Wong Albani: Béda antara owahan

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Révisi wekasan kala 10 Oktober 2023 05.36

Wong Albania (Albanian: Shqiptarët) ya iku sawijining golongan étnis asli Albania lan nagara-nagara tanggané. Istilah iki uga dinggo ngrujuk para warga Républik Albania.^[1] Wong Albania nyaturaké basa Albania lan punjul separoné wong Albania padha dedunung ana ing Albania lan Kosovo.^[a] Sapérangan gedhé cacah jiwané wong Albania urip ana ing in the Républik Makédonia, kanthi cacah jiwa kang luwih sethithik manggon ana ing Sèrbia lan Montenegro. Mayoritasé wong Albania iku Muslim (akèh-akèhé Sunni, kanthi sawenèh pérangané Shia Sufi Bektashi), lan ana minoritas Kristen (Katulik lan Ortodoks). Wong Albania nduwé sawenèh tokoh kang wigati kaya déné Skanderbeg, pandhéganing golongan panentang Albania abad tengahan marang seranganing Kakaisaran Ottoman lan kang liyané nalika Kabangkitan Nasionalé Albania ngupadi swatantra. Nalika abad angka 17 lan angka 18 para Albania kanthi jumlah kang akèh lumebu Islam, asringé kanthi alesan supaya ora dipungut pajeg kang gedhé kaya kang dipungut saka para Kristen.^[2]^[3] Minangka Muslim, sawenèh wong Albania kasil nggayuh pangkat kang gatèn ana ing babagan pulitik lan militèr sajeroning Kakaisaran Ottoman lan kanthi budaya kasil ndarmani tumrap donya Islam.^[4] Albania nggayuh swatantra ing taun 1912 lan antaraning 1945-1992, wong Albania kabawah Réjim kuminis kang réprésif. Wong Albania ing nagara Yugoslavia ngalami mangsa dhiskriminasi nuli mangsa swatantra. Kaanan iki dipungkasi kanthi bubaring nagara Yugoslavia nalika wiwitan taun 1990-an. Wusanané, wong Albania saiki dumunung ing pirang-pirang nagara anyar, kalebu Kosovo. Sanjabané Balkan Kidul-Kulon, papan kang didunungi wong Albania, wong-wong Albania saturut sujarah uwis kasil minangka brayan-brayan anyar kang ndharma ing bab budaya, ékonomi, sosial, sarta pulitik tumrap warga lan nagara ing kana kanthi ngupadi asimilasi.

Ing antarané abad angka 11 lan angka 18, kanthi cacah kang cukup akèh, wong Albania migrasi saka wewengkon kontèmporèr Albania saperlu nglinggari rubéda kang manèka warna ing bab sosio-pulitik lan/utawa paneluké Ottoman.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] Sawenèh cacah jiwa kang dadi para Arwaniti manggon ana ing Yunani Kidul kang wiwit saka abad angka 16 sanajan nalika abad angka 19 kasil asimilasi lan nyandra dhiriné minangka wong Yunani.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] Sawenèh cacah jiwa liyané, kang dadi Arbëreshë manggon ana ing Italia Kidul^[6] lan minangka diaspora Albania kang tuwa dhéwé lan kasil mbabar wong-wong misuwur lan mrabawani. Cacah jiwa kang luwih sethithik kang migrasi ing abad angka 18 manggon ana ing pasisir Dalmatia ing Kroasia lan sumebar ing brayan-brayan ing saindenge Ukraina Kidul.^[14]^[15]

Diaspora Albania uga ana kanthi sawenèh jumlah ing nagara-nagara liya. Diaspora kang paling akèh ing bab jumlah ana ing Turki. Diaspora iku diwangun nalika éra Ottoman mawa migrasi ékonomi lan taun-taun kawitané republik Turki mawa migrasi amarga dhiskriminasi sosial pulitik lan tumindak wirota kang dialami wong-wong Albania ing nagara-nagara Balkan.^[16] Amarga paninggalaning Ottoman, wong Albania kanthi cacah jiwa kang luwih sethithik uga ndunungi Mesir lan Levant, mligi ing Suriah.^[17] Ing nagara-nagara Kulon, sawenèh cacah jiwa wong Albania kang cukup akèh lan mrabawani ing Amérikah Sarékat dumadi saka èmigrasi kang titir ing abad angka 19. Cacah jiwa Albania kang liyané amarga saka émigrasi ing ataraning abad angka 19 lan angka 21 ana ing Australia, Argèntina, Niu Selan, Kanadha, Jerman, Bèlgi, Karajan Manunggal, Prancis, Swèdhen, Switserlan, Slowén, Kroasia, Italia, Finlan, Dènmark, Nurwègen, Ostenrik, Walanda, Bulgaria, Yunani lan Rumania.

Cathetan

Cathetan suku

↑ Kosovo iku sawijining subyèk sing dadi pasulayan wilayah antara Republik Serbia lan Republik Kosovo (sing ndhéklarasi kamardikané). Kosovo mroklamiraké kamardikan ing tanggal 17 Februari 2008 Serbia nganggep yèn Kosovo minangka wilayah tèritorialé. Proklamasi kamardikan diakoni déning 75 negara anggota PBB.

Sitiran

↑ Gëzim Krasniqi. "Citizenship in an emigrant nation-state: the case of Albania" (PDF). University of Edinburgh. kc. 9–14. Diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 2013-06-02. Dibukak ing 7 Agustus 2012.
↑ Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010).
↑ Ramet, Sabrina (1998).
↑ Clayer, Nathalie (2012), "Albania", ing Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; et al. (èd.), Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. Three, Brill Online
↑ Riehl, Claudia Maria (2010).
↑ ^a ^b Nasse, George Nicholas (1964).
↑ Gogonas, Nikos (2010).
↑ ^a ^b Hall, Jonathan (1997).
↑ Liakos, Antonis (2012).
↑ Liotta, Peter H. (2001).
↑ Bintliff, John (2003).
↑ Veremis, Thanos and John Kolipoulos (2003).
↑ Pappas, Nicholas C. J. "Stradioti: Balkan Mercenaries in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Italy". Sam Houston State University. Dibukak ing 12 Januari 2016. While the bulk of stradioti rank and file were of Albanian origin from Greece, by the middle of the 16th century there is evidence that many had become Hellenized or even Italianized... Hellenization was perhaps well on its way prior to service abroad, since Albanian stradioti had settled in Greek lands for two generations prior to their emigration to Italy. Since many served under Greek commanders and served together with Greek stradioti, the process continued. Another factor in this assimilative process was the stradioti's and their families' active involvement and affiliation with the Greek Orthodox or Uniate Church communities in Naples, Venice and elsewhere. Hellenization thus occurred as a result of common service and church affiliation.
↑ Barančić, Maximilijana (2008).
↑ Novik, Alexander Alexandrovich (2015). "of Albanian mythology: areal studies in the polylingual region of Azov Sea.^{[pranala mati permanèn]}"
↑ Geniş, Şerife, and Kelly Lynne Maynard (2009).
↑ Norris, Harry Thirlwall (1993).

[status-2] Kosovo iku sawijining subyèk sing dadi pasulayan wilayah antara Republik Serbia lan Republik Kosovo (sing ndhéklarasi kamardikané). Kosovo mroklamiraké kamardikan ing tanggal 17 Februari 2008 Serbia nganggep yèn Kosovo minangka wilayah tèritorialé. Proklamasi kamardikan diakoni déning 75 negara anggota PBB.

[Ed-1] Gëzim Krasniqi. "Citizenship in an emigrant nation-state: the case of Albania" (PDF). University of Edinburgh. kc. 9–14. Diarsip saka sing asli (PDF) ing 2013-06-02. Dibukak ing 7 Agustus 2012.

[3] Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010).

[Ramet-4] Ramet, Sabrina (1998).

[Clayer-5] Clayer, Nathalie (2012), "Albania", ing Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; et al. (èd.), Encyclopaedia of Islam, vol. Three, Brill Online

[6] Riehl, Claudia Maria (2010).

[Nasse-7] Nasse, George Nicholas (1964).

[Gogonas-8] Gogonas, Nikos (2010).

[Hall-9] Hall, Jonathan (1997).

[Liakos-10] Liakos, Antonis (2012).

[Liotta-11] Liotta, Peter H. (2001).

[Bintliff-12] Bintliff, John (2003).

[Veremis-13] Veremis, Thanos and John Kolipoulos (2003).

[14] Pappas, Nicholas C. J. "Stradioti: Balkan Mercenaries in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Italy". Sam Houston State University. Dibukak ing 12 Januari 2016. While the bulk of stradioti rank and file were of Albanian origin from Greece, by the middle of the 16th century there is evidence that many had become Hellenized or even Italianized... Hellenization was perhaps well on its way prior to service abroad, since Albanian stradioti had settled in Greek lands for two generations prior to their emigration to Italy. Since many served under Greek commanders and served together with Greek stradioti, the process continued. Another factor in this assimilative process was the stradioti's and their families' active involvement and affiliation with the Greek Orthodox or Uniate Church communities in Naples, Venice and elsewhere. Hellenization thus occurred as a result of common service and church affiliation.

[Barancic-15] Barančić, Maximilijana (2008).

[Novik-16] Novik, Alexander Alexandrovich (2015). "of Albanian mythology: areal studies in the polylingual region of Azov Sea.^{[pranala mati permanèn]}"

[Genis-17] Geniş, Şerife, and Kelly Lynne Maynard (2009).

[Norris-18] Norris, Harry Thirlwall (1993).

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@@ Larik 2: / Larik 2: @@
 '''Wong Albania''' ([[Basa Albania|Albanian]]:<span> </span><span lang="sq">''Shqiptarët''</span>) ya iku sawijining golongan étnis asli Albania lan nagara-nagara tanggané. Istilah iki uga dinggo ngrujuk para warga Républik Albania.<ref name="Ed">{{Cite web|url=http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/file_download/series/277_citizenshipinanemigrantnationstatethecaseofalbania.pdf|title=Citizenship in an emigrant nation-state: the case of Albania|author=Gëzim Krasniqi|date=|work=|publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]]|access-date=7 Agustus 2012|pages=9–14|archive-date=2013-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602201035/http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/file_download/series/277_citizenshipinanemigrantnationstatethecaseofalbania.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wong Albania nyaturaké [[basa Albania]] lan punjul separoné wong Albania padha dedunung ana ing [[Albania]] lan [[Kosovo]].{{efn|name=status}} Sapérangan gedhé cacah jiwané wong Albania urip ana ing in the [[Républik Makédonia]], kanthi cacah jiwa kang luwih sethithik manggon ana ing Sèrbia lan Montenegro. Mayoritasé wong Albania iku [[Islam|Muslim]] (akèh-akèhé [[Sunni]], kanthi sawenèh pérangané [[Singah|Shia]] [[Sufisme|Sufi]] Bektashi), lan ana minoritas Kristen ([[Katulik]] lan [[Ortodoks]]). Wong Albania nduwé sawenèh tokoh kang wigati kaya déné Skanderbeg, pandhéganing golongan panentang Albania abad tengahan marang seranganing Kakaisaran Ottoman lan kang liyané nalika Kabangkitan Nasionalé Albania ngupadi swatantra'''. '''Nalika abad angka 17 lan angka 18 para Albania kanthi jumlah kang akèh lumebu [[Islam]], asringé kanthi alesan supaya ora dipungut pajeg kang gedhé kaya kang dipungut saka para Kristen.<ref>Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010).</ref><ref name="Ramet">Ramet, Sabrina (1998).</ref> Minangka Muslim, sawenèh wong Albania kasil nggayuh pangkat kang gatèn ana ing babagan pulitik lan militèr sajeroning Kakaisaran Ottoman lan kanthi budaya kasil ndarmani tumrap donya Islam.<ref name="Clayer">{{Citation|url-access=subscription|last=Clayer|first=Nathalie|chapter=Albania|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|volume=Three|editor-first=Gudrun|editor-last=Krämer|editor2-first=Denis|editor2-last=Matringe|editor3-first=John|editor3-last=Nawas|editor4-first=Everett|editor4-last=Rowson|display-editors=3|publisher=Brill Online|year=2012|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/albania-COM_23054}}</ref> Albania nggayuh swatantra ing taun 1912 lan antaraning 1945-1992, wong Albania kabawah Réjim kuminis kang réprésif. Wong Albania ing nagara Yugoslavia ngalami mangsa dhiskriminasi nuli mangsa swatantra. Kaanan iki dipungkasi kanthi bubaring nagara Yugoslavia nalika wiwitan taun 1990-an. Wusanané, wong Albania saiki dumunung ing pirang-pirang nagara anyar, kalebu Kosovo. Sanjabané Balkan Kidul-Kulon, papan kang didunungi wong Albania, wong-wong Albania saturut sujarah uwis kasil minangka brayan-brayan anyar kang ndharma ing bab budaya, ékonomi, sosial, sarta pulitik tumrap warga lan nagara ing kana kanthi ngupadi asimilasi.
-Ing antarané abad angka 11 lan angka 18, kanthi cacah kang cukup akèh, wong Albania migrasi saka wewengkon kontèmporèr Albania saperlu nglinggari rubéda kang manèka warna ing bab sosio-pulitik lan/utawa paneluké Ottoman.<ref>Riehl, Claudia Maria (2010).</ref><ref name="Nasse">Nasse, George Nicholas (1964).</ref><ref name="Gogonas">Gogonas, Nikos (2010).</ref><ref name="Hall">Hall, Jonathan (1997).</ref> Sawenèh cacah jiwa kang dadi para Arwaniti manggon ana ing Yunani Kidul kang wiwit saka abad angka 16 sanajan nalika abad angka 19 kasil asimilasi lan nyandra dhiriné minangka wong Yunani.<ref name="Hall">Hall, Jonathan (1997).</ref><ref name="Liakos">Liakos, Antonis (2012).</ref><ref name="Liotta">Liotta, Peter H. (2001).</ref><ref name="Bintliff">Bintliff, John  (2003).</ref><ref name="Veremis">Veremis, Thanos and John Kolipoulos (2003).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Pappas|first1=Nicholas C. J.|title=Stradioti: Balkan Mercenaries in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Italy|url=http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Stradioti.html|publisher=Sam Houston State University|access-date=12 Januari 2016|quote=While the bulk of stradioti rank and file were of Albanian origin from Greece, by the middle of the 16th century there is evidence that many had become Hellenized or even Italianized... Hellenization was perhaps well on its way prior to service abroad, since Albanian stradioti had settled in Greek lands for two generations prior to their emigration to Italy. Since many served under Greek commanders and served together with Greek stradioti, the process continued. Another factor in this assimilative process was the stradioti's and their families' active involvement and affiliation with the Greek Orthodox or Uniate Church communities in Naples, Venice and elsewhere. Hellenization thus occurred as a result of common service and church affiliation.}}</ref> Sawenèh cacah jiwa liyané, kang dadi Arbëreshë manggon ana ing Italia Kidul<ref name="Nasse"/> lan minangka diaspora Albania kang tuwa dhéwé lan kasil mbabar wong-wong misuwur lan mrabawani. Cacah jiwa kang luwih sethithik kang migrasi ing abad angka 18 manggon ana ing pasisir Dalmatia ing Kroasia lan sumebar ing brayan-brayan ing saindenge Ukraina Kidul.<ref name="Barancic">Barančić, Maximilijana (2008).</ref><ref name="Novik">Novik, Alexander Alexandrovich (2015). "[http://ispan.waw.pl/journals/index.php/sm/article/view/184Lexicon of Albanian mythology: areal studies in the polylingual region of Azov Sea.]"</ref>
+Ing antarané abad angka 11 lan angka 18, kanthi cacah kang cukup akèh, wong Albania migrasi saka wewengkon kontèmporèr Albania saperlu nglinggari rubéda kang manèka warna ing bab sosio-pulitik lan/utawa paneluké Ottoman.<ref>Riehl, Claudia Maria (2010).</ref><ref name="Nasse">Nasse, George Nicholas (1964).</ref><ref name="Gogonas">Gogonas, Nikos (2010).</ref><ref name="Hall">Hall, Jonathan (1997).</ref> Sawenèh cacah jiwa kang dadi para Arwaniti manggon ana ing Yunani Kidul kang wiwit saka abad angka 16 sanajan nalika abad angka 19 kasil asimilasi lan nyandra dhiriné minangka wong Yunani.<ref name="Hall">Hall, Jonathan (1997).</ref><ref name="Liakos">Liakos, Antonis (2012).</ref><ref name="Liotta">Liotta, Peter H. (2001).</ref><ref name="Bintliff">Bintliff, John  (2003).</ref><ref name="Veremis">Veremis, Thanos and John Kolipoulos (2003).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Pappas|first1=Nicholas C. J.|title=Stradioti: Balkan Mercenaries in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Italy|url=http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Stradioti.html|publisher=Sam Houston State University|access-date=12 Januari 2016|quote=While the bulk of stradioti rank and file were of Albanian origin from Greece, by the middle of the 16th century there is evidence that many had become Hellenized or even Italianized... Hellenization was perhaps well on its way prior to service abroad, since Albanian stradioti had settled in Greek lands for two generations prior to their emigration to Italy. Since many served under Greek commanders and served together with Greek stradioti, the process continued. Another factor in this assimilative process was the stradioti's and their families' active involvement and affiliation with the Greek Orthodox or Uniate Church communities in Naples, Venice and elsewhere. Hellenization thus occurred as a result of common service and church affiliation.}}</ref> Sawenèh cacah jiwa liyané, kang dadi Arbëreshë manggon ana ing Italia Kidul<ref name="Nasse"/> lan minangka diaspora Albania kang tuwa dhéwé lan kasil mbabar wong-wong misuwur lan mrabawani. Cacah jiwa kang luwih sethithik kang migrasi ing abad angka 18 manggon ana ing pasisir Dalmatia ing Kroasia lan sumebar ing brayan-brayan ing saindenge Ukraina Kidul.<ref name="Barancic">Barančić, Maximilijana (2008).</ref><ref name="Novik">Novik, Alexander Alexandrovich (2015). "[http://ispan.waw.pl/journals/index.php/sm/article/view/184Lexicon of Albanian mythology: areal studies in the polylingual region of Azov Sea.]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}"</ref>
 Diaspora Albania uga ana kanthi sawenèh jumlah ing nagara-nagara liya. Diaspora kang paling akèh ing bab jumlah ana ing Turki. Diaspora iku diwangun nalika éra Ottoman mawa migrasi ékonomi lan taun-taun kawitané republik Turki mawa migrasi amarga dhiskriminasi sosial pulitik lan tumindak wirota kang dialami wong-wong Albania ing nagara-nagara Balkan.<ref name="Genis">Geniş, Şerife, and Kelly Lynne Maynard (2009).</ref> Amarga paninggalaning Ottoman, wong Albania kanthi cacah jiwa kang luwih sethithik uga ndunungi Mesir lan [[Levant]], mligi ing Suriah.<ref name="Norris">Norris, Harry Thirlwall (1993).</ref> Ing nagara-nagara Kulon, sawenèh cacah jiwa wong Albania kang cukup akèh lan mrabawani ing Amérikah Sarékat dumadi saka èmigrasi kang titir ing abad angka 19. Cacah jiwa Albania kang liyané amarga saka émigrasi ing ataraning abad angka 19 lan angka 21 ana ing Australia, Argèntina, Niu Selan, Kanadha, Jerman, Bèlgi, Karajan Manunggal, Prancis, Swèdhen, Switserlan, Slowén, Kroasia, Italia, Finlan, Dènmark, Nurwègen, Ostenrik, Walanda, Bulgaria, Yunani lan Rumania.