Fontem paginae Apologetica inspicere

[[Fasciculus:John Henry Newman by Sir John Everett Millais, 1st Bt.jpg|thumb|alt= John Henry Newman by Sir John Everett Millais|[[Ioannes Henricus Newman]], [[auctor]] [[libellus|libelli]] ''[[Apologia Pro Vita Sua|Apologiae Pro Vita Sua]],'' unius e notissimis apologiis recentioribus. [[Pictura]] ab [[Ioannes Everett Millais|Ioanne Everett Millais]] Equite facta.]]
'''Apologetica''' ([[Graece]] ''apologetikos'' < ἀπολογία "defendens loqui, defensio") est [[disciplina]] [[doctrina]]rum [[religio]]sarum per [[disputatio]]nem [[sermo]]nemque ordinatum excusandarum vel defendendarum.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G627 |title=ἀπολογία |work=Blue Letter Bible-Lexicon |accessdate=19 Septembris 2016}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01618a.htm |title=Apologetics |date= |website=The Advent |accessdate=24 Septembris 2016}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/apologetics |title=apologetics |date= |website=Merriam-Webster Dictionary |accessdate=5 Octobris 2016}}.</ref> Primi [[scriptor]]es [[Christiani]] (circa 120–220), qui suam [[fides|fidem]] contra reprehensores defendebant, suas opiniones aliis suadentes, [[apologetae Christiani]] appellabantur.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Apologists |editor1-last=Cross |editor1-first=F. L. |title=The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005}}.</ref> [[Saeculum 21|Saeculo vicensimo uno]], apologetica cum disceptationibus de [[religio]]ne [[theologia]]que saepe coniungitur.

==Etymologia==
[[Vocabulum]] ''apologetica'' ex vocabulo [[Graece|Graeco]] ἀπολογία derivatur.<ref name=":0" /> In [[iurisprudentia]] [[Graecia]]e [[res classicae|classica]], [[accusatio|accusator]]<!--the prosecution--> κατηγορία ('[[crimen]]') nuntiabat, cui reus vicissim per [[apologia]]m respondebat, [[defensio (legitima)|defensionem]] appellatam.<ref>Henry George Liddell et Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkathgori%2Fa κατηγορία] and [http://www.perses.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Da)pologi%2Fa ἀπολογία]{{Nexus deficitur|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> Apologia erat [[oratio]] vel explicatio ad crimina refutanda adhibita. Exemplum notissimum ex [[antiquitas|antiquitate classica]] fortasse est defensio [[Socrates|Socratis]] in [[Apologia Socratis (Plato)|''Apologia Socratis'']] a [[Plato]]ne descripta.

In [[lingua Graeca antiqua communis|lingua Graeca antiqua commune]] [[Novum Testamentum|Novi Testamenti]], [[Paulus Tarsensis|Paulus apostolus]] vocabulo ''apologia'' utitur in [[oratio]]ne cum [[Porcius Festus]] et [[Herodes Agrippa I|Agrippa]] quaestionem exerceant, dicens, "ἥγημαι ἐμαυτὸν μακάριον ἐπὶ σοῦ μέλλων σήμερον ἀπολογεῖσθαι" ('aestimo me beatum apud te cum sim defensurus me hodie') in ''[[Actus Apostolorum|Actibus Apostolorum]]'' 26:2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/act/26/2/s_1044002|title=Acts 26:2|last=|first=|date=19 Septembris 2016|website=Blue Letter Bible|access-date=}}.</ref> Vocabulum [[verbum cognatum|cognatum]] legitur in Pauli ''[[Epistula ad Philippenses]]'' 1:7, cum ait "ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμᾶς, ἔν τε τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀπολογίᾳ καὶ βεβαιώσει τοῦ εὐαγγελίου" ('in corde, et in vinculis meis, et in defensione, et confirmatione Evangelii'),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/phl/1/7/s_1104007|title=Phl 1:7|last=|first=|date=19 Septembris 2016|website=Blue Letter Bible|access-date=}}.</ref> et in verbis "Ἕτοιμοι ἀεὶ πρὸς ἀπολογίαν παντὶ τῷ αἰτοῦντι ὑμᾶς λόγον περὶ τῆς ἐν ὑμῖν ἐλπίδος" ('parati semper ad satisfactionem omni poscenti vos rationem de ea, quae in vobis est, spe') in [[Epistula I Petri|prima Petri epistula]] 3:15.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.blueletterbible.org/kjv/1pe/3/15/s_1154015|title=1Pe 3:15|last=|first=|date=19 Septembris 2016|website=Blue Letter Bible|access-date=}}</ref>

Apologetica, quamquam vocabulum in [[cultura Occidentalis|cultura Occidentali]] ortum est, plerumque ex [[cultura]] [[Christianismus|Christiana]], et saepissime cum Christianismo defendendo consociatur, aliquando defensionem ullius [[religio]]nis in disceptatione publica de religione attingit.

==Christianismus==
[[Fasciculus:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Scutum Fidei]], forma quod apologetae Christiani ad [[Trinitas|Trinitatem]] explanandam saepe adhibent.]]
[[Tertullianus]] fuit notabilis primi Christianismi apologetae. Natus, vixit, et mortuus est [[Carthago|Carthagini]], aliquando etiam hodie pater [[Ecclesia Latina|Ecclesiae Latinae]] appellatus. In [[vocabularium]] Christianum notionem ''[[Trinitas|Trinitatem]]'' insigniter introduxit,<ref>Tillich 1972: 43.</ref> et fortasse formulam ''tres [[persona]]e, [[consubstantia|una Substantia]]'' (id ex [[lingua Graeca antiqua communis|Koine]] ''treis [[hypostasis (religio)|hypostaseis]], [[ousios|homoousios]]''), atque titulos ''[[Vetus Testamentum]]'' et ''[[Novum Testamentum]].''

Inter notabiles apologetas recentiores sunt [[Duglassius Groothuis]], [[Fridericus Copleston]], [[Ioannes Lennox]], [[Gualterius Ralston Martin|Walter R. Martin]], [[Dinesh D'Souza]], [[Duglassius Wilson (theologus)|Duglassius Wilson]], [[Cornelius Van Til]], [[Gordon Clark]], [[Franciscus Schaeffer]], [[Gregorius Bahnsen]], [[Eduardus Ioannes Carnell]], [[Iacobus White (theologus)|Iacobus White]], [[R. C. Sproul]], [[Ioannes Hanegraaff]]<!--Hank-->, [[Ravi Zacharias]], [[Alister McGrath]], [[Lee Strobel]], [[Ioscius McDowell]], [[Petrus Kreeft]], [[G. K. Chesterton]], [[C. S. Lewis]], [[Gulielmus Lane Craig]], [[J. P. Moreland]], [[Hugo Ross (creationista)|Hugo Ross]], [[David Bentley Hart]], [[Gary Habermas]], [[Normannus Geisler]] [[Scott Hahn]], [[R. C. Kunst]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120718093548/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0088.html/ Catholic Education Resource Center: ''The Scott Hahn Conversion Story''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718093548/http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/apologetics/ap0088.html/ |date=18 Iulii 2012}}.</ref>

Apologetae notabiles intra [[Ecclesia Catholica|Ecclesiam Catholicam]] sunt
[[Robertus Barron (episcopus)|Robertus Barron]], [[G. K. Chesterton]],<ref>{{cite book|title=The Everlasting Man|last=Chesterton|first=G. K.|publisher=Wilder Publications|year=2008|isbn=978-1604592467|location=Radford|page=180}}.</ref> [[Scott Hahn]], [[Patricius Madrid]], Kennethus Hensley,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catholicapologeticsacademy.com/faculty/kenneth-hensley/|title=Kenneth Hensley - Catholic Apologetics Academy}}</ref> [[Carolus Keating]], [[Ronaldus Knox]], [[Petrus Kreeft]], [[Ioannes Henricus Newman]].

Notabiles [[Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum|Ecclesiae Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum]] apologetae excusationem [[Mormonismus|Mormonismi]] vehementius dixerunt, inter eos primi [[ecclesia]]e duces [[Parley P. Pratt]], [[Ioannes Taylor (1808-1887)|Ioannes Taylor]], [[B. H. Roberts]], [[Iacobus E. Talmage]], et recentiores [[auctor]]es [[Hugo Nibley]], [[Orson Scott Card]], et [[Geofridus Lindsay]].

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
*[[Apologetica Christiana]]
*''[[Apologia Pro Vita Sua]]''
*[[Dawah]]
*[[Exsistentia Dei]]
*[[Kalam]]
*[[Rhetorica]]
*[[Theodicaea]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
<references/>

==Bibliographia==
*Boa, Kenneth, et Robert Bowman. [[2001]]. ''Faith Has Its Reasons: Integrative Approaches to Defending the Christian Faith. Navpress Publishing Group, 2001, ISBN 978-1-57683-143-4.
*Brox, Norbert, et al., eds. [[2001]]. ''Kommentar zu frühchristlichen Apologeten.'' 12 vol. Friburgi, Brisgoviae, et al.: Herder.
*Clausen, Matthias. [[2011]]. ''Ich denke, also bin ich hier falsch? Glauben für Auf- und Abgeklärte.'' Gerth Medien. ISBN 978-3-86591-588-7.
*Craig, William Lane. [[2008]]. ''Reasonable Faith: Christian Truth and Apologetics.'' Wheaton: Crossway Books. ISBN 978-1-4335-0115-9.
*Hebblethwaite, Brian. [[2005]]. ''In defence of Christianity.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-927679-X.
*Keller, Timothy. [[2010]]. ''Warum Gott? Vernünftiger Glaube oder Irrlicht der Menschheit?'' Gießen: Brunnen Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7655-1766-2.
*Kern, Walter, et Jörg Splett, eds. [[1961]]. ''Warum Glauben? Begründung und Verteidigung des Glaubens in neununddreißig Thesen.'' Würzburg: Echter-Verlag.
*Lange, Stephan. [[2017]]. ''Begründet glauben: Denkangebote für Skeptiker und Glaubende.'' Neukirchener Verlagsgesellschaft. ISBN 978-3-7615-6432-5.
*Lütz, Manfred. [[2007]]. ''Gott: Eine kleine Geschichte des Größten.'' Monaci: Pattloch Verlag. ISBN 978-3-629-02158-8
*Plantinga, Alvin. [[2000]]. ''Warranted Christian belief.'' Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513192-4.
*[[Paulus Tillich|Tillich, Paul]]. [[1972]]. ''A History of Christian Thought.'' Touchstone Books. ISBN 0-671-21426-8.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Apologetics|apologeticam}}

[[Categoria:Rhetorica]]
<!--
[[Category:Barriers to critical thinking]]-->

{{Myrias|Philosophia}}