Lihat sumber Tilapia

{{About|ikan yang dikenal secara umum sebagai ''tilapia''|spesies tergolong genus Tilapia}}
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|image1=Oreochromis-niloticus-Nairobi.JPG
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|caption1={{center|[[Oreochromis niloticus|Ikan nila]], ''Oreochromis niloticus''}}
|image2=Tilapia production time series.png
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|caption2 ={{center|Panen tilapia di dunia dalam juta ton sebagaimana dilaporkan oleh [[FAO]], 1950–2009<ref name="faostat">
 {{cite web
 |url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/629/default.aspx
 |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Statistics
 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]
 |accessdate=2012-09-15
 }}</ref>}}
}}

'''Tilapia''' adalah nama umum untuk jenis ikan ''[[cichlid]]'' yang ratusan ragamnya dari [[suku]] [[tilapiine cichlid]], termasuk [[ikan nila]] dan [[mujair]]. Tilapia umumnya ikan air tawar, hidup di aliran-aliran, kubangan, danau, sungai dangkal. dan jarang dijumpai di [[air payau]]. Sepanjang sejarah bernilai penting untuk perikanan artisan di [[Afrika]] dan [[Levant]], serta meningkat perannya dalam akuakultur dan akuaponik. Tilapia dapat menjadi spesies invasif yang bermasalah pada habitat air hangat baru, yang masuk baik disengaja maupun tidak, tetapi umumnya tidak pada iklim sedang karena tidak mampu hidup di air yang dinginnya di bawah {{convert|21|°C|°F}}.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fitzssimmons|first=Kevin|date=|url=|title=Tilapia: The Most Important Aquaculture Species of The 21st Century|location=Arizona|publisher=University of Arizona|isbn=|pages=4|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Sejarah ==
[[Berkas:Tomb of Nakht (10).jpg|jmpl|Makam "[[Tomb of Nakht]]", 1500 SM, memuat suatu hieroglif tilapia di atas (sedikit ke kanan) kepala tokoh utama.]]

<div>Tilapia disebut dengan banyak nama. Pembudidayaan akuatik tilapia sungai Nil sudah dimulai pada zaman [[Mesir kuno]], di mana ikan ini dilambangkan dengan aksara [[hieroglif Mesir]] ''' K1''', <hiero>K1</hiero>, pada [[Daftar Kode Gardiner]].</div>

Tilapia adalah salah satu dari tiga jenis ikan utama yang ditangkap pada zaman [[Alkitabiah]] di [[Danau Galilea]]. Pada waktu itu dikenal dengan nama ''musht'', atau sekarang dengan julukan "Ikan Santo Petrus" ("''St. Peter's fish''"). Nama ini muncul dari kisah yang dicatat pada [[Injil Matius]] mengenai [[Simon Petrus|Santo Petrus]] memancing seekor ikan [[Yesus membayar bea untuk Bait Allah|yang di mulutnya ada sekeping uang bernilai empat dirham untuk membayar bea Bait Allah baginya]] dan bagi [[Yesus]] [[Kristus]], meskipun nas itu tidak menyebut jenis ikannya.<ref name="Matius17">{{Alkitab|Matius 17:24−27}}</ref> Meskipun nama Tilapia juga dipakai untuk menyebut ikan ''[[Zeus faber]]'', yang tidak dijumpai di daerah itu, beberapa spesies tilapia (''[[Sarotherodon galilaeus|Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus]]'' dan lain-lain) juga hidup dalam [[Danau Galilea]], di mana kisah dalam [[Injil Matius]] itu terjadi. Spesies ini menjadi sasaran peternakan ikan artisan skala kecil di wilayah tersebut selama beribu-ribu tahun.<ref name="Baker1988">{{cite book|last=Baker|first=Jenny|title=Simply Fish|url=https://archive.org/details/simplyfish0000bake_w5y1|publisher=Faber & Faber|year=1988|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/simplyfish0000bake_w5y1/page/n197 197]|isbn=0-571-14966-9}}</ref><ref name="Cincy Post Rosencrans">{{cite news|first=Joyce|last=Rosencrans|title=Tilapia is a farmed fish of biblical fame|newspaper=[[The Cincinnati Post]]|publisher=[[E. W. Scripps Company]]|date=2003-07-16|url=http://www.cincypost.com/2003/07/16/tilap071603.html|accessdate=2012-09-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218163036/http://www.cincypost.com/2003/07/16/tilap071603.html|archivedate=2006-02-18|dead-url=no}}</ref>
== Ciri ==
[[Berkas:ChromisNiloticus.jpg|jmpl|<center>[[Oreochromis niloticus|Ikan nila]], ''Oreochromis niloticus''</center>]]
Tilapia berciri khas bagian samping yang tertekan tipis dan dalam. Sebagaimana jenis cichlid lain, bagian tulang pharyngeal bawah terpadu menjadi satu struktur gigi tunggal. Suatu kumpulan otot kompleks menggerakkan tulang pharyngeal atas dan bawah menjadi rahang kedua untuk mencerna makanan (bandingkan dengan jenis belut moray), mengizinkan pembagian kerja antara "rahang sejati" ([[mandible]]) dan "[[rahang pharyngeal]]". Dengan demikian mereka merupakan pemakan yang efisien yang dapat menangkap dan memproses berbagai jenis luas makanan.<ref name="Loiselle">{{cite book|last = Loiselle|first = P.V.|year = 1994|title = The Cichlid Aquarium|url = https://archive.org/details/cichlidaquarium0000lois|publisher = Tetra Press|isbn = 1-56465-146-0}}</ref> Mulutnya bersifat protrusible, biasanya dibatasi dengan moncong yang lebar dan sering kali menebal. Rahangnya mempunyai gigi konikal. Secara khas, tilapia memiliki sirip dorsal panjang, dan garis lateral yang sering terputus pada akhir sirip dorsal, serta muncul lagi dua atau tiga baris sisik di bawahnya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nandlal|first=Satya|date=March, 2004|url=|title=The Potential of Farming Tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) and Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium Rosenbergh) in Vanuatu|location=New Celadonia|publisher=Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations|isbn=|pages=7|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Spesies ==
Tilapia merupakan nama umum yang digunakan untuk berbagai jenis [[cichlid]] dari tiga [[genus]] berbeda: ''[[Oreochromis]]'',<ref name="ITISOreo">{{ITIS | ID = 170014 | taxon = Oreochromis| year = 2007 | date = 16 August}}</ref> ''[[Sarotherodon]]''<ref name="ITISSaro">{{ITIS | ID = 553244 | taxon = Sarotherodon| year = 2007 | date = 16 August}}</ref> dan ''[[Tilapia (genus)|Tilapia]]''.<ref name="ITISTilapia">{{ITIS | ID = 169809 | taxon = Tilapia | year = 2007 | date = 16 August}}</ref> Anggota-anggota kedua genus lain dulunya termasuk ke dalam ''Tilapia'' tetapi kemudian dipisahkan menjadi genus sendiri. Namun, semua spesies masih biasa disebut "tilapia" tanpa memperdulikan [[nomenklatur]] [[taksonomi]] sesungguhnya.
<!--
The delimitation of these genera among each other and to other tilapiines requires more research; [[mtDNA]] [[DNA sequence|sequence]]s are confounded because at least among the species of any one genus, there is frequent [[hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]ization. The species remaining in ''Tilapia'' in particular still seem to be a [[paraphyletic]] assemblage.<ref name="Nagl2001">{{cite journal | last =Nagl | first =Sandra | authorlink =Sandra Nagl | coauthors =Herbet Tichy, Werner E. Mayer, Irene E. Samonte, Brendan J. McAndrew & Jan Klein | title =Classification and Phylogenetic Relationships of African Tilapiine Fishes Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Sequences | journal =Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume =20 | issue =3 | pages =361–374 | year =2001 | url = | doi =10.1006/mpev.2001.0979 | id = | accessdate =  }}</ref>

=== Threatened species===
{{empty section|date=February 2013}}

===Exotic and invasive species===
{{See also|Tilapia as exotic species}}

Tilapia has been used as biological controls for certain aquatic plant problems. It has a preference for a floating aquatic plant, [[duckweed]] (''Lemna'' sp.) but also consume some filamentous algae.<ref>{{cite web|author=John W. Cross |url=http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/weed_control.htm |title=Aquatic Weed Control |publisher=Mobot.org |date=2013-08-13 |accessdate=2013-09-14}}</ref> In [[Kenya]] tilapia were introduced to [[Mosquito control|control mosquitoes]] which were causing [[malaria]], because they consume [[mosquito]] larvae, consequently reducing the numbers of adult female mosquitoes, the [[Vector (epidemiology)|vector]] of the disease (Petr 2000). These benefits are, however, frequently outweighed by the negative aspects of tilapia as an invasive species.

Tilapia are unable to survive in temperate climates because they require warm water. The pure strain of the blue tilapia, ''[[Oreochromis aureus]]'', has the greatest cold tolerance and dies at {{convert|45|F|C}}, while all other species of tilapia will die at a range of  {{convert|52|to|62|F|C}}. As a result, they cannot invade temperate habitats and disrupt native ecologies in temperate zones; however, they have spread widely beyond their points of introduction in many fresh and brackish tropical and subtropical habitats, often disrupting native species significantly.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.gisp.org/casestudies/showcasestudy.asp?id=78&MyMenuItem=casestudies&worldmap=&country=
|title=Global Invasive Species Programme, Invasive Species Information, Tilapia
|accessdate=2012-09-15
}}</ref> Because of this, tilapia are on the [[IUCN]]'s 100 of the World's Worst Alien Invasive Species list.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.issg.org/worst100_species.html
|publisher=[[IUCN Species Survival Commission]]
|work=Invasive Species Specialist Group
|title=100 of the World's Worst Alien Invasive Species
|accessdate=2012-09-15
}}</ref> In the United States, tilapia are found in much of Florida, Texas and a few other isolated areas, such as power plant discharge zones. Tilapia are also currently stocked in the Phoenix, Arizona, canal system as an algae growth control measure. Many state fish and wildlife agencies in the United States, Australia, South Africa and elsewhere consider them  [[invasive species]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.issg.org/database/species/management_info.asp?si=131&fr=1&sts=&lang=EN
|publisher=[[IUCN Species Survival Commission]]
|work=Global Invasive Species Database
|title=Oreochromis mossambicus (fish)
|accessdate=2012-09-15
}}</ref>

===Aquarium species===
Larger tilapia species are generally poor community [[aquarium]] fish because they eat plants, dig up the bottom, and fight with other fish. However, the larger species are often raised in aquariums as a food source, because they grow rapidly and tolerate high stocking densities and poor water quality.

Smaller West [[African]] species, such as ''Tilapia joka'' and species from the crater lakes of [[Cameroon]], are more popular. In specialised [[cichlid]] aquaria, tilapia can be mixed successfully with nonterritorial cichlids, [[Callichthyidae|armored catfish]], [[Barbus schwanefeldi|tinfoil barbs]], [[garpike]] and other robust and dangerous fish. Some species, including ''[[Tilapia buttikoferi]]'', ''[[Tilapia rendalli]]'',''[[Tilapia mariae]]'', ''Tilapia joka'' and the [[brackish]]-water ''[[Sarotherodon|Sarotherodon melanotheron melanotheron]]'', have attractive patterns and are quite decorative.<ref name="AC2008">{{cite web |url=http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/tilapia/aquariums.php
|title=Keeping Tilapia in Aquariums |year=2008 |work=Tilapia |publisher=AC Tropical Fish |accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>
-->
{{common fish}}

=== Spesies komersial ===
Jenis [[tilapiine]] dari [[Afrika Utara]] merupakan ikan cichlid komersial terpenting. Tumbuhnya cepat, tahan densitas stoking serta mudah beradaptasi, spesies tilapiine banyak dibudidayakan di berbagai tempat di [[Asia]] dan menjadi akuakultur yang semakin umum di tempat-tempat lain.

{| class="wikitable collapsible"
|-
! colspan="11"| Spesies tilapia komersial utama
|-
! Nama umum
! Nama ilmiah
! Panjang<br/>umum
! Panjang<br/>umum
! Berat<br/>maksimum
! Usia<br/>maksimum
! [[Level Trofik]]
! [[FishBase|Fish<br/>Base]]
! [[FAO]]
! [[WoRMS]]
! [[IUCN|IUCN status]]
|-
| [[Ikan nila]]
| ''Oreochromis niloticus'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small>
| style="text-align:right;"| 60&nbsp;cm
| style="text-align:right;"|  cm
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.324&nbsp;kg
| style="text-align:right;"| 9 years
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.0
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{FishBase species | genus = Oreochromis | species = niloticus | month = September | year = 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/3217/en
 |title=''Oreochromis niloticus'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
 |work=Species Fact Sheet
 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]
 |accessdate=2012-09-15
 }}</ref><ref>
 {{cite web
 |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Oreochromis_niloticus/en
 |title=''Oreochromis niloticus''
 |work=Cultured Aquatic Species
 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]], Rome
 |accessdate=2012-09-15
 }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite WoRMS |author= |year= |title=''Oreochromis niloticus'' |id=293639 |accessdate=2012-09-15 |db=}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| <small>Not assessed</small>
|-
| style="background:#eef;"| [[Ikan nila biru]]
| style="background:#eef;"| {{spaces|4}}- ''Oreochromis aureus''<br> {{spaces|6}}<small>(Steindachner, 1864)</small>
|  style="background:#eef; text-align:right;"| 45.7&nbsp;cm
|  style="background:#eef; text-align:right;"| 16&nbsp;cm
|  style="background:#eef; text-align:right;"| 2.010&nbsp;kg
|  style="background:#eef; text-align:right;"|  years
|  style="background:#eef; text-align:center;"| 2.1
|  style="background:#eef; text-align:center;"| <ref>{{FishBase species | genus = Oreochromis | species = aureus | month = September | year = 2012}}</ref>
|  style="background:#eef; text-align:center;"| 
|  style="background:#eef; text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite WoRMS |author= |year= |title= ''Oreochromis aureus'' |id=279196 |accessdate= September 2012|db=}}</ref>
| style="background:#eef;"| [[Berkas:LC IUCN 3 1.svg|LC IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Least concern</small><ref name="IUCNgladius1">{{IUCN2011.2 |assessors=Herdson D and Priede I |year=2011 |id=60690 |title=Oreochromis mossambicus |downloaded= September 2012}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| Hibrida Ikan nila + Ikan nila biru
| style="text-align:right;"|  cm
| style="text-align:right;"|  cm
| style="text-align:right;"|  kg
| style="text-align:right;"|  years
| style="text-align:center;"| 
| style="background:#eee;" colspan="4"| 
|-
| [[Mujair]]
| ''Oreochromis mossambicus'' <small>(Peters, 1852)</small>
| style="text-align:right;"| 39&nbsp;cm
| style="text-align:right;"| 35&nbsp;cm
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.130&nbsp;kg
| style="text-align:right;"| 11 years
| style="text-align:center;"| 2.0
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{FishBase species | genus = Oreochromis | species = mossambicus | month = September | year = 2012}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>
 {{cite web
 |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2408/en
 |title=''Oreochromis mossambicus'' (Peters, 1852)
 |work=Species Fact Sheet
 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]
 |accessdate=2012-09-15
 }}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{cite WoRMS |author= |year= |title=''Oreochromis mossambicus'' (Peters, 1852) |id=218777 |accessdate= September 2012 |db=}}</ref>
| [[Berkas:NT IUCN 3 1.svg|NT IUCN 3 1.svg]] <small>Near threatened</small><ref name="IUCNgladius2">{{IUCN2011.2 |assessors=Herdson D and Priede I |year=2011 |id=63338 |title=Oreochromis mossambicus |downloaded= September 2012}}</ref>
|}

{{multiple image
 | align = left
 | direction = vertical
 | width = 300
 | header = Global harvest of tilapia species in million tonnes<br>as reported by the [[FAO]], 1950–2009 <ref name="faostat" />
 | header_align = center
 | header_background = 
 | footer = 
 | footer_align = 
 | footer_background = 
 | background color = 
 | image1 = Tilapia wild capture time series.png
 | alt1 = 
 | caption1 = <center>↑&nbsp;Wild capture</center>
 | image2 = Tilapia aquaculture time series.png
 | alt2 = 
 | caption2 = <center>↑&nbsp;Aquaculture production</center>
}}
<!--
====Wild species====
-->
==== Akuakultur ====
{{Main|Aquaculture of tilapia}}
[[Berkas:Rednile2jf.JPG|jmpl|ka|Ikan nila merah pada percobaan di [[CLSU]], [[Filipina]]]]

Produksi peternakan tilapia adalah sekitar {{convert|1500000|t}} setiap tahunnya dengan nilai US$1.8 miliar,<ref>{{cite web |author=De Silva, S.S; Subasinghe, R.P.; Bartley, D.M.; Lowther, A. |title=Tilapias as Alien Aquatics in Asia and the Pacific: A Review |publisher=FAO Fisheries Technical Paper - No. 453 |year=2004 |url=http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/007/y5728e/y5728e00.HTM }}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> hampir setara dengan [[salmon]] dan [[trout]].
<!--
Unlike carnivorous fish, tilapia can feed on [[algae]] or any plant-based food. This reduces the cost of tilapia farming, reduces fishing pressure on prey species, avoids concentrating toxins that accumulate at higher levels of the [[food chain]] and makes tilapia the preferred "aquatic chickens" of the trade.<ref name="Barlow2000">{{cite book|last=Barlow|first=G. W.|year=2000| title=The Cichlid Fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/cichlidfishesnat00geor_0| publisher=Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing| isbn=0-7382-0376-9}}</ref>

Because of their large size, rapid growth, and palatability, [[tilapiine cichlid]]s are the focus of major farming efforts, specifically various species of ''[[Oreochromis]]'', ''[[Sarotherodon]]'', and ''Tilapia'', collectively known colloquially as tilapia. Like other large fish, they are a good source of [[protein]] and popular among artisanal and commercial [[fishery|fisheries]]. Most such fisheries were originally found in [[Africa]], but outdoor fish farms in tropical countries, such as [[Papua New Guinea]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Indonesia]], are underway in freshwater lakes.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/007/y5728e/y5728e05.htm
|title=Title unknown
|work=
|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]]
|accessdate=
}}{{dead link |date=September 2012}}</ref> In [[temperate zone]] localities, tilapiine farming operations require energy to warm the water to tropical temperatures. One method uses waste heat from factories and [[power station]]s.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.auri.org/news/ainjul98/tilapia.htm
|title=GO FISH, Egyptian Style
|work=Ag Innovation News
|publisher=Agricultural Utilization Research Institute
|accessdate=
}}{{failed verification |date=September 2012}}</ref>

[[China]] is the largest tilapia producer in the world, followed by [[Egypt]].<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.eco-business.com/news/2010/oct/28/finding-more-fish-between-egypt-and-vietnam/
|title=Finding more fish, between Egypt and Vietnam
|date=28 October 2010
|publisher=eco-business.com
|accessdate=2012-09-15
}}</ref>

In modern [[aquaculture]], [[wild-type]] Nile tilapia are not too often seen, as the dark color of their flesh is not much desired by many customers, and because it has a bit of a reputation of being a [[trash fish]] associated with poverty.<ref name="miami">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.miami-aquaculture.com/tilapia.htm
|title=Tilapia Aquaculture
|publisher=Miami Aqua-culture, Inc.
|accessdate=2012-09-15
}}</ref> On the other hand, they are fast-growing and give good [[Fish fillet|fillets]]; [[leucistic]] ("Red") breeds which have lighter meat have been developed and these are very popular.

[[Hybrid (biology)|Hybrid]] stock is also used in aquaculture; [[Nile tilapia|Nile]] × [[Oreochromis aureus|blue tilapia]] hybrids are usually rather dark, but a light-colored hybrid breed known as "Rocky Mountain White" tilapia is often grown due to its very light flesh and tolerance of low temperatures.<ref name="miami" />

Commercially grown tilapia are almost exclusively male. Cultivators use hormones, such as [[testosterone]], to reverse the sex of newly spawned females. Because tilapia are prolific breeders, the presence of female tilapia results in rapidly increasing populations of small fish, rather than a stable population of harvest-size animals.<ref name="MyTilapia">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.mytilapia.com/tilapia_fact.aspx
|title=Fact about Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis spp.)
|accessdate=2012-09-15
}}{{verify credibility |date=September 2012}}</ref>

Other methods of tilapia population control are polyculture, with predators farmed alongside tilapia or hybridization with other species.<ref>
{{cite journal
|last=Prein
|first=M. H.
|year=1993
|title=Multivariate Methods in Aquaculture Research: Case Studies of Tilapia in Experimental and Commercial Systems
|location=Manilla
|publisher=[[World Fish Center|ICLARM]]
}}</ref>

{{clear}}
-->

== Bahan makanan ==
[[Berkas:Tilapiajf.JPG|jmpl|Tilapia [[Escabeche]] segar]]
[[Berkas:Tilapia zillii Kineret.jpg|jmpl|Tilapia Redbelly, ''Tilapia zilli'' ("''St. Peter's fish''"; "Ikan Santo Petrus") disajikan pada sebuah restoran di kota [[Tiberias]], di tepi [[Danau Galilea]].]]

Seluruh bagian ikan tilapia dapat diproses sebagai makanan<ref name="MyTilapia3">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.mytilapia.com/Tilapia_HACCP_Video.aspx
|title=Whole Fish to Fillet (HACCP procedures videos of Tilapia fillet processing
|accessdate=2012-09-15
}}{{verify credibility |date=September 2012}}</ref> menjadi potongan daging ikan (''fillet'') tanpa kulit, tanpa tulang (''Pin-Bone Out'', atau PBO): dengan hasil dari 30 persen sampai 37 persen, tergantung dari ukuran ''fillet'' dan trim akhir.<ref name="MyTilapia2">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.mytilapia.com/tilapia_fillet_trim.aspx
|title=Different Processing Styles of Tilapia Fillets
|accessdate=2012-09-15
}}{{verify credibility |date=September 2012}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.eattilapia.com/tilapia-products.php
|title=Title unknown
|publisher=Tropical Aquaculture Products, Inc.
|accessdate=2012-09-15
}}{{verify credibility |date=September 2012}}</ref> Penggunaan tilapia dalam industri makanan komersial membawa kepunahan garis keturunan murni genetik. Kebanyakan tilapia liar saat ini adalah hibrida dari beberapa spesies.
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Tilapia is one of several commercially important aquaculture species (including [[trout]], [[barramundi]] and [[channel catfish]]) susceptible to [[off-flavours]]. These ‘muddy’ or ‘musty’ flavours are normally caused by [[geosmin]] and [[2-Methylisoborneol]], organic products of ubiquitous [[cyanobacteria]] that are often present or bloom sporadically in water bodies and soil.<ref>Robin, J. et. al. (2006). Off flavour characterization and origin in French trout farming. Aquaculture, 260(1-4)</ref> These flavours are no indication of freshness or safety of the fish, but can harm the reputation of a product in the eyes of the consumer.  Simple quality control procedures are known to be effective in ensuring the quality of fish entering the market.

Tilapia have very low levels of mercury,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fda.gov/food/foodsafety/product-specificinformation/seafood/foodbornepathogenscontaminants/methylmercury/ucm115644.htm |title=Mercury Levels in Commercial Fish and Shellfish (1990–2010) |publisher=United States [[Food and Drug Administration]] |date=26 May 2011 |accessdate=2012-05-17}}</ref> as they are fast-growing, lean and short-lived, with a primarily vegetarian diet, so do not accumulate mercury found in prey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eattilapia.com/recipes/nutritional-facts/ |title=Nutritional Facts |publisher=Tropical Aquaculture Products, Inc |accessdate=2012-05-17}}{{verify credibility |date=September 2012}}</ref> Tilapia are low in saturated fat, calories, carbohydrates and sodium, and are a good protein source. They also contain the micronutrients [[phosphorus]], [[niacin]], [[selenium]], [[vitamin B12|vitamin B<sub>12</sub>]] and [[potassium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/finfish-and-shellfish-products/9244/2 |title=Nutrition Facts and Analysis for Fish, tilapia, cooked, dry heat| accessdate=2014-01-26}}</ref>

However, [[aquaculture of tilapia|typical farm-raised tilapia]] (the least expensive and most popular source) have low levels of [[omega-3 fatty acid]]s (the essential nutrient that is an important reason that dieticians recommend eating fish), and a relatively high proportion of [[omega-6 fatty acid|omega-6]]. "Ratios of long-chain omega-6 to long-chain omega-3, AA to EPA, respectively, in tilapia averaged about 11:1, compared to much less than 1:1 (indicating more EPA than AA) in both salmon and trout," reported a study published in July 2008.<ref name="Wake">{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080708092228.htm |title=Popular Fish, Tilapia, Contains Potentially Dangerous Fatty Acid Combination |date=8 July 2008 |work=[[Science Daily]] |author=[[Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center]] |accessdate=2008-07-11}}</ref> The report suggests the nutritional value of farm-raised tilapia may be compromised by the amount of [[maize|corn]] included in the feed. The corn contains short-chain omega-6 fatty acids that contribute to the buildup of these materials in the fish.

The lower amounts of omega-3 and the higher ratios of omega-6 fats in US-farmed tilapia raised questions about the health benefits of consuming farmed tilapia fish. Some media reports even controversially suggested that farm-raised tilapia may be worse for the heart than eating [[bacon]] or a [[hamburger]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://shine.yahoo.com/healthy-living/tilapias-worse-than-bacon-oh-please-209146.html |title=Tilapia's worse than bacon? Oh, please. |first=David |last=Katz |date=16 July 2008 |accessdate=2012-05-17 |work=Shine |publisher=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref> This prompted the release of an open letter, signed by 16 science and health experts from around the world, that stated that both oily (i.e. high in omega-3 fatty acids) fish and lean fish like tilapia are an important part of the diet and concluded that "replacing tilapia or catfish with 'bacon, hamburgers or doughnuts' is absolutely not recommended."<ref>{{cite web |last=Harris |first=William |url=http://south.sanfordhealth.org/visitorspatients/HealthResources/HealthArticles/ |title=An Open Letter regarding recent reports that low-fat fish like tilapia are unhealthy |publisher=[[Sanford Health]] |date=16 July 2008 |accessdate=2011-12-21}}</ref>

Multiple studies have evaluated the effects of adding flaxseed derivatives (a vegetable source of omega-3 fatty acids) to the feed of farmed tilapia. These studies have found both the more common omega-3 fatty acid found in the flax, [[Alpha-Linolenic acid|ALA]] and the two types almost unique to animal sources ([[Docosahexaenoic acid|DHA]] and [[Eicosapentaenoic acid|EPA]]), increased in the fish fed this diet.<ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last=Shapira |first=N |first2=P |last2=Weill |first3=O |last3=Sharon first4=R |last4=Loewenbach |first5=O |last5=Berzak |title=''n''-3 PUFA fortification of high ''n''-6 PUFA farmed tilapia with linseed could significantly increase dietary contribution and support nutritional expectations of fish |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-agricultural-and-food-chemistry_2009-03-25_57_6/page/n171 |journal=J. Agric. Food Chem. |volume=57 |pages=2249–2254 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19243170 |doi=10.1021/jf8029258}}{{subscription required |date=September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |display-authors=1 |last=Aguiar |first=AC |first2=DR |last2=Morais |first3=LP |last3=Santos |first4=FB |last4=Stevanato |first5=JE |last5=Visentainer |first6=NE |last6=de Souza |first7=JV |last7=Visentainer |title=Effect of flaxseed oil in diet on fatty acid composition in the liver of Nile tilapia (''Oreochromis niloticus'') |date=September 2007 |journal=Arch Latinoam Nutr. |volume=57 |pages=273–277 |pmid=18271406 |issue=3}}</ref>  Guided by these findings, tilapia farming techniques could be adjusted to address the nutritional criticisms directed at the fish while retaining its advantage as an omnivore capable of feeding on economically and environmentally inexpensive vegetable protein. Adequate diets for salmon and other carnivorous fish can alternatively be formulated from protein sources such as [[soybean]], although soy-based diets may also change in the balance between omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.<ref name="Espe et al. 2006">{{cite journal |display-authors=1|last=Espe |first=Marit |first2=Andreas |last2=Lemme |first3=Alfred |last3=Petei |first4=Adel |last4=El-Mowafi |date=May 2006 |title=Can Atlantic salmon (''Salmo salar'') grow on diets devoid of fish meal? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_aquaculture_2006-05-31_255_1-4/page/n260|journal=Aquaculture |volume=255 |pages=255–262 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.12.030}}{{subscription required |date=September 2012}}</ref>
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[[Amerika Serikat]] menghasilkan 1,5 juta [[ton]] tilapia pada tahun 2005, dengan proyeksi 2,5 juta ton pada tahun 2010.<ref name=Wake>[[Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center]] (2008, July 10).[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080708092228.htm ''Popular Fish, Tilapia, Contains Potentially Dangerous Fatty Acid Combination'']. ScienceDaily. Retrieved July 11, 2008, from [http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080708092228.htm www.sciencedaily.com]</ref>

== Penggunaan lain ==
[[Berkas:Fish types - Tamil Nadu210.ogv|ka|Tilapia, muda dan dewasa, dari [[Tamil Nadu]]|jmpl]]

Tilapia menjadi alat kontrol alamiah biologis bagi banyak persoalan tanaman akuatik. Tilapia makan tanaman akuatik yang terapung, misalnya ''[[duckweed]] [[watermeal]]'' (''Lemna'' sp.), banyak tanaman terendam yang "tidak diinginkan" dan kebanyakan bentuk ganggang.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/weed_control.htm
|title=Aquatic Weed Control
|last=Cross
|first=John W., Ph.D
|work=The Charms of Duckweed
|accessdate=2012-09-15
|archive-date=2012-09-21
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921081544/http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/weed_control.htm
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref> Di [[Amerika Serikat]] dan negara-negara seperti [[Thailand]], ikan ini menjadi metode terpilih untuk mengontrol jumlah tanaman, mengurangi penggunaan pembasmi ganggang (''algaecide'') dari jenis bahan kimia berbahaya atau mengandung logam berat.
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Tilapia rarely compete with other "pond" fish for food. Instead, because they consume plants and nutrients unused by other fish species and substantially reduce oxygen-depleting detritus; adding tilapia often increases the population, size and health of other fish.

[[Arizona]] stocks tilapia in the canals that serve as the drinking water sources for the cities of [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]], [[Mesa, Arizona|Mesa]] and others. The fish help purify the water by consuming vegetation and detritus, greatly reducing purification costs.

[[Arkansas]] stocks many public ponds and lakes to help with vegetation control, favoring tilapia as a robust forage species and for anglers.
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Di [[Kenya]], tilapia membantu kontrol [[nyamuk]] yang membawa parasit [[Malaria]]. Ikan ini suka makan [[larva]] [[nyamuk]], sehingga mengurangi jumlah nyamuk betina, suatu vektor penyakit yang berbahaya.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Petr |first=T |year=2000 |title=Interactions between fish and aquatic macrophytes in inland waters. A review. |journal=FAO Fisheries Technical Papers |volume=396}}</ref>

Tilapia juga merupakan sumber makanan berlimpah untuk para [[predator]] akuatik.

== Lihat pula ==
* [[Budi daya ikan]]
* [[Ikan nila]]
* [[Tilapia in aquaculture]]
* [[Yesus membayar bea untuk Bait Allah]]

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Pustaka tambahan ==
* {{cite journal |last=Logan |first=Cheryl A. |first2=S. Elizabeth |last2=Alter |first3=Alison J. |last3=Haupt |first4=Katharine |last4=Tomalty |first5=Stephen R. |last5=Palumbi |year=2008 |title=An impediment to consumer choice: Overfished species are sold as Pacific red snapper |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_2008-06_141_6/page/1591 |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=141 |issue=6 |pages=1591–1599 |issn=00063207 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2008.04.007}}
* {{cite journal |author=FAO Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Service  |title=Aquaculture production (1985-1991) |journal=FAO Fisheries Circular |volume=815 |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |pages=20–21 |year=1993}}
* {{cite book
|last=Trewavas
|first=Ethelwynn
|year=1983
|title=Tilapiine fish of the genera ''Sarotherodon'', ''Oreochromis'' and ''Danakilia''
|url=https://archive.org/details/tilapiinefisheso00trew
|publisher=British Museum (Natural History)
|location=London
|isbn=0-565-00878-1
}}
* {{cite web
|last=McCrary
|first=Jeffrey K
|first2=Mark
|last2=Castro
|first3=Kenneth R.
|last3=McKaye
|year=2005
|title=Mercury in Fish From Two Nicarguan Lakes: A Recommendation for Increased Monitoring of Fish for International Commerce
|work=Environmental Pollution
|issue=141
|volume=3
|pages=513–518
|url=http://www.gaianicaragua.org/fish/Env%20Poll%202006.pdf
|format=PDF
|access-date=2014-03-07
|archive-date=2011-10-03
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003195646/http://www.gaianicaragua.org/fish/Env%20Poll%202006.pdf
|dead-url=yes
}}

== Pranala luar ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/02/science/earth/02tilapia.html?pagewanted=all ''Another Side of Tilapia, the Perfect Factory Fish''] New York Times article
* [http://www.pinoybisnes.com/aqua-business/how-to-raise-tilapia-in-the-backyard/ How to Raise Tilapia in the Backyard]
* [http://techref.massmind.org/techref/other/pond/tilapia/index.htm Tilapia Health, Diagnosis, and Treatment Advice]
* [http://www.calobonga.com/calorieCounter/food/15262/0/calorie-counter.lz Tilapia Nutrition Information]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} from USDA SR 22 database
* [http://www.tilapiarecipe.org/tilapia-nutrition Tilapia Nutrition Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308010734/http://www.tilapiarecipe.org/tilapia-nutrition/ |date=2014-03-08 }}

{{tilapia|state=expanded}}
{{commercial fish topics}}

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