae]]
*** [[Geologia Novae Caesareae]]
*** [[Geologia Oklahomae]]
*** [[Geologia Oregoniae]]
*** [[Geologia Pennsilvaniae]]
*** [[Geologia Tennesiae]]
*** [[Geologia Texiae]]
*** [[Geology Virginiae Occidentalis]]
** ''Geologia CFA regione vel proprietate digesta''
*** [[Geologia Appalachianorum]]
*** [[Geologia Boreoccidentis Pacifici]]
*** [[Geologia regionis Bryce Canyon]]''(Uta)''
*** [[Geologia regionis Canyonlands]] ''(Uta)''
*** [[Geologia regionis Capitol Reef]] ''(Uta)''
*** [[Geologia regionis Vallis Mortis]] ''(California)''
*** [[Geologia regionis Grand Canyon]] ''(Arizona)''
*** [[Geologia regionis Grand Teton]] ''(Vyomina)''
*** [[Geologia regionis Lassen area]] ''(California)''<!--
*** [[Mount Adams (Washington)#Geology|Geology of Mount Adams]] ''(Washington)''-->
*** [[Geologia Montis Shasta]]e ''(California)''
*** [[Geologia regionis Yosemite]] ''(California)''
*** [[Geologia regionis Zion et Kolob canyons]] ''(Uta)''
*** [[Geologia glacialis Fluminis Genesee]] ''(Novum Eboracum, Pennsylvania)''
{{div col end}}

===Corpora caelestia===
*[[Geologia Lunae]]
*[[Geologia Martis]]
*[[Geologia Mercurii]]
*[[Geologia Veneris]]

{{NexInt}}
[[Fasciculus:Leica DMRX.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Microscopium petrographicum]].]] 
[[Fasciculus:GCRockfall.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Terrae lapsus]] in [[Valles Grandis|Valli Grande]].]]
{{div col|2}}
*[[Aevum geologicum]]
*[[Gemma (lapis)|Gemma]]
*[[Geogonia]]
*[[Historia terrae]]
*[[Marmor]]
*[[Pangaea]]
*[[Rhegolithus]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
<references/>

==Bibliographia==
[[Fasciculus:Orogenic wedge.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Descriptio cunei orogenici ([[Anglice]] signata).]] 
*[[Georgius Agricola|Agricola, Georgius]]. [[1980]]. ''Vom Berg- und Hüttenwesen.'' Monaci: DTV. ISBN 3423060867.
*Aubouin, Brousse, et Lehman. [[1975]]. ''Précis de géologie.'' Lutetie: Dunod.
*Bahlburg, Heinrich, et Christoph Breitkreuz. [[2003]]. ''Grundlagen der Geologie.'' Ed. secunda. Heidelberg: Spektrum. ISBN 3-8274-1394-X.
*Cutler, Alan. [[2004]]. ''Die Muschel auf dem Berg.'' Monaci: Knaus. ISBN 3-8135-0188-4.
*Faupl, Peter. [[2003]]. ''Historische Geologie.'' Ed. secunda. UTB 2149. Vindobonae: Facultas. ISBN 3825221490.
*Daniel, J. Y., et al. [[1999]]. ''Sciences de la Terre et de l’univers.'' Lutetiae: Vuibert.
*Henningsen, Dierk, et Gerhard Katzung. [[2002]]. ''Einführung in die Geologie Deutschlands.'' Ed. sexta. Heidelberg: Spektrum. ISBN 3-8274-1360-5.
*Hölder, Helmut. [[1989]]. ''Kurze Geschichte der Geologie und Paläontologie.'' Berolini: Springer. ISBN 3-540-50659-4.
*Labhart, Toni P. [[1988]]. ''Geologie: Einführung in die Erdwissenschaften.'' Bernae. ISBN 3-444-50063-7.
*Martin, Pierre. [[2010]]. ''Géologie appliquée au BTP.'' Lutetiae: Eyrolles.
*Moret, L. [[1962]]. ''Précis de géologie.'' Ed. quarta. Lutetiae: Masson et Cie.
*Murawski, Hans, et Wilhelm Meyer. [[2004]]. ''Geologisches Wörterbuch.'' Heidelberg: Spektrum. ISBN 978-3-8274-1445-8.
*Press, Frank, et Raymond Siever. [[2003]]. ''Allgemeine Geologie.'' Ed. tertia. Heidelber: Spektrum. ISBN 3-8274-0307-3. Editio prima: ''Understanding Earth'' (Novi Eboraci: Freeman).
*Selley, Richard C., L. Robin M. Cocks, et Ian R. Plimer, eds. [[2005]]. ''Encyclopedia of geology.'' Amstelodami: Elsevier Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-636380-3.
*Stanley, Steven M. [[2001]]. ''Historische Geologie.'' Ed. secunda. Heidelbergae: Spektrum. ISBN 3827405696.
*Winchester, Simon. [[2002]]. ''The Map that Changed the World: William Smith and the Birth of Modern Geology.'' Novi Eboraci: Perennial. ISBN 0060931809.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Geology|Geologiam}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903064659/http://www.geologyforum.org/ Commune interretiale studiosis geologiae dicatum,]
* [http://geology.com/ ''Earth Science News, Maps, Dictionary, Articles, Jobs,'']
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=-AcKAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Charles+Lyell&ei=YMOLSa_GE4uiyATW_Zy6BQ&client=firefox-a#PPR5,M1 ''Elements of Geology'' Caroli Lyell,]
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=O2YNAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Charles+Lyell&ei=YMOLSa_GE4uiyATW_Zy6BQ&client=firefox-a#PPR3,M1 ''Principles of Geology, or the Modern Changes of the Earth and its Inhabitants, Considered as Illustrative of Geology'' Caroli Lyell,]
* [http://www.agu.org/ Situs domesticus] (American Geophysical Union)
* [http://www.egu.eu/ Situs domesticus] (European Geosciences Union)
* [http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/ Situs domesticus] (Geological Society of London)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111029134635/http://www.geosociety.org/ Situs domesticus] (Geological Society of America)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101128060025/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/essays/Hutton.htm ''Theoria Telluris'' a Iacobi Hutton,]

{{Scientiae naturales et artes mathematicae}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Physica}}

[[Categoria:Geologia|!]]
[[Categoria:Historia scientiae Telluris]]