Lihat sumber Kritik terhadap Israel

[[Berkas:2009_Anti_Israel_Protest_Tanzania.JPG|jmpl| Pengunjuk rasa di [[Dar es Salaam]] menentang [[Perang Gaza (2008–2009)|Perang Gaza]] 2009]]
{{Israelis}}'''Kritik terhadap Israel'''<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rosenfeld|first=Alvin|authorlink=Alvin Rosenfeld|date=Feb 2007|title=Rhetorical Violence and the Jews|url=http://spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi?ID=1884|publisher=Critical Distance|access-date=6 Feb 2011|quote=The ubiquitous rubric "criticism of Israel," however, has also come to designate another kind of discourse--one that has almost become a politico-rhetorical genre unto itself, with its own identifiable vocabulary, narrative conventions, and predictable outcomes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Wiedl|first=Kathrin Nina|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vvpen1QHLN4C&q=%22term+criticism+of+israel%22|title=Is Criticism of Israel on Issues of Rights, Pluralism, Equality and Minorities Justified Given the Historic and Regional Context of the State?|publisher=GRIN Verlag|isbn=9783638775489|quote=This essay analyses the criticism of Israel on issues of rights, pluralism, equality and minorities. It views issues, such as the 1948 war, the treatment of Misrachi Jews and raises the question if a Jewish state is racist and colonialistic and excludes minorities, such as Arab Israelis|access-date=6 Feb 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Community Security Trust|authorlink=Community Security Trust|year=2009|title=Antisemitic Discourse Report 2009|url=http://www.thecst.org.uk/docs/Antisemitic%20Discourse%20Report%20for%202009%20-%20web1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825080743/http://www.thecst.org.uk/docs/Antisemitic%20Discourse%20Report%20for%202009%20-%20web1.pdf|archive-date=25 August 2014|access-date=6 Feb 2011|quote=The term “criticism of Israel” continued to be used as a catch-all defense against the raising of Jewish concerns about antisemitic manifestations, public speakers, groups, websites, agitprop and other phenomena|url-status=dead}}</ref> adalah sebuah subjek komentar serta penelitian jurnalistik dan ilmiah dalam lingkup [[teori hubungan internasional]], yang diungkapkan dalam istilah [[ilmu politik]]. [[Israel]] telah menghadapi kritik internasional sejak [[Pembentukan Negara Israel|diproklamasikan]] pada tahun 1948 terkait dengan berbagai topik,<ref name="Dershowitz Case">{{Cite book|last=Dershowitz|first=Alan|year=2004|title=The Case for Israel|title-link=The Case for Israel|page=1|quote=The Jewish nation of Israel stands accused in the dock of international justice. The charges include being a criminal state, the prime violator of human rights, the mirror image of Nazism, and the most intransigent barrier to peace in the Middle East. Throughout the world, from the chambers of the United Nations to the campuses of universities, Israel is singled out for condemnation, divestment, boycott and demonization.|author-link=Alan Dershowitz}}</ref><ref name="Dershowitz Case2">{{Cite book|last=Dershowitz|first=Alan|year=2009|title=The Case Against Israel's Enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace|url=https://archive.org/details/caseagainstisrae0000ders|pages=[https://archive.org/details/caseagainstisrae0000ders/page/1 1]–2|quote=For a tiny nation of little more than six and a half million citizens living in an area roughly the size of New Jersey, Israel has proportionally more enemies than any nation on earth. No nation has been threatened more often with divestment, boycotts, and other sanctions. No nation has generated more protests against it on college and university campuses. No nation has been targeted for as much editorial abuse from the worldwide media. No nation has been subjected to more frequent threats of annihilation. No nation has had more genocidal incitements directed against its citizens. It is remarkable indeed that a democratic nation born in response to a decision of the United Nations should still not be accepted by so many countries, groups, and individuals. No other UN member is threatened with physical destruction by other member states so openly and with so little rebuke from the General Assembly or the Security Council. Indeed, no nation, regardless of its size or the number of deaths it has caused, has been condemned as often by the UN and its constituent bodies. Simply put, no nation is hated as much as the Jewish nation.|author-link=Alan Dershowitz}}</ref><ref name="Hagee">{{Cite book|last=Hagee|first=John|year=2007|title=In Defense of Israel|url=https://archive.org/details/indefenseofisrae0000hage_q5u4|page=[https://archive.org/details/indefenseofisrae0000hage_q5u4/page/1 1]|quote=You look toward the United Nations, which Ambassador Dore Gold calls 'the Tower of Babble'. You look at Europe, where the ghost of Hitler is again walking across the stage of history. You open your newspapers and read about American universities, where Israel is being vilified by students taught by professors whose Middle Eastern chairs are sponsored by Saudi Arabia. You look to America's mainline churches and see their initiatives to divest from Israel. You go to the bookstore and see slanderous titles by the former president of the United States - and you feel very much alone.|author-link=John Hagee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Domain Names and Web Hosting by IPOWER|url=http://www.globalpolitician.com/25855-israel|publisher=Globalpolitician.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016140045/http://www.globalpolitician.com/25855-israel|archive-date=2012-10-16|access-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> baik sejarah maupun kontemporer.

Israel banyak dikritik terkait isu seputar pendiriannya ketika sebagian besar penduduk Arab di wilayah [[Mandat Britania atas Palestina|Mandat Palestina]] [[Eksodus Palestina 1948|melarikan diri atau diusir]] pada tahun 1948, perilaku [[Pasukan Pertahanan Israel|angkatan bersenjatanya]] dalam [[konflik Arab-Israel|konflik Arab–Israel]], pendirian dan perluasan permukiman ilegal [[Permukiman Israel|Israel]] di wilayah Palestina. perlakuannya terhadap warga Palestina, dan [[blokade Jalur Gaza]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Watt|first=Nicholas|last2=Sherwood|first2=Harriet|date=27 July 2010|title=David Cameron: Israeli blockade has turned Gaza Strip into a 'prison camp'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/27/david-cameron-gaza-prison-camp|work=The Guardian|location=London}}</ref> dengan dampaknya terhadap perekonomian wilayah Palestina, proyek nuklir negara tersebut,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-31|title=Fact Sheet: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal|url=https://armscontrolcenter.org/fact-sheet-israels-nuclear-arsenal/|publisher=Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation|language=en-US|access-date=2020-08-09}}</ref> dan program pembunuhan yang ditargetkan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kendall|first=J. Nicholas|date=2001–2002|title=Israeli Counter-Terrorism: Targeted Killings under International Law|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/nclr80&id=1085&div=&collection=|journal=North Carolina Law Review|volume=80|pages=1069}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-12|title=A look at Israel's targeted killings of militant leaders|url=https://apnews.com/40995aaf33404879bf39db678d4b9532|website=AP News|access-date=2020-08-09}}</ref> Isu-isu lainnya yang juga dikritik antara lain: penolakan untuk mengizinkan [[pengungsi Palestina]] pascaperang kembali ke rumah mereka, [[Wilayah pendudukan Israel|pendudukan jangka panjang atas wilayah yang diduduki pascaperang]], serta pembangunan permukiman di sana. Status Israel sebagai negara demokrasi representatif juga dipertanyakan karena rakyat Israel di [[Wilayah pendudukan Israel|wilayah pendudukan]] diperbolehkan memilih dalam pemilu Israel sedangkan rakyat Palestina tidak.<ref name="Why Israel is Not a Democracy">{{Cite web|last=BARAT|first=FRANK|date=April 2011|title=Why Israel is Not a Democracy|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2011/04/01/why-israel-is-not-a-democracy/|access-date=15 September 2014|quote=[[Ilan Pappé]]: No, Israel is definitely not a democracy. A country that occupies another people for more than 40 years and disallow them the most elementary civic and human rights cannot be a democracy. A country that pursues a discriminatory policy against a fifth of its Palestinian citizens inside the 67 borders cannot be a democracy. In fact Israel is, what we use to call in political science a [[Herrenvolk democracy]], its democracy only for the masters. The fact that you allow people to participate in the formal side of democracy, namely to vote or to be elected, is useless and meaningless if you don’t give them any share in the common good or in the common resources of the State, or if you discriminate against them despite the fact that you allow them to participate in the elections. On almost every level from official legislation through governmental practices, and social and cultural attitudes, Israel is only a democracy for one group, one ethnic group, that given the space that Israel now controls, is not even a majority group anymore, so I think that you’ll find it very hard to use any known definition of democracy which will be applicable for the Israeli case.}}</ref><ref name="Is Israel a Democracy">{{Cite journal|last=Gorenberg|first=Gershom|date=2009-12-04|title=Is Israel a Democracy?|url=http://prospect.org/article/israel-democracy-0|journal=The American Prospect|access-date=20 September 2014|quote="Whether it ends the occupation and discrimination against Arab citizens within its borders will alter our perception of whether the nation began as an imperfect democracy or a false one. Today's political battles, strangely enough, will determine not only its future but also its past."}}</ref><ref name="Israeli-Occupied Territories">{{Cite web|title=Israeli-Occupied Territories|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2010/israeli-occupied-territories#.VBdxE_ldWSo|website=freedomhouse.org/|publisher=Freedom House|access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref>

Kritik terhadap kebijakan Israel muncul dari beberapa kelompok: [[Aktivisme|para aktivis]] di dalam Israel dan di seluruh dunia, [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]], dan [[Lembaga swadaya masyarakat|organisasi non-pemerintah]] lainnya termasuk gereja-gereja Eropa, dan media massa. [[Manipulasi media|Bias media]] sering kali diklaim oleh kedua belah pihak yang berdebat. Sejak tahun 2003, PBB telah mengeluarkan 232 resolusi sehubungan dengan Israel, 40% dari seluruh resolusi yang dikeluarkan oleh PBB selama periode tersebut dan lebih dari enam kali lipat resolusi negara urutan kedua, [[Sudan]].<ref name="eyeontheunresolution">{{Cite web|title=UN Resolutions between 2003 and today by country|url=http://www.eyeontheun.org/browse-un.asp?ya=1&sa=1&ua=1&s=0&tp=1&tpn=Resolution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718153606/http://www.eyeontheun.org/browse-un.asp?ya=1&sa=1&ua=1&s=0&tp=1&tpn=Resolution|archive-date=2011-07-18|access-date=2010-12-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Balasan dari kritik ini mencakup pernyataan bahwa para kritikus dan kritiknya dicap mendelegitimasi [[Hak untuk berdiri|hak keberadaan Israel]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Want to Delegitimize Israel? Be Careful Who You Mess With|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5101780|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124215826/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/news/want-to-delegitimize-israel-be-careful-who-you-mess-with-1.284184|archive-date=November 24, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Bard">{{Cite book|last=Bard|first=Mitchell|year=2008|title=Will Israel Survive|url=https://archive.org/details/willisraelsurviv0000mitc|page=[https://archive.org/details/willisraelsurviv0000mitc/page/1 1]|quote=Israel might be the only country in the world whose right to exist is debated and whose future is questioned. Can you imagine anyone asking whether the United States will survive or whether it should exist? Or anyone saying "no" if asked?|author-link=Mitchell Bard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Eroding Israel's Legitimacy in the International Arena - Reut Institute|url=http://reut-institute.org/en/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=3766|website=reut-institute.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325133803/http://reut-institute.org/en/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=3766|archive-date=2019-03-25|access-date=2021-05-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> yang menyebabkan beberapa orang berdebat mengenai batas ketika kritik tersebut dianggap mempromosikan [[antisemitisme]]. Istilah "antisemitisme baru" mengacu pada kritik yang dianggap telah melewati ambang batas tersebut.

== Subjek kritik ==

=== Pengungsi Palestina{{Portal|History|Politics}}===
PBB mendefinisikan ''pengungsi Palestina'' sebagai "[[Orang Palestina|orang Arab]] yang tinggal di Palestina sekurang-kurangnya dua tahun sebelum tahun 1948 serta keturunan mereka, dan yang melarikan diri atau diusir dari rumah mereka selama dan setelah [[Perang Palestina 1948]]."

Pihak yang bertanggung jawab atas eksodus tersebut menuai kontroversi di kalangan sejarawan dan komentator konflik.<ref>[[Avi Shlaim|Shlaim, Avi]], [http://ccas.georgetown.edu/research-articles.cfm?id=96 "The War of the Israeli Historians."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903084029/http://ccas.georgetown.edu/research-articles.cfm?id=96|date=2006-09-03}} [[Center for Arab Studies]], 1 December 2003 (retrieved 17 February 2009)</ref> Meski para sejarawan kini sepakat mengenai jalannya peristiwa pada periode tersebut, masih terdapat perbedaan pendapat mengenai apakah eksodus tersebut merupakan hasil dari rencana yang sengaja dirancang sebelum atau selama perang oleh para pemimpin [[Zionisme|Zionis]] atau tidak<ref>[[Benny Morris]], 1989, ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949'', Cambridge University Press; [[Benny Morris]], 1991, ''1948 and after; Israel and the Palestinians'', Clarendon Press, Oxford; [[Walid Khalidi]], 1992, ''All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948'', Institute for Palestine Studies; [[Nur Masalha]], 1992, ''Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought'', Institute for Palestine Studies; [[Efraim Karsh]], 1997, ''Fabricating Israeli History: The "New Historians"'', Cass; [[Benny Morris]], 2004, ''The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited'', Cambridge University Press; [[Yoav Gelber]], 2006, ''Palestine 1948: War, Escape and the Palestinian Refugee Problem'', Oxford University Press; [[Ilan Pappé]], 2006, ''The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine'', OneWorld</ref>{{Halaman dibutuhkan|date=July 2018}}

Tekanan internasional yang signifikan diberikan kepada kedua belah pihak selama Konferensi Lausanne tahun 1949 untuk merampungkan masalah tersebut. Para pihak menandatangani protokol bersama mengenai kerangka perdamaian komprehensif, yang mencakup wilayah, pengungsi, dan Yerusalem, serta Israel sepakat “secara prinsip” untuk mengizinkan pulangnya semua pengungsi Palestina.<ref name="Pappe9">{{Cite book|last=Pappe|first=Ilan|year=1992|title=The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1947-1951, Chapter 9: The Lausanne Conference|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|isbn=1-85043-819-6|author-link=Ilan Pappe}}</ref>{{Halaman dibutuhkan|date=July 2018}} Menurut [[Sejarawan Baru]] [[Ilan Pappé|Ilan Pappe]], perjanjian Israel ini dibuat di bawah tekanan [[Amerika Serikat]], dan karena Israel menginginkan keanggotaan [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]], yang memerlukan persetujuan Israel untuk mengizinkan kembalinya semua pengungsi. Ketika Israel diterima sebagai anggota PBB, Israel menarik diri dari protokol yang telah ditandatangani karena Israel sepenuhnya puas dengan ''status quo'' dan tidak merasa perlu memberikan konsesi apa pun sehubungan dengan pengungsi atau masalah perbatasan. Hal ini menimbulkan kritik internasional yang signifikan dan berkelanjutan.<ref name="Pappe9" /> 

==== Tuduhan pembersihan etnis ====
"Sejarawan Baru" [[Ilan Pappé|Ilan Pappe]] berpendapat dalam ''The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine'' bahwa kebijakan Israel [[Perang Palestina 1948|antara tahun 1947 dan 1949]], ketika "lebih dari 400 pedesaan Palestina dengan sengaja dihancurkan, warga sipil dibantai, dan sekitar satu juta pria, wanita, dan anak-anak diusir dari rumah mereka" di bawah todongan senjata", digambarkan sebagai [[Pembersihan etnik|pembersihan etnis]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pappe|first1=Ilan|date=2007|title=The ethnic cleansing of Palestine|location=Oxford|publisher=Oneworld|isbn=978-1851685554|edition=New}}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2018}}<ref name="tnr.com2">[[Benny Morris]]. [https://newrepublic.com/article/books/magazine/85344/ilan-pappe-sloppy-dishonest-historian The Liar as Hero], MARCH 17, 2011</ref><ref name="Black2">[[Ian Black (journalist)|Ian Black]] [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/feb/17/politics ''Divided Loyalties'' February 17, 2007]</ref><ref name="Pryce-Jones2">[[David Pryce-Jones]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101042747/http://www.literaryreview.co.uk/pryce-jones_11_06.html Raus Mit Uns], ''[[Literary Review]]''</ref> Namun, Pappe dikritik sejarawan lain karena dituduh memalsukan sejarah.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.tnr.com/article/books-and-arts/politics-other-means-0|last=Morris|first=Benny|date=22 March 2004|title=Politics by Other Means|magazine=The New Republic|access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Gutwein|first=Daniel|year=2003|title=Israeli Historical Revisionism: From Left to Right|location=London|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|editor1-last=Shapira|editor1-first=Anita|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2VVsrUFby04C&pg=PA15 16–8]|chapter=Left and Right Post-Zionism and the Privatization of Israeli Collective Memory|editor2-last=Penslar|editor2-first=Derek Jonathan}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/85344/ilan-pappe-sloppy-dishonest-historian|title=The Liar as Hero|magazine=The New Republic|date=2011-03-17}}</ref>

Misalnya, sejarawan Israel [[Benny Morris]] menganggap Pappe "salah satu sejarawan paling ceroboh, paling jelek, dan paling tidak jujur di dunia." Ketika ditanya tentang pengusiran warga Palestina pada tahun 1948 dari Lod dan Ramla, ia menjawab, "Ada keadaan dalam sejarah yang membenarkan pembersihan etnis. Saya tahu bahwa istilah ini sepenuhnya negatif dalam wacana abad ke-21, tetapi ketika pilihannya adalah antara pembersihan etnis dan genosida—pemusnahan rakyat Anda—saya lebih memilih pembersihan etnis ... Tidak ada pilihan selain mengusir penduduk tersebut. Sangatlah penting untuk memusnahkan wilayah pedalaman, wilayah perbatasan, dan memutus jalan-jalan utama. Penting untuk dilakukan pemusnahan desa-desa tempat konvoi dan permukiman kami ditembaki.” <ref>{{Cite web|last=Shavit|first=Ari|title=Survival of the Fittest (an interview with Historian Benny Morris)|url=http://www.deiryassin.org/bennymorris.html|publisher=Haaretz, Magazine Section, 9 January 2004|access-date=2 February 2015}}</ref> Ia juga menambahkan pada tahun 2008, "Tidak ada 'rencana' Zionis atau kebijakan menyeluruh untuk mengusir penduduk Arab, atau 'pembersihan etnis'. Rencana Dalet (Rencana D), tanggal 10 Maret 1948 ... adalah rencana induk ... untuk melawan serangan pan-Arab terhadap negara Yahudi yang baru muncul".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Israel and the Palestinians|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/letters/israel-and-the-palestinians-1.896017|work=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref>

=== Pendudukan dan aneksasi wilayah tetangga ===
Wilayah yang diduduki [[Israel]], mulai dari [[Mesir]], [[Yordania]], dan [[Suriah]], semenjak [[Perang Enam Hari]] 1967, telah ditetapkan sebagai [[Wilayah pendudukan Israel|wilayah pendudukan]] oleh Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa dan banyak organisasi internasional, pemerintah, dan lain sebagainya. Daerah tersebut meliputi [[Tepi Barat]] dan sebagian besar [[Dataran Tinggi Golan]]. Sejak Perang Enam Hari hingga tahun 1982, [[Semenanjung Sinai]] diduduki Israel, tetapi dikembalikan ke Mesir melalui [[Perjanjian Damai Israel-Mesir|perjanjian damai Israel–Mesir]]. Jalur Gaza sempat diduduki Israel hingga pelepasan sepihaknya. Resolusi 242 Dewan Keamanan PBB, menekankan bahwa "perolehan wilayah melalui perang tidak dibenarkan," menimbulkan kontroversi mengenai status hukum wilayah yang direbut pada tahun 1967, dan pada tahun 1948. Ada dua penafsiran hukum internasional mengenai hal ini:{{Butuh rujukan|date=January 2024}}

'''Posisi Israel:'''

* Perang pada [[Krisis Suez|1956]] dan [[Perang Enam Hari|1967]] dilakukan oleh Israel untuk menjamin kelangsungan hidup negara tersebut. Karena sebagian besar permusuhan diprakarsai oleh pihak Arab, Israel harus berjuang dan memenangkan perang ini untuk menjamin kedaulatan dan keamanan negara. Oleh karena itu, wilayah-wilayah yang direbut selama perang-perang tersebut secara sah berada di bawah pemerintahan Israel karena alasan keamanan dan untuk mencegah negara-negara yang bermusuhan melakukan permusuhan.
* Dengan tidak adanya perjanjian damai antara semua pihak yang berperang, Israel dalam keadaan apa pun berhak untuk mempertahankan kendali atas wilayah yang direbut. Disposisi akhir mereka haruslah merupakan hasil dari perjanjian damai, dan bukan suatu kondisi bagi mereka. Meski begitu, Israel menegaskan bahwa:
** [[Krisis Suez|Perang 1956]] disebabkan oleh permusuhan Mesir terhadap Israel, yang berpuncak pada nasionalisasi [[Terusan Suez]] dan pemblokiran terusan tersebut untuk lalu lintas Israel yang merupakan pelanggaran terhadap Konvensi Konstantinopel dan perjanjian terkait lainnya, dalam pandangan mereka merupakan ''casus belli'' yang jelas (yaitu, suatu tindakan yang membenarkan perang).
** [[Perang Enam Hari|Perang 1967]] juga disebabkan oleh penutupan [[Selat Tiran]], penolakan pasukan PBB di gurun Sinai, dan penempatan kembali pasukan Mesir. Yordania dan Suriah ikut berperang meskipun ada upaya Israel untuk menjaga perdamaian di perbatasan/
** [[Perang Yom Kippur|Perang 1973]] merupakan serangan dadakan terhadap Israel oleh Suriah dan Mesir.

'''Posisi Arab:'''

* Perang 1956 disebabkan konspirasi antara Prancis, Inggris, dan Israel yang melanggar kedaulatan Mesir. Mesir mengeklaim beberapa pembenaran hukum untuk menolak penggunaan Terusan Suez oleh Israel, termasuk hak untuk membela diri.
* Perang tahun 1967 merupakan tindakan agresi tanpa alasan yang bertujuan untuk memperluas perbatasan Israel, dan wilayah yang direbut selama perang ini diduduki secara ilegal.
* Akibatnya, wilayah tersebut harus diserahkan agar perdamaian dapat tercapai.

Aneksasi Israel atas Yerusalem Timur dan Dataran Tinggi Golan pada tahun 1980–1981 berdasarkan [[Hukum Yerusalem|UU Yerusalem]] dan [[Undang-Undang Dataran Tinggi Golan|UU Dataran Tinggi Golan]] belum diakui oleh negara lain mana pun.<ref>See also [[UN Security Council Resolution 497]] </ref> [[Otoritas Nasional Palestina|Otoritas Palestina]], [[Uni Eropa]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rory McCarthy|date=2009-03-07|title=Israel annexing East Jerusalem, says EU|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/mar/07/israel-palestine-eu-report-jerusalem|work=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=2009-03-08}}</ref> dan [[Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|DK PBB]]<ref>[[wikisource:United Nations Security Council Resolution 478|s:United Nations Security Council Resolution 478]]</ref> menganggap [[Yerusalem Timur]] sebagai bagian dari Tepi Barat, sebuah posisi yang disengketakan oleh Israel. Badan-badan internasional seperti PBB mengecam [[Hukum Yerusalem|UU Yerusalem]] sebagai pelanggaran terhadap Konvensi Keempat Jenewa dan menyatakan bahwa penetapan kota tersebut sebagai ibu kota Israel melanggar hukum internasional. Akibatnya, banyak negara mendirikan kedutaan besar untuk pemerintah Israel di luar Yerusalem.

[[Penarikan diri Israel dari Gaza|Israel menarik diri sepihak]] dari Gaza pada bulan September 2005, dan menyatakan bahwa negara itu sudah tidak lagi menduduki Jalur Gaza. Hal ini telah dibantah oleh PBB, yang meskipun tidak menyatakan Gaza "diduduki" berdasarkan definisi hukumnya, tetapi merujuk pada Gaza di bawah nomenklatur "Wilayah Palestina yang Diduduki". Beberapa kelompok menyatakan bahwa Gaza masih diduduki secara sah.<ref name="AI_briefing2">{{cite web|date=2009-01-19|title=Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/007/2009/en/|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|access-date=2009-06-05}}</ref><ref name="isrlpa13698">[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm "Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015172833/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/07/06/isrlpa13698.htm|date=2008-10-15}} July 6, 2006; Human Rights Watch considers Gaza still occupied.</ref><ref name="cnn2009-01-062">{{cite news|last=Levs|first=Josh|date=2009-01-06|title=Is Gaza 'occupied' territory?|url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/01/06/israel.gaza.occupation.question/index.html|publisher=CNN|access-date=2009-05-30}}</ref>

==== Dugaan kurangnya demokrasi ====
Terlepas dari kenyataan bahwa undang-undang keamanan Israel untuk wilayah Palestina tidak menyatakan hal tersebut, hukum militer hanya berlaku bagi penduduk Arab di wilayah tersebut, dan tidak berlaku bagi orang Yahudi atau warga negara Israel.<ref name="haaretz1">{{Cite news|last=Yakobson|first=Alexander|date=12 August 2014|title=Try West Bank Settlers in Israeli Military Court - Just Like Palestinians|url=http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.670709|work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=1 January 2016}}</ref> Warga negara Israel diatur berdasarkan hukum Israel sedangkan warga Palestina diatur berdasarkan hukum militer.<ref name="theguardian1">{{Cite news|last=Shabi|first=Rachel|date=12 November 2012|title=The Israeli documentary putting military rule in Palestine on trial|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/12/law-in-these-parts-israel-palestine|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref>

Orang Israel seperti [[Avraham Burg]], [[Ilan Pappé]], Gershom Gorenberg, David Remnick, Oren Yiftachel, dan [[Miko Peled]] serta organisasi seperti Human Rights Watch, B'tselem, Peace Now, dan lain-lain mempertanyakan status Israel sebagai negara demokrasi. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini berfokus pada kurangnya demokrasi di wilayah-wilayah pendudukan Israel, bukan pada Israel sebenarnya. Kritik semacam ini didasarkan pada keyakinan bahwa baik warga negara Israel yang tinggal di permukiman maupun warga Palestina harus diberi hak untuk memilih, mengingat warga Palestina secara efektif berada di bawah kekuasaan Israel dan karenanya harus mendapatkan manfaat dari hak pilih tersebut. Mereka mempunyai kekhawatiran yang sama bahwa pendudukan wilayah tersebut tidak bersifat sementara, mengingat jangka waktunya yang lebih dari 45 tahun dan sifat [[permukiman Israel]] yang besar dan permanen.<ref name="Just World Books">{{Cite book|last=Peled|first=Miko|date=2012|title=The general's son : journey of an Israeli in Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/generalssonjourn0000pele|location=Charlottesville, Va.|publisher=Just World Books|isbn=978-1935982159}}</ref>{{Page needed}}<ref name="Why Israel is Not a Democracy">{{Cite web|last=BARAT|first=FRANK|date=April 2011|title=Why Israel is Not a Democracy|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/2011/04/01/why-israel-is-not-a-democracy/|access-date=15 September 2014|quote=[[Ilan Pappé]]: No, Israel is definitely not a democracy. A country that occupies another people for more than 40 years and disallow them the most elementary civic and human rights cannot be a democracy. A country that pursues a discriminatory policy against a fifth of its Palestinian citizens inside the 67 borders cannot be a democracy. In fact Israel is, what we use to call in political science a [[Herrenvolk democracy]], its democracy only for the masters. The fact that you allow people to participate in the formal side of democracy, namely to vote or to be elected, is useless and meaningless if you don’t give them any share in the common good or in the common resources of the State, or if you discriminate against them despite the fact that you allow them to participate in the elections. On almost every level from official legislation through governmental practices, and social and cultural attitudes, Israel is only a democracy for one group, one ethnic group, that given the space that Israel now controls, is not even a majority group anymore, so I think that you’ll find it very hard to use any known definition of democracy which will be applicable for the Israeli case.}}</ref><ref name="Is Israel a Democracy">{{Cite journal|last=Gorenberg|first=Gershom|date=2009-12-04|title=Is Israel a Democracy?|url=http://prospect.org/article/israel-democracy-0|journal=The American Prospect|access-date=20 September 2014|quote="Whether it ends the occupation and discrimination against Arab citizens within its borders will alter our perception of whether the nation began as an imperfect democracy or a false one. Today's political battles, strangely enough, will determine not only its future but also its past."}}</ref><ref name="Israeli-Occupied Territories">{{Cite web|title=Israeli-Occupied Territories|url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2010/israeli-occupied-territories#.VBdxE_ldWSo|website=freedomhouse.org/|publisher=Freedom House|access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Burg|first=Avraham|date=2012-08-04|title=Israel's Fading Democracy|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/05/opinion/sunday/israels-fading-democracy.html|work=New York Times|access-date=29 September 2014|quote=It will not be possible to define Israel as a democracy when a Jewish minority rules over a Palestinian majority between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea — controlling millions of people without political rights or basic legal standing.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=9 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Yiftachel|first=Oren|title=Between colonialism and ethnocracy: 'Creeping apartheid' in Israel/Palestine|url=http://www.geog.bgu.ac.il/members/yiftachel/new_papers_2009/Yiftachel%20%202012%20Creeping%20Apartheid.pdf|publisher=Ben-Gurion University of the Negev|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808183924/http://www.geog.bgu.ac.il/members/yiftachel/new_papers_2009/Yiftachel%20%202012%20Creeping%20Apartheid.pdf|archive-date=8 August 2014|access-date=9 October 2014|quote=Jewish settlements in the West Bank, that is, beyond the state’s recognised sovereign territory, have been built as both civilian and permanent. This makes it impossible to understand their existence, as claimed by Israel, as part of a temporary military occupation. Given the massive civilian settlement and Israeli military control, anyone can observe that the Palestinians have been unwillingly and unwittingly incorporated by the regime as third-class subjects. At the same time, Israel has an interest in perpetually representing this situation as ‘temporary’, thereby circumventing the need to endow Palestinians with full civil rights|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Permukiman Israel ===
{{Main|Rasisme di Israel}}
Para penanda tangan Konvensi Keempat Jenewa,<ref>{{Cite web|title=point 12|url=http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/5fldpj.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207175611/http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/5fldpj.htm|archive-date=February 7, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> berbagai resolusi PBB, [[Mahkamah Internasional]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=paragraphs 95-101 and 120|url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1671.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706021237/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1671.pdf|archive-date=2010-07-06|access-date=2011-01-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> dan lembaga-lembaga lain telah memutuskan bahwa kebijakan Israel untuk mendirikan permukiman sipil di wilayah yang dianggap diduduki, termasuk di [[Yerusalem Timur]], adalah ilegal. Israel membantah anggapan bahwa Tepi Barat dan khususnya Yerusalem Timur diduduki berdasarkan hukum internasional, meskipun pandangan ini ditolak secara internasional.

Kebijakan permukiman Israel dikritik keras dari Amerika Serikat<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zacharia|first=Janine|date=11 March 2010|title=Biden's rebuke on new housing comes as Israel seeks to reaffirm U.S. relations|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/10/AR2010031000683.html|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> dan Uni Eropa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Statement by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton on demolition and settlements in East Jerusalem (January 10, 2011)|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu//uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/118727.pdf}}</ref>

Ali Jarbawi menyebut kebijakan tersebut sebagai "satu-satunya [[Kolonialisme pemukim|pendudukan penjajah-pemukim]] yang tersisa di dunia saat ini".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jarbawi|first=Ali|date=4 August 2014|title=Israel's Colonialism Must End|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/05/opinion/ali-jarbawi-israels-colonialism-must-end.html?_r=0|work=New York Times|access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref> Dalam bukunya ''Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation'', Eyal Weizman memandang kebijakan Israel sebagai "sistem politik di jantung pendudukan kolonial modern yang kompleks dan mengerikan".<ref>{{Cite book|date=4 July 2017|url=http://www.versobooks.com/books/1107-hollow-land|title=Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation|publisher=Verso Books|isbn=9781786634481|access-date=11 November 2014}}</ref>{{Page needed}}

Komunitas internasional mengkritik Israel karena "gagal melindungi penduduk Palestina" dari kekerasan pemukim Israel.<ref name="haaretz.com1">{{Cite news|last=Ravid|first=Barak|last2=Khoury|first2=Jack|date=31 July 2015|title=EU, U.S. State Department Condemn 'Vicious' West Bank Arson Attack|url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-eu-state-dept-condemn-deadly-west-bank-arson-attack-1.5381664|work=Haaretz}}</ref>

=== Hak asasi manusia{{Portal|History|Politics}}===
[[Human Rights Watch]] (HRW) menganggap Israel menjalankan sistem peradilan “dua tingkat” di wilayah pendudukan Palestina, yang memberikan layanan istimewa, pembangunan, dan manfaat bagi warga Israel yang tinggal di permukiman di wilayah pendudukan serta menerapkan kekerasan terhadap warga negara Palestina dan nonwarga negara Israel lainnya. Dalam beberapa kasus, Israel mengakui perlakuan yang berbeda terhadap warga Palestina dan warga Israel, seperti memiliki jalur terpisah untuk kedua komunitas dan mengoperasikan pos pemeriksaan bagi warga Palestina, dan menegaskan bahwa tindakan tersebut diperlukan untuk melindungi warga Israel dari serangan kelompok bersenjata Palestina. Pada tahun 2011, parlemen Israel mengesahkan undang-undang yang mengkriminalisasi partisipasi dalam boikot terhadap permukiman Israel. Undang-undang tersebut menuai kritik dari Uni Eropa, Amerika Serikat, dan [[Liga Anti-Fitnah|Liga Antifitnah]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='EU worried 'Boycott Bill' will affect Israeli free speech'|url=http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=229252|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713225503/http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx?id=229252|archive-date=2011-07-13|access-date=2021-05-18|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Pemenjaraan warga Palestina ====
[[Amnesty International]] melaporkan bahwa pada tahun 2009, ratusan warga Palestina ditahan dan tidak bisa berkomunikasi dalam jangka waktu yang lama oleh Israel. Meskipun sebagian besar kemudian dibebaskan tanpa dakwaan, ratusan orang diadili di pengadilan militer yang prosedurnya sering tidak memenuhi standar internasional untuk peradilan yang jujur dan adil. Menurut Amnesty, hampir semua penahanan Palestina melanggar hukum kemanusiaan internasional, yang melarang pemindahan tahanan ke wilayah kekuasaan pendudukan (yaitu Israel). Laporan tersebut menyatakan bahwa sekitar 300 anak di bawah umur dan 550 orang dewasa ditahan tanpa tuduhan atau diadili selama lebih dari setahun.<ref name="AMNESTY2009">{{Cite web|title=Countries|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/israel-occupied-territories/report-2009|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref>

Pada tahun 2011, Sekretaris Jenderal PBB, [[Ban Ki-moon]], mengatakan Israel menahan ribuan warga Palestina sebagai tahanan, dan meminta Israel untuk membebaskan mereka. Ban mengatakan pembebasan tahanan politik akan “berfungsi sebagai langkah membangun kepercayaan” dan meningkatkan prospek perdamaian di wilayah tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 March 2011|title=Israel's release of Palestinian political prisoners could boost peace prospects – Ban|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37698&Cr=palestin&Cr1|publisher=UN}}</ref> Juga, Amnesty International meminta Israel untuk membebaskan tahanan politik, seraya mengatakan, "Semua tahanan politik yang dipidana tanpa dakwaan atau persidangan harus disidang secara adil."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Press Releases|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases|publisher=Amnesty International UK|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603062041/http://amnesty.org.uk/news_details.asp?NewsID=13419|archive-date=June 3, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Israel keberatan dengan pembebasan tahanan, banyak di antara mereka telah dihukum oleh pengadilan Israel karena kejahatan kekerasan seperti pembunuhan.{{Butuh rujukan}}Namun, beberapa kesepakatan pembebasan tahanan telah dilakukan oleh Israel sebagai tanda-tanda negosiasi, banyak di antaranya melibatkan pembebasan ratusan atau lebih tahanan.

Menurut Amnesty International, [[Tahanan Palestina di Israel|metode penyiksaan yang digunakan oleh Israel terhadap tahanan Palestina]] termasuk menjadikan tahanan menjadi makin stres, kurang tidur, serta ancaman menyakiti keluarga tahanan. Pemukulan dan perlakuan buruk lainnya terhadap tahanan sering terjadi selama dan setelah penangkapan dan selama pemindahan dari satu lokasi ke lokasi lain.<ref name="AMNESTY2009">{{Cite web|title=Countries|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/region/israel-occupied-territories/report-2009|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref>

==== Perlakuan terhadap kelompok etnis dan agama minoritas ====
Organisasi seperti Amnesty International, Asosiasi Hak Sipil di Israel (ACRI), Or Commission yang ditunjuk pemerintah Israel, dan [[Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat|Departemen Luar Negeri]] Amerika Serikat<ref name="state.gov-2004">{{Cite web|date=2005-02-28|title=Israel and the occupied territories|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41723.htm|publisher=State.gov|access-date=2010-07-22}}</ref> telah menerbitkan laporan yang mendokumentasikan rasisme dan diskriminasi yang ditujukan terhadap kelompok suku dan ras di Israel.

Menurut sebuah penelitian yang dilakukan oleh bagian administrasi Pengadilan Israel dan Asosiasi Pengacara Israel, warga Arab-Israel yang dituduh melakukan jenis kejahatan tertentu lebih rentan dihukum berat dibandingkan warga Yahudi, dan begitu terbukti bersalah, mereka lebih mungkin dijebloskan ke penjara. Studi ini juga menemukan perbedaan jangka waktu hukuman penjara yang diberikan, dengan rata-rata hukuman penjara 9,5 bulan bagi orang Yahudi dan 14 bulan bagi orang Arab.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 August 2011|title=Israeli Arabs More Likely to Be Convicted for Crimes Than Their Jewish Counterparts, Study Shows|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5039052|work=Haaretz}}</ref>

Kelompok HAM mengatakan bahwa undang-undang antidiskriminasi tenaga kerja di Israel jarang ditegakkan. Koalisi sembilan kelompok HAM Israel menentang praktik perusahaan yang hanya membuka lowongan kerja bagi Yahudi-Israel, dan tidak mempekerjakan Arab-Israel. Perusahaan yang beriklan di bawah bendera "buruh Ibrani" menganut filosofi ketenagakerjaan terpisah yang berasal dari praktik imigran Yahudi di Palestina pada paruh pertama abad ke-20 yang dimaksudkan untuk memperkuat industri Israel yang sedang berkembang dari pengaruh Inggris dan Arab.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Israel's rights groups condemn 'Jews only' businesses (The National, Aug 10, 2011)|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/israels-rights-groups-condemn-jews-only-businesses|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812000208/http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/israels-rights-groups-condemn-jews-only-businesses|archive-date=August 12, 2011|access-date=August 12, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Upaya perdamaian yang stagnan ===
Pada bulan Februari 2011, Benjamin Netanyahu menelepon Kanselir Jerman, [[Angela Merkel]], untuk mengeluhkan keputusan Jerman yang mendukung resolusi di DK PBB yang menyatakan permukiman Israel itu ilegal dan dia menjawab, "Beraninya Anda! Anda mengecewakan kami. Anda belum membuat satu langkah pun untuk mewujudkan perdamaian."<ref>Ravid, Barak. [http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/merkel-chides-netanyahu-for-failing-to-make-a-single-step-to-advance-peace-1.345539?localLinksEnabled=false "Merkel chides Netanyahu for failing to make 'a single step to advance peace'."] ''Haaretz Newspaper'', 25 February 2011.</ref> Beberapa hari kemudian diplomat veteran Israel Ilan Baruch mengundurkan diri dengan alasan bahwa kebijakan Netanyahu mengarah pada delegitimasi Israel.<ref>Ravid, Barak. [http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/veteran-israeli-diplomat-netanyahu-and-lieberman-harming-israel-s-stance-in-international-community-1.346624?localLinksEnabled=false "Veteran Israeli diplomat: Netanyahu and Lieberman harming Israel's stance in international community."] ''Haaretz Newspaper'', 2 March 2011.</ref>

=== Praktik militer ===
[[Berkas:Sharon_Policy_with_observers_-_Kahil.jpg|jmpl|300x300px| [[Kartun editorial|Kartun politik]] karya kartunis Lebanon Mahmoud Kahil yang mengkritik kebijakan [[Ariel Sharon]]]]

==== Tameng manusia ====
[[Angkatan Pertahanan Israel]] (IDF) mengaku menggunakan "Prosedur Peringatan Dini" yang akan mendorong seorang kenalan Palestina dari seorang buron untuk mencoba meyakinkannya agar menyerah. Praktek ini dikritik oleh beberapa orang karena menggunakan "[[tameng manusia]]", sebuah tuduhan yang dibantah oleh IDF, dengan mengatakan bahwa mereka tidak pernah memaksa orang untuk melaksanakan Prosedur Peringatan Dini; dan bahwa warga Palestina secara sukarela mencegah jatuhnya banyak korban jiwa. Amnesty International<ref>{{Cite web|date=2002-11-04|title=Israel and the Occupied Territories Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/143/2002/en/|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=2007-09-09}}</ref> dan Human Rights Watch<ref name="hrw.org">[[Human Rights Watch]], ''Jenin: IDF Military Operations'', [http://hrw.org/reports/2002/israel3/israel0502-06.htm VII. Human Shielding and the Use of Civilians for Military Purposes], May 2002.</ref> termasuk di antara kelompok yang membanding-bandingkan prosedur ini dengan “tameng manusia”. Kelompok Israel [[B'Tselem]] juga membuat perbandingan tersebut, dengan mengatakan bahwa "untuk jangka waktu yang lama setelah pecahnya [[Operasi Tameng Pertahanan]], pada Intifada kedua bulan April 2002, IDF secara sistematis menggunakan warga sipil Palestina sebagai tameng manusia, memaksa mereka untuk melakukan tindakan yang mengancam kehidupan mereka".<ref name="B'Tselem">[[B'Tselem]], "[http://www.btselem.org/english/Human_Shields/20060720_Human_Shields_in_Beit_Hanun.asp 20 July 2006: Israeli Soldiers use civilians as Human Shields in Beit Hanun]", July 20, 2006.</ref> Prosedur Peringatan Dini dilarang oleh [[Mahkamah Agung Israel]] pada tahun 2005 tetapi beberapa kelompok mengatakan IDF terus menggunakannya, meskipun mereka mengatakan jumlah kasusnya telah menurun tajam.<ref name="B'Tselem" /><ref name="CBS">"[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/11/world/main2674604.shtml Israel Probes "Human Shield" Allegations]", [[CBS News]], 11 April 2007.</ref>

==== Kepemilikan senjata pemusnah massal ====
Israel diketahui memiliki 150 unit senjata nuklir, dan telah dikritik karena terus menyimpannya serta tak menyetujui zona bebas nuklir Timur Tengah. Pada bulan September 2009, [[Badan Tenaga Atom Internasional]] mengeluarkan resolusi yang "menyatakan keprihatinan mengenai kemampuan nuklir Israel, dan menyerukan kepada Israel untuk menyetujui [[Perjanjian Nonproliferasi Senjata Nuklir]] dan menyimpan semua fasilitas nuklirnya di bawah perlindungan IAEA yang komprehensif..."<ref>{{Cite news|date=29 May 2010|via=news.bbc.co.uk|title=Q&A: Nuclear disarmament|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6103398.stm}}</ref>

Israel juga telah menandatangani [[Konvensi Senjata Kimia]] tetapi belum meratifikasinya, dengan alasan negara-negara tetangganya juga belum meratifikasinya.<ref name="ARMSCONTROLASSOCIATION">{{Cite web|title=Chemical and Biological Weapons Status at a Glance - Arms Control Association|url=http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/cbwprolif|website=armscontrol.org}}</ref> Israel diyakini memiliki senjata kimia, tetapi para pejabat tidak pernah secara langsung mengakuinya, meskipun pada tahun 1990 Menteri Sains Yuval Neeman mengancam akan membalas serangan senjata kimia Irak "dengan barang yang sama".<ref>{{Cite news|last=AP|date=28 July 1990|title=Israeli Sees Chemical Option Against Iraqis|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/28/world/israeli-sees-chemical-option-against-iraqis.html|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Israel belum menandatangani [[Konvensi Senjata Biologis]].<ref name="ARMSCONTROLASSOCIATION" />

==== Pembunuhan yang ditargetkan terhadap kelompok teroris ====
Amnesty International mengecam kebijakan pembunuhan Israel yang menargetkan individu.<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/MDE15/056/2003/en/ ISRAEL AND THE OCCUPIED TERRITORIES: ISRAEL MUST PUT AN IMMEDIATE END TO THE POLICY AND PRACTICE OF ASSASSINATIONS (Amnesty, 3 July 2003)] "Amnesty International calls for an immediate end to the policy and practice of assassinations. For many years the Israeli army and security services have pursued a policy of extrajudicially executing Palestinians, without offering any proof of guilt and no right of defence. The pursuit of this policy has also resulted in the unlawful killing of scores and injury of hundreds of bystanders, including children"</ref> Para pejabat Israel telah mengakui bahwa kebijakan tersebut ada dan sedang dilaksanakan, dengan mengatakan bahwa kebijakan tersebut membantu mencegah tindakan terorisme yang dilakukan terhadap Israel. [[Pembunuhan yang ditargetkan|Amerika Serikat]] memiliki kebijakan yang sangat mirip.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Targeted Killing|url=https://www.aclu.org/issues/national-security/targeted-killing|website=American Civil Liberties Union|language=en|access-date=2020-08-05}}</ref> Kritik juga muncul dari kalangan sayap kiri Israel, yang mengatakan kebijakan pembunuhan adalah "perilaku gangster" yang tidak layak bagi pemerintah dan bertentangan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan Israel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 August 2001|via=news.bbc.co.uk|title=Israel's 'assassination policy'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/1258187.stm}}</ref> Mahkamah Agung Israel telah memutuskan bahwa pembunuhan adalah tindakan ilegal, namun dokumen yang bocor menunjukkan bahwa tentara Israel mengabaikan keputusan tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 February 2011|title=Israeli soldier faces jail for passing secrets to reporter|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israeli-soldier-faces-jail-for-passing-secrets-to-reporter-2206362.html|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref>

=== Yahudisasi Yerusalem ===
Istilah ''Yahudisasi Yerusalem'' mengacu pada pandangan bahwa [[Israel]] berupaya mengubah lanskap fisik dan demografi [[Yerusalem]] agar sesuai dengan visi Yerusalem Bersatu di bawah kedaulatan Negara [[Orang Yahudi|Yahudi]].<ref name="Zink">{{Citation|title=A quiet transfer: the Judaization of Jerusalem|last=Valerie Zink|journal=Contemporary Arab Affairs|volume=2|number=1|date=January 2009|pages=122–133|doi=10.1080/17550910802576148}}This definition is drawn largely from Valerie Zink's, and is supported, among others, by that of Hassassian in Ginat et al., who defines the Judaization of Jerusalem as "impos[ing] a Jewish landscape both physically and demographically."</ref>

[[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]] telah mengkritik upaya Israel untuk mengubah susunan demografi Yerusalem dalam beberapa resolusi. Semua tindakan legislatif dan administratif yang diambil oleh Israel, yang telah mengubah atau bertujuan untuk mengubah sifat, status hukum dan komposisi demografi Yerusalem, digambarkan oleh PBB sebagai “batal demi hukum” dan “tidak memiliki validitas apa pun”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Status of Jerusalem (UN)|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808102228/https://www.un.org/Depts/dpi/palestine/ch12.pdf|archive-date=2019-08-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Richard A. Falk|Richard Falk]], penyelidik Dewan HAM PBB, mengatakan bahwa perluasan permukiman Israel di Yerusalem Timur dan penggusuran penduduk Palestina "hanya dapat digambarkan dalam dampak kumulatifnya sebagai bentuk [[Pembersihan etnik|pembersihan etnis]]".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inter Press Service - News and Views from the Global South|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=54972|website=ipsnews.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920095419/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=54972|archive-date=2011-09-20|access-date=2011-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dalam laporan tahun 2008, John Dugard, penyelidik independen [[Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|Dewan HAM PBB]], memandang Yahudisasi Yerusalem sebagai kebijakan "[[kolonialisme]], [[Israel dan analogi apartheid|apartheid]], atau pendudukan" Israel yang menciptakan sebuah konteks bahwa [[Kekerasan politik Palestina|terorisme Palestina]] adalah "konsekuensi yang tak terelakkan".<ref name="IHT">{{Citation|title=UN expert calls Palestinian terrorism 'inevitable consequence' of Israeli occupation|last=The Associated Press|publisher=International Herald Tribune|date=26 February 2008|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/02/26/news/UN-GEN-UN-Israel.php}}</ref>

=== Undang-Undang Kepulangan Yahudi ===
Israel telah mengesahkan [[Undang-Undang Kepulangan]] yang memungkinkan orang Yahudi mendapatkan jalur cepat untuk mendapatkan kewarganegaraan Israel. [[Pengungsi Palestina]] tidak dapat mengajukan permohonan kewarganegaraan Israel berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan karena mereka bukan Yahudi, meskipun mereka dapat mengajukan permohonan kewarganegaraan Israel melalui jalur konvensional. Undang-undang tersebut dikritik Institut Studi Hak Asasi Manusia Kairo yang mengatakan undang-undang tersebut adalah "contoh utama undang-undang Israel yang mendiskriminasi orang Arab Palestina".<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 18, 2002|title=Racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and all forms of discrimination|url=https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=E/CN.4/2002/NGO/152|publisher=United Nations}}</ref> Komite Anti-Diskriminasi Amerika-Arab mengatakan perbedaan antara UU Kepulangan dan penolakan Israel terhadap [[Hak pemulangan Palestina|hak pemulangan]] pengungsi Palestina menunjukkan “rasisme yang tidak berdasar”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=THE PALESTINIAN RIGHT OF RETURN (ADC issue paper 30, 2001)|url=http://www.adc.org/issue_papers/ror/issuepaper30.PDF|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713154515/http://www.adc.org/issue_papers/ror/issuepaper30.PDF|archive-date=July 13, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lebih dari 1.000 orang Yahudi Amerika mendukung kampanye bertajuk “Langgar Undang-Undang Kepulangan”, dan mengatakan bahwa UU Kepulangan menciptakan kewarganegaraan yang eksklusif secara etnis, yang mereka anggap tidak adil.<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 February 2010|title=Left-Wing US Jews Call 'Law of Return' Racist|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/136153|website=Israel National News}}</ref>

Kritikus menyatakan bahwa jaminan hak bagi orang Yahudi untuk berimigrasi ke Israel bersifat diskriminatif terhadap non-Yahudi dan oleh karena itu bertentangan dengan nilai demokrasi yaitu kesetaraan di bawah hukum.<ref name="jpost">{{Cite news|last=Omer-Man|first=Michael|date=7 August 2011|title=This Week in History: Jewish right to aliya becomes law|url=http://www.jpost.com/Features/In-Thespotlight/This-Week-in-History-Jewish-right-to-aliya-becomes-law|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref>

=== Pemerintahan saat ini ===
Mantan Perdana Menteri Israel [[Ehud Barak]] menyatakan hal tersebut saat ini{{Kapan}} Pemerintah Israel “terinfeksi fasisme” dan "harus digulingkan". Anggota Parlemen Persatuan Zionis [[Tzipi Livni]] menyatakan pemerintah berada dalam kondisi "krisis—tidak hanya dalam hal kepemimpinan tetapi juga etika." <ref>{{Cite web|date=21 May 2016|title=Ex-PM says current Israeli govt needs to be brought down|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/world/21-May-16/ex-pm-says-current-israeli-govt-needs-to-be-brought-down|publisher=Daily Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522145859/http://dailytimes.com.pk/world/21-May-16/ex-pm-says-current-israeli-govt-needs-to-be-brought-down|archive-date=2016-05-22|access-date=21 May 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Barak warns of 'fascism' in Israel's government; Livni sees an 'ethical crisis'|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/livni-pm-picking-liberman-over-yaalon-is-crisis-of-ethics/|work=Times of Israel|access-date=21 May 2016}}</ref>

PBB telah mengeluarkan 232 resolusi sehubungan dengan Israel sejak tahun 2003, mewakili 40% dari seluruh resolusi yang dikeluarkan oleh PBB selama periode tersebut dan lebih dari enam kali lipat resolusi negara urutan kedua, [[Sudan]].<ref name="eyeontheunresolution">{{Cite web|title=UN Resolutions between 2003 and today by country|url=http://www.eyeontheun.org/browse-un.asp?ya=1&sa=1&ua=1&s=0&tp=1&tpn=Resolution|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718153606/http://www.eyeontheun.org/browse-un.asp?ya=1&sa=1&ua=1&s=0&tp=1&tpn=Resolution|archive-date=2011-07-18|access-date=2010-12-11|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Menurut kesaksian LSM hak asasi manusia pro-Israel[[UN Watch|, UN Watch,]] kepada [[Kongres Amerika Serikat]] pada Januari 2011 terkait dengan [[Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|Dewan Hak Asasi Manusia PBB]], Israel telah menjadi fokus dari 70% dari sekitar 50 resolusi kecaman yang dikeluarkan oleh dewan tersebut, 60% dari sepuluh Sidang Khusus dewan dan 100% dari lima misi atau penyelidikan pencarian fakta dewan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Watch Testifies Before U.S. Congress on "The State of Human Rights at the U.N."|url=http://www.unwatch.org/site/apps/nlnet/content2.aspx?c=bdKKISNqEmG&b=1313923&ct=9085393}}</ref>

== Kejahatan kemanusiaan ==

=== Tuduhan apartheid ===
Tindakan Israel telah beberapa kali dibanding-bandingkan dengan apartheid Afrika Selatan. Israel tidak setuju dengan analogi tersebut, meski persamaannya banyak ditunjukkan di kalangan internasional.<ref>[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/689d27cc-7a98-11e2-9cc2-00144feabdc0.html Settler policy imperils Israel’s foundations, Financial Times, Feb. 21st, 2013]: "Faced with widely drawn international parallels between the West Bank and the Bantustans of apartheid South Africa, senior figures in Mr Netanyahu’s Likud party have begun to admit the danger."</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McGreal|first=Chris|date=6 February 2006|title=Worlds apart|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/feb/06/southafrica.israel|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

Asosiasi Hak-Hak Sipil di Israel, sebuah perhimpunan di Israel dengan dukungan dari beberapa negara Uni Eropa, menegaskan pada tahun 2008 bahwa jaringan jalan terpisah di Tepi Barat untuk Israel dan Palestina, perluasan permukiman Yahudi, pembatasan pertumbuhan kota-kota Palestina dan pemberian layanan, anggaran, dan akses terhadap sumber daya alam yang bersifat diskriminatif merupakan "pelanggaran terang-terangan terhadap prinsip kesetaraan dan dalam banyak hal mengingatkan kita pada rezim Apartheid di Afrika Selatan".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lynfield|first=Ben|date=7 December 2008|title=Civil rights group claim Israeli occupation is "reminiscent of apartheid"|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2008/12/08/civil-rights-group-claim-israeli-occupation-reminiscent-apartheid|website=The Independent|access-date=26 September 2019}}</ref>

Israel juga dituduh melakukan apartheid oleh Michael Ben-Yair, jaksa agung Israel dari tahun 1993 hingga 1996<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ben|first=Michael|date=2010-05-11|title=The war's seventh day|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=136433|website=Haaretz|access-date=2010-05-16}}</ref> dan [[Shulamit Aloni]], yang menjabat sebagai Menteri Pendidikan di bawah [[Yitzhak Rabin]].<ref name="English translation">{{Cite news|last=אלוני|first=שולמית|date=31 December 2006|title=אכן כן, אפרטהייד בישראל|url=https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3346283,00.html|work=Ynet}}</ref>

Pada bulan April 2021, [[Human Rights Watch]] menuduh pejabat Israel melakukan kejahatan apartheid dan penganiayaan berdasarkan hukum internasional dan menyerukan penyelidikan Mahkamah Pidana Internasional atas klaim tersebut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-27|title=Abusive Israeli Policies Constitute Crimes of Apartheid, Persecution|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/27/abusive-israeli-policies-constitute-crimes-apartheid-persecution|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|access-date=2021-04-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Andrew Carey|date=27 April 2021|title=Israel accused of apartheid by Human Rights Watch|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/27/middleeast/israel-apartheid-accusation-intl-hnk/index.html|website=CNN|access-date=2021-04-27}}</ref>

=== Tuduhan genosida ===
Pakar-pakar dan sarjana mulai menggunakan bahasa ''genosida'' dalam membahas konflik Israel–Palestina, baik untuk menggambarkan seruan penghancuran Israel dan pembunuhan tanpa pandang bulu terhadap warga sipil oleh Hamas dan kelompok ekstremis Palestina lainnya, dan juga untuk menggambarkan dampak kumulatif kebijakan Israel di Jalur Gaza.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beres|first=Louis Rene|date=September 1, 1996|title=Israel, the Peace Process, and Nuclear Terrorism: A Jurisprudential Perspective|url=https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1398&context=ilr|journal=Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review|volume=18|issue=4}}</ref>

Sejak itu, juru bicara Israel dan Palestina sering menuduh satu sama lain merencanakan skema genosida. Selama lonjakan kekerasan dalam konflik tersebut, beberapa pakar menganggap serangan yang dilakukan Hamas sebagai tindakan ilegal berdasarkan Konvensi Genosida,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weiner|first=Justus Reid|last2=Bell|first2=Avi|date=2009|title=The Gaza War of 2009: Applying International Humanitarian Law to Israel and Hamas|url=https://digital.sandiego.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1115&context=ilj|journal=San Diego Internation Law Journal|volume=11|issue=5}}</ref> dan pakar lain seperti [[Sejarawan Baru]] [[Ilan Pappé]] menganggap balasan yang dilakukan Israel dan kebijakan keseluruhannya di Jalur Gaza sebagai bentuk genosida, sering memperluas istilah tersebut melampaui definisi konvensi tersebut.<ref>{{Citation|last=Pappe|first=Ilan|title=Genocide in Gaza|date=2010|url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230107922_26|journal=The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction|pages=201–205|editor-last=Cook|editor-first=William A.|access-date=2023-10-13|place=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|language=en|doi=10.1057/9780230107922_26|isbn=978-0-230-10792-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Pappe|first=Ilan|date=2010|url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230107922_26|title=The Plight of the Palestinians: A Long History of Destruction|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US|isbn=978-0-230-10792-2|pages=201–205|language=en|chapter=Genocide in Gaza}}</ref>

== Perbandingan dengan Nazi Jerman ==
Israel kadang dibandingkan dengan [[Jerman Nazi|Nazi Jerman]], secara langsung atau secara kiasan. Contohnya antara lain: menyamakan [[Jalur Gaza]] dengan [[Kamp konsentrasi Nazi|kamp konsentrasi di Eropa yang diduduki Nazi]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 July 2014|title=London protesters compare Gaza to Auschwitz outside Israeli Embassy|url=http://ukmediawatch.org/2014/07/12/london-protesters-compare-gaza-to-auschwitz-outside-israeli-embassy/}}</ref>{{Butuh sumber yang lebih baik|borderline RS - better to use a secondary source|date=July 2018}} Satuan Kerja Penyusun Definisi Antisemitisme IHRA menganggap perbandingan seperti itu sebagai antisemit.

Setelah [[Perang Enam Hari]] 1967, Uni Soviet membandingkan taktik Israel dengan taktik Nazi Jerman.<ref>Druks, Herbert, ''The Uncertain Alliance: The U.S. and Israel from Kennedy to the Peace Process'', Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p.50.</ref> Perbandingan serupa dibuat oleh penulis Arab Israel, Nimer Nimer.<ref>[[Daniel Gordis|Gordis, Daniel]], ''Saving Israel: How the Jewish People Can Win a War That May Never End'', John Wiley and Sons, 2010, p.&nbsp;97.</ref> [[Yeshayahu Leibowitz]], intelektual publik Israel, ilmuwan, dan Yahudi Ortodoks, memperingatkan pada tahun 1982 bahwa jika pendudukan terus berlanjut, Israel akan terjerumus ke dalam "Yudeo-Nazisme".<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/the-mengele-squad-1.316622 Haaretz]: "Prof. Yeshayahu Leibowitz's famous comment at the beginning of the First Lebanon War about "phenomena of Judeo-Nazism" as the inevitable consequences of an "occupation regime," stirred a furor in Israel. There are some things you must not say aloud, or even think to yourself. This was in 1982. The occupation was 15 years old and Leibowitz, in his sharp voice, was shouting what few others were saying here – if they did, it was in a whisper, and never, heaven forbid, in the army itself."</ref>

Pada tahun 1984, penulis Israel Stockman-Shomron mencatat sindiran Nazi dalam artikel-artikel yang mengkritik Israel dalam publikasi termasuk ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'', ''[[The Washington Post]],'' dan ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>Stockman-Shomron, Israel, ''Israel, the Middle East, and the Great Powers'', Transaction Publishers, 1984, p.79</ref>

Contoh-contoh sejak [[Intifadah al-Aqsha|Intifada Kedua]] (istilah yang menggambarkan peristiwa-peristiwa yang umumnya dianggap terjadi pada tahun 2000 hingga 2005) meliputi:

* Pada tahun 2000, Nur Masalha mencirikan pendudukan Israel di Palestina sebanding dengan kebijakan Nazi, ''[[Lebensraum]]'' yang memperoleh wilayah untuk kepentingan Jerman.<ref>[[Nur Masalha|Masalha, Nur]], ''Imperial Israel and the Palestinians: the politics of expansion'', p.&nbsp;80</ref>
* Pada tahun 2002, penulis Portugis pemenang Hadiah Nobel [[José de Sousa Saramago|Jose Saramago]] membandingkan kondisi di [[Ramallah]] dengan kamp konsentrasi dan, dalam percakapan dengan seorang jurnalis, berkomentar bahwa kamar gas "akan segera datang sesaat lagi".<ref>''Le Monde'', May 24, 2002, cited in Bruckner p.71; also discussed in Soyinka, Wole, '' Climate of fear: the quest for dignity in a dehumanized world'', Random House, Inc., 2005, p.109, Rosenbaum, pp.18-19, Berman, Paul, ''Terror and liberalism'', pp.139-140</ref>
* Pada tahun 2004, penulis Josie Sandercock menggambarkan Gaza sebagai "kamp konsentrasi terbesar di dunia".<ref>Sandercock, Josie, ''Peace under fire: Israel/Palestine and the International Solidarity Movement'', Verso, 2004, pp.209-231.</ref> Pada tahun 2005, penulis Chili [[Luis Sepúlveda|Luis Sepulveda]] menulis: "Di Auschwitz dan Mauthausen, di Sabra, Shatila, dan Gaza, Zionisme dan Nazisme berjalan beriringan".<ref>''Une sale historie'' [Paris: Anne-Marie Metailie 2005] p.44, cited in Bruckner, p.71.</ref>
* Pada tahun 2006, jurnalis Arab Jihad al-Khazin menulis artikel di Al-Hayat yang membandingkan [[Ehud Olmert]] dengan Hitler.<ref>Jihad Al-Khazin, “The Small Fuhrer,” Al-Hayat, July 14, 2006</ref>
* Pada tahun 2009, [[Anggota parlemen|Anggota Parlemen]] Britania Raya Gerald Kaufman menyatakan bahwa pembenaran Israel atas kematian 1.000 warga Palestina dengan alasan bahwa "500 di antaranya adalah militan" mewakili "jawaban Nazi", dan logika yang sama dapat diterapkan dalam Ghetto Warsawa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vardi|first=Daphna|date=2009-01-16|title=MP Kaufman likens Israelis to Nazis &#124; Jewish Telegraphic Agency|url=http://jta.org/news/article/2009/01/16/1002308/mp-kaufman-likens-israelis-to-nazis|publisher=Jta.org|access-date=2014-08-18}}</ref>
* Pada tahun 2009, Profesor William I. Robinson dituduh antisemit oleh [[Liga Anti-Fitnah|Liga Antifitnah]] dan melakukan pelanggaran karena materi kelasnya menyertakan perbandingan gambar visual [[Perang Gaza (2008–2009)|serangan Israel di Gaza]] dengan [[Ghetto Warsawa]]. Para sarjana perdamaian di Timur Tengah mendukung Robinson, dengan alasan [[Kebebasan akademik|kebebasan akademis]].<ref>* {{cite journal|author=Peter Schmidt|date=April 29, 2009|title=Head of Anti-Defamation League Urged Santa Barbara to Act Against Critic of Israel|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Head-of-Anti-Defamation-League/47225|journal=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]}}
* {{cite web|author=Dana L. Cloud|date=April 30, 2009|title=The McCarthyism That Horowitz Built: The Cases of Margo Ramlal Nankoe, William Robinson, Nagesh Rao and Loretta Capeheart|url=http://www.counterpunch.org/cloud04302009.html|work=[[CounterPunch]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529104222/http://www.counterpunch.org/cloud04302009.html|archive-date=May 29, 2010|url-status=dead}}
* [https://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/commentary/la-oe-goldberg12-2009may12,0,1363776.story What is anti-Semitism? A UCSB professor's controversial e-mail underscores the need to define a sensitive subject] by Nicholas Goldberg.  May 12, 2009. ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''
* [http://www.spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi?ID=5691 online]</ref>
* Pada tahun 2009 dan 2010, dua pelapor khusus [[Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa|PBB]], [[Richard A. Falk|Richard Falk]] dan Jean Ziegler, dikritik oleh komentator pro-Israel karena membuat perbandingan antara kebijakan pemerintah Israel dan kebijakan Nazi Jerman.<ref>Falk's reports are available at [http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?m=91] and [http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G09/122/19/PDF/G0912219.pdf?OpenElement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018221718/http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?m=91|date=2018-10-18}}</ref><ref>* [[Robert Spencer (author)|Spencer, Robert]] and [[Pamela Geller|Geller, Pamela]], ''The Post-American Presidency: The Obama Administration's War on America'', Simon and Schuster, 2010, pp.97-98.</ref><ref>Bard, Mitchell G., ''Will Israel Survive?'', Macmillan, 2008, p.196:

* "Jean Ziegler, the UN special rapporteur on the Right of Food, for example, called the Gaza Strip 'an immense concentration camp' and compared Israelis to Nazis."</ref>
* Pada tahun 2010, profesor Israel Gavriel Salomon memprotes undang-undang sumpah prasetia Israel, dan membandingkan Israel dengan Nazi Jerman, dan menambahkan: "Saya tidak berbicara tentang kamp kematian, tetapi tentang tahun 1935. Belum ada kamp tetapi ada undang-undang yang rasis. Dan kami sedang menuju ke arah undang-undang semacam ini."<ref>Shtull-Trauring, Asaf, "Israeli academic: Loyalty oath resembles racist laws of 1935", in ''Haaretz'', 10 October 2010. [http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israeli-academic-loyalty-oath-resembles-racist-laws-of-1935-1.318275 online]</ref>
* Pada tahun 2013, musisi [[Roger Waters]] mengatakan dalam sebuah wawancara daring di Amerika Serikat, "Kesamaannya dengan apa yang terjadi pada tahun 1930-an di Jerman sangatlah jelas."<ref name="theguardian2">{{Cite news|last=Thorpe|first=Vanessa|last2=Helmore|first2=Edward|date=14 December 2013|title=Former Pink Floyd frontman sparks fury by comparing Israelis to Nazis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/12/law-in-these-parts-israel-palestine|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=1 April 2016}}</ref>
* Pada tahun 2015, saat wawancara di Kol Yisrael, Dr. Ofer Cassif, dosen ilmu politik di [[Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem]], berkata, "Saya pikir adil untuk membandingkan Israel dengan Jerman pada tahun 1930-an, dan bukan dengan tahun-tahun genosida... kita telah memasuki fase yang benar-benar berbeda dalam sejarah negara ini. Kita sekarang adalah Jerman pada tahun 1930-an."<ref name="haaretz2">{{Cite news|last=Lis|first=Jonathan|last2=Pulwer|first2=Sharon|date=28 December 2015|title=Justice Minister Shaked Is 'Neo-Nazi Scum,' Says Hebrew University Professor|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.694240|work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=30 December 2015}}</ref>
* Pada tahun 2018, setelah [[Undang-Undang Dasar: Israel sebagai Negara-Bangsa Yahudi|Undang-Undang Negara Bangsa]] disahkan, Presiden Turki [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] mengatakan "semangat [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]" tetap hidup di Israel. Dia mengatakan undang-undang tersebut dirancang untuk memperkuat identitas Israel sebagai “rumah nasional orang Yahudi” yang menunjukkan bahwa jiwa Nazi telah “bangkit kembali dalam diri beberapa pejabat Israel”. Ia menambahkan, "Tidak ada perbedaan antara obsesi Hitler terhadap ras murni dan pemahaman bahwa tanah kuno ini hanya untuk orang Yahudi."<ref name="independent">{{Cite news|last=McKernan|first=Bethan|date=24 July 2018|title='Spirit of Hitler' has emerged in Israel after new nation state law, says Turkey president Erdogan|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-state-law-turkey-erdogan-netanyahu-arabic-settlements-west-bank-hitler-a8461991.html|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=24 July 2018}}</ref>
* Hajo Meyer, fisikawan dan [[Sh'erit ha-Pletah|penyintas Holocaust]] Yahudi dari [[Kamp konsentrasi Auschwitz|Auschwitz]], menghabiskan tahun-tahun terakhir hidupnya membandingkan perlakuan Israel terhadap warga Palestina dengan perlakuan Nazi di Jerman.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Zeffman|first=Henry|date=1 August 2018|title=Hajo Meyer profile: Physicist who survived Auschwitz|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/hajo-meyer-profile-physicist-who-survived-auschwitz-x76qtd0d5|work=The Times|access-date=11 September 2018}}</ref>

Forum Antisemitisme Eropa menyatakan bahwa "membandingkan kebijakan kontemporer Israel dengan kebijakan Nazi" dianggap mempropagandakan antisemitisme.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Working Definition of Antisemitism. European Forum on Antisemitism|url=http://www.european-forum-on-antisemitism.org/working-definition-of-antisemitism/|publisher=European-forum-on-antisemitism.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825010444/http://www.european-forum-on-antisemitism.org/working-definition-of-antisemitism/|archive-date=2014-08-25|access-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pada tahun 2006, Kelompok Parlemen Semua-Partai Menentang Antisemitisme Britania Raya merekomendasikan agar Pemerintah Inggris mengambil sikap yang sama.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Archived copy|url=http://www.antisemitism.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/All-Party-Parliamentary-Inquiry-into-Antisemitism-REPORT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822190807/http://www.antisemitism.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/All-Party-Parliamentary-Inquiry-into-Antisemitism-REPORT.pdf|archive-date=August 22, 2013|access-date=February 14, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sosiolog David Hirsh menuduh anti-Zionis menerapkan standar ganda dalam kritik mereka terhadap Israel, dan menganggap bahwa negara-negara lain menerapkan kebijakan serupa dengan Israel tanpa menyebut kebijakan tersebut sebagai "Nazi". Ia berpendapat bahwa menggambarkan Israel terlibat dalam "genosida" mengandung tuduhan yang tidak terucapkan jika dibandingkan dengan Holocaust dan persamaan Zionisme dengan Nazisme.<ref>Hirsh, David. 2007. ''[http://research.gold.ac.uk/2061/1/Hirsh_Yale_paper.pdf Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism: Cosmopolitan Reflections].'' Working Paper. Yale Initiative for the Interdisciplinary Study of Antisemitism (YIISA) Occasional Papers, New Haven, CT.</ref> Penulis Britania Raya Howard Jacobson berpendapat bahwa perbandingan antara kondisi yang dihadapi oleh warga Palestina dan kondisi di Ghetto Warsawa dimaksudkan "untuk melukai orang-orang Yahudi dalam sejarah mereka yang paling menderita dan untuk menghukum mereka dengan kesedihan mereka sendiri" dan merupakan bentuk penyangkalan Holocaust yang menerima realitas penderitaan orang-orang Yahudi tetapi menuduh orang-orang Yahudi "berusaha mengambil keuntungan dari penderitaan itu". “Seolah-olah,” katanya, “dengan membalikkan hukum sebab akibat yang biasa, tindakan orang-orang Yahudi saat ini membuktikan bahwa orang-orang Yahudi sudah mengalami hal yang sama di masa lampau.”<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 February 2009|title=Howard Jacobson: Let's see the 'criticism' of Israel for what it really is|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/howard-jacobson/howard-jacobson-letrsquos-see-the-criticism-of-israel-for-what-it-really-is-1624827.html|work=The Independent|location=London}}</ref>

Pada Mei 2018, Suara Yahudi untuk Buruh dan Kebebasan Berpendapat tentang Israel menghasilkan definisi antisemitisme. Dalam catatan yang diposting di situsnya, mereka berpendapat bahwa membandingkan tindakan Israel dengan Nazi bukan otomatis merupakan tindakan antisemit, "Menetapkan persamaan seperti itu tentu dapat menimbulkan kebencian, tetapi peristiwa dan pengalaman sejarah yang kuat selalu menjadi titik referensi utama dalam perdebatan politik." Perbandingan antisemit harus dinilai berdasarkan konten substantifnya, serta berdasarkan kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik secara wajar mengenai motivasi pembuatannya, bukan berdasarkan tingkat pelanggaran yang mungkin ditimbulkannya. "<ref name="jewishnews1">{{Cite news|date=17 May 2018|title=Jewish Voice for Labour offer new anti-Semitism definition|url=http://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/jewish-voice-for-labour-offer-new-anti-semitism-definition/|publisher=[[Jewish News]]|access-date=17 May 2018}}</ref> Pada bulan September, Suara Yahudi untuk Buruh berkontribusi pada konsultasi mengenai kode etik baru Partai Buruh yang menentang bahwa perbandingan antara Israel dan "[[Jerman Nazi|Nazi Jerman]] sebelum perang" atau Afrika Selatan era [[apartheid]] adalah "pada dasarnya antisemit", dan bahwa "Perbandingan semacam itu hanya antisemit jika mereka menunjukkan prasangka, permusuhan atau kebencian terhadap orang Yahudi."<ref name="jewishnews2">{{Cite news|date=25 September 2018|title=Expelled activist tells JVL meeting that 'witchhunt' is plot to 'topple' Corbyn|url=https://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/expelled-activist-tells-jvl-meeting-that-witchhunt-is-plot-to-topple-corbyn/|publisher=[[Jewish News]]|access-date=1 November 2018}}</ref>

== Kritik terhadap Israel dan antisemitisme ==
{{Quote box|width=256px|bgcolor=#c6dbf7|align=right|quote=“Dalam narasi ini, saya telah menyuarakan kritik terhadap tindakan berbagai pemerintah, terutama Inggris, Amerika Serikat, Prancis, negara-negara Arab dan Israel... Namun, kritik terhadap pemerintah Israel memerlukan pendekatan khusus. Penjelasan sejumlah orang, baik Yahudi maupun non-Yahudi, cenderung menyebut setiap kritik terhadap kebijakan Israel sebagai "antisemitisme ofensif", sebuah tuduhan yang menyiratkan kemerosotan moral.|source=Contoh awal persepsi hubungan antara Kritik terhadap pemerintah Israel dan dugaan antisemitisme: [[Glubb Pasha]], ''A Soldier with the Arabs,'' dalam kata pengantar memoarnya tahun 1956.<ref>Sir John Bagot Glubb, A Soldier With the Arabs, p.7: Glubb continued: “I wish to defend myself against such a charge. "Anti-Semitism", I assume, is an emotion of hatred or dislike towards Jews as a whole, whether considered from the point of view of race or religion. I can state categorically and with all sincerity that I feel no such emotion. But it is of the essence of Western democracy to allow free criticism of the government, a right freely exercised against the governments of the U.S.A., Britain, France and other free countries. It does not seem to me to be either just or expedient that similar criticisms directed against the Israeli government should brand the speaker with the moral stigma generally associated with anti-Semitism.”</ref><ref name="Morris2003">{{cite book|author=Benny Morris|title=The Road to Jerusalem: Glubb Pasha, Palestine and the Jews|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zL_1icJwNP0C&pg=PA19|date=3 October 2003|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-1-86064-989-9|pages=19–|quote=Over the decades there has been a tendency among Israelis and Jews abroad to identify strong criticism of Israel as tantamount to, or as at least stemming from, anti-Semitism. Zionists routinely branded Glubb an ‘anti semite’, and he was keenly aware of this}}</ref>}}
Beberapa kritik terhadap negara ataupun kebijakan Israel dikategorikan sebagai antisemit. Para pendukung konsep Antisemitisme Baru, seperti Phyllis Chesler, [[Gabriel Schoenfeld]], dan Mortimer Zuckerman, berpendapat bahwa, sejak [[Perang Enam Hari|Perang Enam Hari tahun]] 1967, banyak kritik terhadap Israel yang merupakan serangan terselubung terhadap orang Yahudi dan karenanya pada dasarnya bersifat antisemitisme. [[Abba Eban]], Robert S. Wistrich, dan [[Joschka Fischer]] fokus pada kritik terhadap Zionisme, dan berpendapat bahwa beberapa bentuk anti-Zionisme, khususnya serangan terhadap hak untuk hidup Israel, bersifat antisemit.{{Butuh rujukan|date=November 2020}}

Kritikus terhadap pandangan ini sering kali menganggap bahwa mengkritik Israel sama dengan mempropagandakan antisemitisme. Beberapa pengkritik Israel atau kebijakan Israel, termasuk [[Ralph Nader]], [[Jenny Tonge, Baroness Tonge|Jenny Tonge]], [[Noam Chomsky]], dan [[Desmond Tutu]] menyatakan bahwa menyamakan kritik terhadap Israel dengan antisemitisme sangat tidak tepat dan akurat. Kritikus lain, seperti [[John Mearsheimer]], Alexander Cockburn, [[Norman Finkelstein]], dan William I. Robinson, mengeklaim bahwa para pendukung Israel terkadang menyamakan kritik terhadap Israel dengan antisemitisme dalam upaya yang disengaja untuk mencegah kritik yang sah terhadap Israel dan menghujat para kritikus.{{Butuh rujukan|date=November 2020}}

Akan tetapi, pendukung pandangan ini biasanya berpendapat bahwa kritik jarang disamakan dengan antisemitisme. Misalnya, Alvin H. Rosenfeld menganggap argumen ini tidak jujur, serta menganggap bahwa "rubrik 'kritik terhadap Israel' sudah tersebar di mana-mana." Ia beranggapan bahwa, diskusi yang gencar mengenai kebijakan dan tindakan Israel sama sekali tidak dipertanyakan, tetapi pernyataan yang melampaui kritik yang sah dan mempertanyakan hak Israel untuk terus hidup.<ref name="Rosenfeld">Alvin H. Rosenfeld, "Rhetorical Violence and the Jews," The New Republic, February 27, 2007.</ref> [[Alan Dershowitz]] mengeklaim bahwa beberapa musuh Israel berpura-pura menjadi korban tuduhan antisemitisme, untuk mendapatkan dukungan terhadap posisi mereka.{{Butuh rujukan|date=November 2020}}

Dina Porat, Kepala Institut Studi Antisemitisme dan Rasisme di [[Universitas Tel Aviv]], mengkarakterisasi beberapa cita-cita antizionis sebagai antisemit, karena mereka sama saja dengan mengasingkan orang-orang Yahudi untuk mendapatkan perlakuan khusus, sementara semua kelompok serupa lainnya rakyat berhak menciptakan dan memelihara tanah airnya. Ia menganggap bahwa antizionisme adalah antisemit karena bersifat diskriminatif, "...antisemitisme muncul jika meyakini bahwa di antara semua orang di dunia (termasuk [[Orang Palestina|orang-orang Palestina]]), hanya orang-orang Yahudi yang tidak berhak untuk menentukan nasib sendiri di negeri mereka sendiri."<ref>{{Cite web|title=DEFINING ANTISEMITISM|url=https://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2003-4/porat.htm#_edn23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403165405/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2003-4/porat.htm|archive-date=2008-04-03|access-date=2021-05-18|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2003-11-29|title=Emanuele Ottolenghi: Anti-Zionism is anti-semitism|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/nov/29/comment|website=The Guardian|language=en|access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref> Hannah Rosenthal dari Departemen Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat mengatakan standar ganda PBB terhadap Israel merupakan "antisemitisme".<ref>{{Cite web|title=US anti-Semitism envoy slams UN 'double standards' on Israel|url=http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishNews/Article.aspx?id=170435}}</ref> Namun, banyak komentator berpendapat bahwa menyalahkan Israel karena mendapat kritik yang tidak proporsional adalah hal yang wajar sebagai akibat dari tindakan Israel. <ref name="Neumann">{{Cite book|last=Neumann|first=Michael|year=2006|title=The Case Against Israel|author-link=Michael Neumann}}</ref>{{Page needed}}<ref name="Ian Buruma">{{Cite news|last=Ian Buruma|author-link=Ian Buruma|date=July 2010|title=Is Israel a normal country?|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/is-israel-a-normal-country-1.300934|work=[[Haaretz]]|access-date=9 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Edward C. Corrigan">{{Cite web|last=Edward C. Corrigan|date=30 July 2010|title=Israeli Criticism of Zionism and the Treatment of Palestinians: The Politicians|url=http://dissidentvoice.org/2010/07/israeli-criticism-of-zionism-and-the-treatment-of-palestinians-the-politicians/|access-date=9 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Stephen Rosskamm Shalom">{{Cite web|last=Stephen Shalom|authorlink=Stephen Shalom|date=19 November 2010|title=Singling out Israel – the arguments revisited|url=http://jfjfp.com/?p=19093|access-date=9 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Editorial Comment">{{Cite news|last=Editorial Comment|date=17 May 2006|title=Who's singling out Israel?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2006/may/17/whossinglingoutisrael|work=The Guardian|location=London|access-date=9 December 2010}}</ref><ref name="Richard Kuper">{{Cite web|last=Richard Kuper|date=January 2006|title=Singling out Israel|url=http://www.redpepper.org.uk/Singling-out-Israel/|publisher=Red Pepper|access-date=9 December 2010}}</ref>

=== Membedakan "kritik Israel" dan "antisemitisme" ===
Pusat Pemantauan Rasisme dan Xenofobia Eropa (EUMC) menyiapkan laporan pada tahun 2003 yang membedakan kritik terhadap Israel dan antisemitisme dengan menguji apakah "orang Israel dipandang sebagai perwakilan 'orang Yahudi'": jika pembicara menganggap Israel sebagai mewakili umat Yahudi pada umumnya, maka antisemitisme dianggap berdasar.<ref>"Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002-2003", European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), 2003, [http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/AS-Main-report.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229152718/http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/AS-Main-report.pdf|date=2009-12-29}}, pp 13, 240:

: "ARE ANTI-ISRAELI AND ANTI-ZIONIST EXPRESSIONS ANTISEMITIC?   If we turn to the crucial question of defining the point where anti-Israeli and anti-Zionist expressions are to be considered as antisemitism, then we could conclude, on the basis of our definition of antisemitism, that anti-Israeli or anti-Zionist attitudes and expression are antisemitic in those cases where Israel is seen as being a representative of “the Jew”, i.e. as a representative of the traits attributed to the antisemitic construction of “the Jew”.  But what if the opposite is the case and Jews are perceived as representatives of Israel? What if Jews are criticised or offended for Israel’s policies toward the Palestinians? If we stick to our definition, then, strictly speaking, we would have to qualify hostility towards Jews as “Israelis” only then as antisemitic, if it is based on an underlying perception of Israel as “the Jew”. If this is not the case, then we would have to consider hostility towards Jews as “Israelis” as not antisemitic, because this hostility is not based on the antisemitic stereotyping of Jews...  What should not be considered as antisemitic and therefore does not have to be monitored under the heading of “antisemitism”, is hostility towards Israel as “Israel”, i.e. as a country that is criticised for its concrete policies. Hostility towards Israel as “Israel” (as opposed to criticism of Israel as representative of the stereotypical “Jew”) should only then become a matter of general public concern, when there is explicit evidence that criticism of Israel as “Israel” produces attacks on Jews as either “the Jew” or “Israeli”. If there is no such evidence, the case of criticism and hostility towards Israel as “Israel” should not be part of monitoring activities under the heading of “antisemitism”.</ref>

[[Natan Sharansky]], mantan [[Pembelot Uni Soviet|pembelot Soviet]] dan Menteri Israel, menggagas uji 3 poin untuk membedakan kritik yang sah terhadap Israel dan serangan antisemit. Uji 3 poin Sharansky yang menetapkan suatu kritik Israel sebagai antisemit adalah:<ref>* Sharansky, Natan, "3D Test of Anti-Semitism:  Demonization, Double Standards, Delegitimization", in ''Jewish Political Studies Review'' 16:3-4 (Fall 2004), [http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-sharansky-f04.htm online]
* See also: ''Congressional record of the 108th congress, Second session'', volume 150, part 14, September 15, 2004 to September 28, 2004, page 18505:

: "[Senator Norm Coleman of Minnesota speaking]  Natan Sharansky … has talked about three ways to determine whether criticism of Israel rises to the level of anti-Semitism. He talks about the three Ds"  Demonization, double standards, and delegitimization.  Demonization - when Israeli actions are blown so far out of proportion that the account paints Israel as the embodiment of all evil;  Double Standards - when Israel is criticized soundly for thing any other government would be viewed as justified in doing, like protecting its citizens from terrorism.  Delegitimization: a denial or Israel's right to exist or the right of the Jewish people to live securely in a homeland."</ref>

# Demonisasi: ketika tindakan Israel digembar-gemborkan secara tidak proporsional serta menganggap perilaku Israel sebagai kejahatan.
# Standar ganda: ketika Israel dikritik keras atas suatu tindakan atau kebijakan yang dianggap dibenarkan oleh pemerintah lainnya, seperti melindungi warganya dari terorisme.
# Delegitimasi: penolakan terhadap hak hidup Israel atau hak orang Yahudi untuk hidup aman di tanah airnya.

Demonisasi dan standar ganda sering dijadikan bukti antisemitisme dalam mengkritik Israel. Sharansky percaya bahwa beberapa kritik wajib mematuhi standar moral yang sangat tinggi terhadap Israel, lebih tinggi daripada yang diterapkan di negara-negara lain (terutama dibandingkan dengan negara-negara sekitarnya), tetapi satu-satunya karakteristik khusus Israel adalah bahwa Israel adalah negara Yahudi, oleh karena itu ada unsur antisemitisme.<ref>Sharansky, Natan, "3D Test of Anti-Semitism: Demonization, Double Standards, Delegitimization", in ''Jewish Political Studies Review'' 16:3-4 (Fall 2004), [http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-sharansky-f04.htm online]</ref>

Delegitimasi adalah salah satu faktor yang dibahas oleh [[Abba Eban]], yang mengeklaim bahwa upaya untuk menentang "persamaan hak orang Yahudi atas kedaulatan sahnya dalam komunitas bangsa-bangsa" merupakan antisemitisme.<ref>Quoted by [[Oliver Kamm]], "Chomsky, antisemitism and intellectual standards",  [http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2005/02/chomsky_antisem.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018221721/http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2005/02/chomsky_antisem.html|date=2018-10-18}}:

: Kamm quotes Eban: "There is no difference whatever between anti-Semitism and the denial of Israel's statehood. Classical anti-Semitism denies the equal right of Jews as citizens within society. Anti-Zionism denies the equal rights of the Jewish people its lawful sovereignty within the community of nations. The common principle in the two cases is discrimination". (New York Times, November 3, 1975).</ref>

=== Laporan Uni Eropa 2006 tentang antisemitisme ===
[[Fundamental Rights Agency|Pusat Pemantauan Rasisme dan Xenofobia Uni Eropa]] (sekarang berganti nama Badan HAM UE) menerbitkan rancangan definisi operasional [[antisemitisme]] yang disebut ''Definisi Kerja Antisemitisme''<ref name="Working Definition of Antisemitism">{{Cite web|title=Working Definition of Antisemitism|url=http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/material/pub/AS/AS-WorkingDefinition-draft.pdf|publisher=European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304162430/http://www.fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/material/pub/AS/AS-WorkingDefinition-draft.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2011|access-date=24 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> yang menyertai laporan pusat tersebut tentang laporan yang merangkum antisemitisme di Eropa.<ref>EUMC report</ref> Definisi kerja Pusat Pemantauan UE tersebut mencakup lima jenis perilaku terkait kritik terhadap Israel yang mungkin merupakan manifestasi antisemitisme:<ref name="Working Definition of Antisemitism" />

# Menyangkal hak orang Yahudi untuk menentukan nasib sendiri, misalnya dengan mengeklaim bahwa keberadaan Negara Israel adalah upaya rasis.
# Menerapkan standar ganda dengan mengharuskan perilaku yang tidak diharapkan atau dituntut oleh negara demokratis lainnya.
# Menggunakan simbol dan gambar yang terkait dengan antisemitisme klasik (misalnya, klaim bahwa orang Yahudi membunuh Yesus atau fitnah berdarah) untuk mencirikan Israel atau orang Israel.
# Membandingkan kebijakan Israel kontemporer dengan kebijakan Nazi.
# Meminta pertanggungjawaban Yahudi secara kolektif atas tindakan negara Israel.

Penetapan definisi ini kontroversial dan dipandang oleh banyak orang sebagai upaya untuk melarang kritik yang sah terhadap dokumen HAM Pemerintah Israel dengan menjadikan semua kritik kepada Israel sebagai antisemitisme, serta tidak membedakan antara kritik Israel sebagai negara dan kritik Zionisme sebagai ideologi politik, di satu sisi, dan kekerasan berbasis ras terhadap, diskriminasi, atau pelecehan terhadap orang Yahudi.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bechler|first=Rosemary|date=March 2007|title=A Commentary on the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism|url=http://www.ffipp-uk.org/AS_All-party_rpt_070317.doc|publisher=Faculty For Israeli-Palestinian Peace - UK|format=MS Word|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726052335/http://www.ffipp-uk.org/AS_All-party_rpt_070317.doc|archive-date=26 July 2011|access-date=24 July 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Paul Igansky menunjukkan bahwa salah satu perilaku antisemit versi Pusat Pemantauan UE, yaitu membanding-bandingkan kebijakan Israel dan Nazi, "Bisa dibilang tidak antisemit secara intrinsik", dan bahwa konteks di mana kebijakan tersebut dibuat sangatlah penting. Igansky mengilustrasikan hal ini dengan insiden ketika Perdana Menteri Israel [[Yitzhak Rabin]] digambarkan oleh sesama warga Yahudi Israel bekerja sama dengan Nazi, dan digambarkan mengenakan seragam [[Schutzstaffel|SS]]. Menurut Igansky, label "Nazi" hanya digunakan sebagai "retorika politik yang dituduhkan" dalam kasus ini.<ref name="Perry2009">Igansky, Paul, "Conceptualizing Anti-Jewish Hate Crime", in ''Hate Crimes'', [[Barbara A. Perry]] (Ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2009, pp 114-115</ref>

=== Laporan EISCA 2009 tentang kritik terhadap Israel ===
Menyusul laporan Pusat Pemantauan UE tahun 2006, Institut Studi Antisemitisme Kontemporer Eropa (EISCA) menerbitkan laporan pada tahun 2009 berjudul ''Understanding and Addressing the 'Nazi Card' - Intervening Against Antisemitism Discourse'' yang membahas perbandingan Israel dengan Nazi Jerman.<ref>Ignasky, EISCA Report.  A brief excerpt from the report's introduction, p. 4:

: "Playing the ‘Nazi card’ is a discursive act involving the use of Nazi or related terms or symbols (Nazism, Hitler, swastikas, etc.) in reference to Jews, Israel, Zionism or aspects of the Jewish experience. It manifests in words uttered in speech or in writing, or in visual representations such as artwork, drawings, caricatures, cartoons, graffiti, daubings and scratchings, or visual expressions such as a Nazi salute or the clicking of heels.  In many instances, the playing of the Nazi card is unquestionably antisemitic. However, the inclusion of particular modes of criticism of Israel in definitions of antisemitism has provoked controversy. The result has been a war of words which has stagnated into an intellectual and discursive cul-de-sac of claim and counter-claim about what does and does not qualify as antisemitism….  One of the most challenging components of antisemitic discourse in general, and the discursive theme of the Nazi card in particular, concerns the problem of when the Nazi card is played against Israel and its founding movement, Zionism. In this case playing the Nazi card involves equating the Israeli state collectively, or the state embodied by its leaders or its military practices, with Nazis, Nazi Germany, and the genocidal actions of the Nazi regime…."</ref>

Laporan tahun 2009 menggabungkan lima jenis kritik khusus terhadap Israel yang harus dianggap sebagai antisemitisme dari laporan tahun 2006 (lihat di atas untuk daftar kelimanya).<ref>EISCA report, p 34</ref>

Laporan tersebut tidak menjelaskan bahwa semua kritik terhadap Israel bersifat antisemit, "Kebencian dan protes terhadap kebijakan, praktik, dan pemimpin negara Israel dapat diungkapkan dengan berbagai cara yang keras dan tajam, seperti yang dilakukan terhadap negara lain mana pun - tidak ada satu pun yang memicu antisemitisme...",<ref>EISCA report, p 24</ref> dan "Menarik perhatian terhadap dampak buruk yang diakibatkan oleh [membandingkan Nazi dan Israel] tidak boleh dimaksudkan, atau dianggap, dengan cara apa pun sebagai upaya untuk menekan kritik terhadap Israel dan praktik militernya."<ref>EISCA report, p 32</ref>

Antony Lerman mengkritik laporan tersebut, dan menyatakan bahwa laporan tersebut dapat digunakan untuk menekan kritik yang sah terhadap Israel, dan menyatakan bahwa penulis laporan tersebut tidak siap mengatasi kemungkinan tersebut.<ref>Lerman ''Should we ban ..'':

: "While much of the [report's] definition [of anti-Semitism relating to criticism of Israel] is unexceptionable, it cites five ways in which antisemitism could be seen to "manifest itself with regard to the state of Israel taking into account the overall context".  One of these – "using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism... to characterize Israel or Israelis" – is fully justified. The other four are contentious: "Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination";  "Applying double standards by requiring of [Israel] a behaviour not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation";  "Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis"; "Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel".  None of these four are self-evidently antisemitic. But all could be used to justify labeling legitimate criticism of Israel as antisemitic. So the authors' approval of them makes their claim that "Drawing attention to the consequent harms in [playing the Nazi card against Israel] should not be intended, or taken, in any way as an attempt to suppress criticism of Israel and its military practices" both naïve and flimsy."</ref>

=== Keberatan untuk menggolongkan kritik terhadap Israel sebagai antisemitisme ===
Sejumlah komentator merasa keberatan bila kritik terhadap Israel dianggap sebagai antisemit, dan sering menyatakan bahwa para pendukung Israel menyamakan kritik dengan antisemitisme atau secara berlebihan mengaburkan perbedaan antara keduanya. Contohnya Michael P. Prior, [[Noam Chomsky]], [[Norman Finkelstein]], [[Michael Lerner (rabi)|Michael Lerner]], Antony Lerman, [[Ralph Nader]], [[Jenny Tonge, Baroness Tonge|Jenny Tonge]], [[Ken Livingstone]], dan [[Desmond Tutu]]. Mereka membeberkan alasan atas keberatan mereka, termasuk mengekang kebebasan berekspresi, mempromosikan antisemitisme, melemahkan antisemitisme sejati, dan mengasingkan orang Yahudi dari agama Yahudi atau Israel.{{Butuh rujukan|date=November 2020}}

==== Pemaknaan yang kabur dan serampangan ====
[[Michael Lerner (rabi)|Michael Lerner]] mengeklaim bahwa komunitas Yahudi-Amerika secara rutin mencoba mengaburkan perbedaan antara kritik yang sah terhadap Israel dan antisemitisme, dan mengatakan bahwa memperluas definisi antisemitisme dengan memasukkan kritik yang sah terhadap Israel ibarat "jebakan licin".<ref>Lerner:

: "The New York Times reported on January 31 [Patricia Cohen, "Essay Linking Liberal Jews and Anti_Semitism Sparks a Furor", 2007] about the most recent attempt by the American Jewish community to conflate intense criticism of Israel with anti-Semitism. In a neat little example of slippery slope, the report on 'Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism,' written by [[Alvin H. Rosenfeld]] [and published by American Jewish Committee in 2006], moves from exposing the actual anti-Semitism of those who deny Israel's right to exist—and hence deny to the Jewish people the same right to national self-determination that they grant to every other people on the planet—to those who powerfully and consistently attack Israel's policies toward Palestinians, see Israel as racist the way that it treats Israeli-Arabs (or even Sephardic Jews), or who analogize Israel's policies to those of apartheid as instituted by South Africa."</ref>

Pakar filsafat Irfan Khawaja menegaskan bahwa menyamakan antizionisme dengan antisemitisme adalah sebuah "kekeliruan", dengan menulis, "Intinya bukan berarti tuduhan 'antisemitisme' tidak boleh dilontarkan: beberapa orang pantas mendapatkannya…. Namun menyamakan antisemitisme dan antizionisme adalah lelucon yang telah berlangsung cukup lama, dan sudah saatnya mereka yang mengetahui lelucon tersebut berkata demikian….”<ref>Khawaja, Irfan, "Poisoning the Well: The False Equation of Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism", ''History News Network'', [http://hnn.us/articles/10866.html online], 28 March 2005:

: "… [[Gabriel Schoenfeld|Schoenfeld]] takes umbrage at questions about the power of “the Jewish lobby,” and construes the asking of such questions as evidence of anti-Semitism. In some cases, he thinks that a particular criticism of Israel is overwrought, and takes its being overwrought as evidence of anti-Semitism. In some cases the claim is that a Jewish author is self-hating, which becomes evidence of anti-Semitism. In some cases we are told that a person draws attention to his Jewish friends while criticizing Israel, which only proves that the person wishes to be insulated from charges of anti-Semitism—which proves, in advance of any actual accusation, that he must be an anti-Semite.... The point is not that the charge of “anti-Semitism” should never be made: some people deserve it. Nor must it always be made with trepidation: some people obviously deserve it. Nor must anti-Zionists be thought immune to the charge: too many of them are guilty.... But the equation of anti-Semitism with anti-Zionism is a farce that has gone on long enough, and it’s time that those who saw through the farce said so—at length, if necessary....I’ve mentioned just a few examples here, but whatever its virtues (and there are some, as I’ve been at pains to suggest), the deficiencies I’ve described characterize the “new anti-Semitism” literature as a whole. For examples, consult Phyllis Chesler’s The New Anti-Semitism (pp. 4, 171-179, 182-185), Abraham Foxman’s Never Again: The Threat of the New Anti-Semitism (pp. 17-21), Alan Dershowitz’s The Case for Israel (p. 210), the writings of Bat Ye’or, as well as scattered essays in Rosenbaum’s anthology, Commentary, at WorldNet.Daily, or in your local Jewish paper. The modus operandi is more or less the same: First we are informed, accurately enough, of the existence of the new anti-Semitism. Then we are told that anti-Zionism is now ubiquitously used as a cover for that anti-Semitism. From there we skate imperceptibly to the equation of anti-Zionism with anti-Semitism. And from there we are blackmailed into accepting the equation on pain of being accused of anti-Semitism."</ref>

Palestine Monitor, sebuah kelompok advokasi Palestina, mengkritik apa yang disebut sebagai tren modern yang memperluas definisi istilah "antisemit", dan menyatakan bahwa definisi baru tersebut terlalu kabur dan memungkinkan terjadinya "tuduhan sembarangan".<ref>{{cite web|date=12 October 2009|title=Anti Anti Semitism With Norman Finkelstein|url=http://www.palestinemonitor.org/spip/spip.php?article1119|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528121855/http://www.palestinemonitor.org/spip/spip.php?article1119|archive-date=28 May 2010|access-date=23 January 2016|url-status=dead}}:  An article reviewing [[Beyond Chutzpah|Finkelstein's book ''Beyond Chutzpah'']]:

: "For a more profound explanation of Israeli's emerging opponents, the Zionist lobby blames 'new anti-Semitism'; a term nebulous and versatile enough to fit most any opponent. Arnold Foster and Benjamin Epstein define it as 'callous indifference to Jewish concerns, a failure to understand the most profound apprehension of Jewish people.' A 2007 British government investigation into racism counted 'perceptions of Anti-Semitism' as an example of it. Naturally such vagaries allow for almost indiscriminate accusations. Phyllis Chesler, author of A New Anti-Semitism casts her net wide to include as Israeli's enemies 'western-based international human rights organisations, western anti-capitalist, anti-globalist, pro-environment, anti-war and anti-racist activists, progressive feminists, Jewish feminists and the left and liberal American media'."</ref>

Brian Klug berpendapat bahwa antizionisme kadang-kadang merupakan manifestasi dari antisemitisme, tetapi "keduanya berbeda" dan menyamakan mereka berarti "menyamakan negara Yahudi dengan orang Yahudi" secara keliru.<ref>Klug:

: "There is a long and ignoble history of "Zionist" being used as a code word for "Jew," as when [[Communist Poland]] carried out "anti-Zionist" purges in 1968, expelling thousands of Jews from the country, or when the extreme right today uses the acronym [[Zionist Occupation Government|ZOG]] (Zionist Occupied Government) to refer to the [[US government]]. Moreover, the Zionist movement arose as a reaction to the persecution of Jews. Since anti-Zionism is the opposite of Zionism, and since Zionism is a form of opposition to anti-Semitism, it seems to follow that an anti-Zionist must be an anti-Semite.  Nonetheless, the inference is invalid. To argue that hostility to Israel and hostility to Jews are one and the same thing is to conflate the Jewish state with the Jewish people. In fact, Israel is one thing, Jewry another. Accordingly, anti-Zionism is one thing, anti-Semitism another. They are separate. To say they are separate is not to say that they are never connected. But they are independent variables that can be connected in different ways."</ref>

Earl Raab, direktur pendiri Institut Advokasi Yahudi Nathan Perlmutter di Universitas Brandeis, menulis, "Ada gelombang baru antisemitisme di dunia, dan banyak prasangka terhadap Israel didorong oleh antisemitisme semacam itu," tetapi ia berpendapat bahwa tuduhan antisemitisme yang didasarkan pada opini anti-Israel umumnya kurang kredibel. Ia menulis, "Penyesatan pendidikan yang serius sudah tertanam dalam formulasi yang menyatakan bahwa jika kita menghilangkan antisemitisme, kita akan menyingkirkan anti-Israelisme." Raab menggambarkan prasangka terhadap Israel sebagai "pelanggaran serius terhadap moralitas dan akal sehat", dan berpendapat bahwa prasangka tersebut sering kali menjadi jembatan menuju antisemitisme, tetapi berbeda dengan antisemitisme.<ref>Raab, Earl. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_4_51/ai_106730943 "Antisemitism, anti-Israelism, anti-Americanism"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206051930/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_4_51/ai_106730943|date=2007-12-06}}, ''Judaism'', Fall 2002.</ref>

Irfan Khawaja berpendapat bahwa beberapa kritik yang sah terhadap Israel dilawan secara tidak patut dengan sengaja memadukannya dengan kritik yang bersifat antisemit.<ref>Khawaja:

: "These claims [that critics of Israel are anti-Semitic] are a textbook example of the fallacy of [[poisoning the well]]—the fallacy, in logic, of rebutting someone’s argument by adducing the ulterior motives he might have had for making it.  Well poisoning is a ubiquitous feature of our misologistic culture, but Hanson’s commission of the fallacy differs from the run-of-the-mill variety by its subtle introduction of the issue of anti-Semitism. The claim here is not the truism that Arab anti-Semitism finds resonance in Europe, but that such interest as “the world” expresses in Palestine is merely a cover for its anti-Semitism.  This claim is a casual instance of a broader trend: the reflexive equation, by defenders of Israel, of anti-Zionism with anti-Semitism, itself part of the emerging literature on “the new anti-Semitism.” Focusing on the undeniable fact that many anti-Zionists are anti-Semites, and that anti-Zionism can easily be used as a disguise for anti-Semitism, writers in this genre simply insist over and over that no one can be an anti-Zionist without simultaneously being an anti-Semite."</ref>

Alexander Cockburn dan Jeffrey St. Clair, dalam buku ''The Politics of Anti-Semitism'', menulis, "Para pendukung penindasan Israel terhadap orang-orang Palestina melontarkan kata 'antisemit' pada setiap kritik terhadap apa yang dimaksudkan Zionis dalam praktiknya bagi orang-orang Palestina." Beberapa esai dalam buku ini membahas isu mengenai apa yang dimaksud dengan antisemitisme sejati—kebencian terhadap Yahudi—dan bukan tuduhan 'antisemitisme' yang tidak jujur dan tidak masuk akal yang dilontarkan pada penilaian rasional terhadap kondisi politik, militer, dan politik negara Israel. dan perilaku sosial." <ref>Cockburn, p vii</ref>

==== Anggapan orang Yahudi sebagai "korban" ====
[[Norman Finkelstein]] dan Steven Zipperstein (Guru Besar Kebudayaan dan Sejarah Yahudi di [[Universitas Stanford]]) berpendapat bahwa kritik terhadap Israel terkadang secara tidak tepat dianggap sebagai antisemit karena kecenderungan untuk menganggap orang Yahudi sebagai korban. Zipperstein berpendapat bahwa sikap umum yang memandang orang Yahudi sebagai korban kadang-kadang secara implisit dialihkan ke persepsi Israel sebagai korban; sementara Finkelstein berpendapat bahwa penggambaran Israel sebagai korban (sebagai "Yahudi di antara bangsa-bangsa") adalah taktik yang disengaja untuk meredam kritik terhadap Israel.<ref>* Zipperstein, p 61:

: Steven Zipperstein, argues that a belief in the State of Israel's responsibility for the Arab–Israeli conflict is considered "part of what a reasonably informed, progressive, decent person thinks." He argues that Jews have a tendency to see the State of Israel as a victim because they were very recently themselves "the quintessential victims."

* Finkelstein p 16:

: "To evade the obvious, another stratagem of the Israel's lobby is playing The Holocaust and 'new anti-Semitism' cards. In a previous study, I examined how the Nazi holocaust had been fashioned into an ideological weapon to immunize Israel from legitimate criticism. In this book I look at a variant of this Holocaust card, namely, the 'new anti-Semitism'. In fact, the allegation of a new anti-Semitism is neither new nor about anti-Semitism. Whenever Israel comes under renewed international pressure to withdraw from occupied territories, its apologists mount yet another meticulously orchestrated media extravaganza alleging that the world is awash in anti-Semitism. This shameless exploitation of anti-Semitism delegitimizes criticism of Israel, makes Jews rather than Palestinians the victims, and puts the onus on the Arab world to rid itself of anti-Semitism rather than on Israel to rid itself of the Occupied Territories. A close examination of what the Israel lobby tallies as anti-Semitism reveals three components: exaggeration and fabrication; mislabeling legitimate criticism of Israeli policy; and the unjustified yet predictable 'spillover' from criticism of Israel to Jews generally."

* Finkelstein p 33:

: "The dominant trope of the new 'new anti-Semitism' is that Israel has become the 'Jew among nations'. … In their 1982 study the Perlmuters pointed out the 'transformation … from anti-Semitism against Jews to anti-Semitism the object of which is the Jews' surrogate: Israel'. … The transparent motive behind these assertions is to taint any criticism of Israel as motivated by anti-Semitism and – inverting reality – to turn Israel (and Jews), not Palestinians, in the victim of the 'current siege' (Chesler)."

* Finkelstein quotes four authors (who support the notion of New Antisemitism) who he claims rely on the victim perception: Chesler, Zuckerman, Cotler, and Schoenfeld</ref>

==== Yahudi "pembenci diri" ====
Sander Gilman menulis, "Salah satu bentuk kebencian diri sendiri Yahudi yang terbaru adalah penentangan keras terhadap keberadaan Negara Israel."<ref name="Gilman">Sander Gilman, ''Jewish Self-Hatred: Anti-Semitism and the Hidden Language of the Jews'', Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1986, pp. 361.</ref> Ia menggunakan istilah tersebut bukan untuk melawan mereka yang mengkritik kebijakan Israel, melainkan untuk melawan orang-orang Yahudi yang menentang keberadaan Israel. [[Michael Lerner (rabi)|Michael Lerner]], editor majalah ''Tikkun'', menegaskan bahwa menyamakan kritik terhadap Israel dengan antisemitisme telah mengakibatkan konflik dalam komunitas Yahudi, khususnya, para pendukung persamaan tersebut terkadang menyerang kritikus Yahudi terhadap kebijakan Israel sebagai "[[Yahudi pembenci diri]]."<ref>Lerner:

: "Yet there is nothing "new" about this or about this alleged anti-Semitism that these mainstream Jewish voices seek to reveal. From the moment I started Tikkun Magazine twenty years ago as "the liberal alternative to Commentary and the voices of Jewish conservatism and spiritual deadness in the organized Jewish community," our magazine has been attacked in much of the organized Jewish community as "self-hating Jews" (though our editorial advisory board contains some of the most creative Jewish theologians, rabbis, Israeli peace activist and committed fighters for social justice). The reason? We believe that Israeli policy toward Palestinians, manifested most dramatically in the Occupation of the West Bank for what will soon be forty years and in the refusal of Israel to take any moral responsibility for its part in the creation of the Arab refugee problem, is immoral, irrational, self-destructive, a violation of the highest values of the Jewish people, and a serious impediment to world peace."</ref> Lerner juga mengeklaim bahwa persamaan kritik terhadap Israel dengan antisemitisme dan tuduhan "Yahudi pembenci diri" telah mengakibatkan keterasingan kaum muda Yahudi dari keyakinan mereka.<ref>Lerner: The impact of the silencing of debate about Israeli policy on Jewish life has been devastating. We at Tikkun are constantly encountering young Jews who say that they can no longer identify with their Jewishness, because they have been told that their own intuitive revulsion at watching the Israeli settlers, with IDF support, violate the human rights of Palestinian civilians in the West Bank, or their own questioning of Israel's right to occupy the West Bank, are proof that they are "self-hating Jews." The Jewish world is driving away its own young.</ref>

Antony Lerman yakin bahwa banyak serangan terhadap kritikus Yahudi terhadap Israel bersifat "panas, ''ad hominem'', dan tidak pandang bulu" dan mengeklaim bahwa [[Antizionisme|antizionisme dan antisemitisme]] telah didefinisikan terlalu luas dan tanpa alasan.<ref>Lerman, "Jews attacking Jews":

: "Anti-Semitism can be disguised as anti-Zionism, and a Jew can be an anti-Semite. In principle, therefore, exposing an alleged Jewish anti-Semite is legitimate. But if you read the growing literature that does this – in print, on Web sites and in blogs – you find that it exceeds all reason: The attacks are often vitriolic, ad hominem and indiscriminate. Aspersions are cast on the Jewishness of individuals whom the attacker cannot possibly know. The charge of Jewish "self-hatred" – another way of calling someone a Jewish anti-Semite – is used ever more frequently, despite mounting evidence that it's an entirely bogus concept. Anything from strong criticism of Israel's policies, through sympathetic critiques of Zionism, to advocacy of a one-state solution for the Israel-Palestine conflict, is defined as anti-Zionism, when none of these positions are prima facie anti-Zionist. Many attackers endow their targets with the ability to bring disaster and dissolution to the Jewish people, thereby making it a national and religious duty for Jews to wage a war of words against other Jews."</ref> Lerman juga menyatakan bahwa "redefinisi" antisemitisme dengan memasukkan antizionisme telah menyebabkan orang Yahudi menyerang orang Yahudi lainnya, karena banyak orang Yahudi yang menjadi pemimpin di beberapa organisasi antizionis.<ref>Lerman: ''Jews attacking Jews'':

: "The equation 'anti-Zionism = anti-Semitism' has thus become the new orthodoxy, and has even earned the seal of approval of the European Union. Its racism and anti-Semitism monitoring center (the [Fundamental] Rights Agency) produced a 'working definition' of anti-Semitism, with examples of five ways in which anti-Israel or anti-Zionist rhetoric is anti-Semitic. The 2006 report of the U.K.'s All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism urged the adoption of the EU definition, and the U.S. State Department's 2008 report 'Contemporary Global Anti-Semitism' is also based on it. The redefinition of anti-Semitism has led to a further radical change in confronting the phenomenon. Many Jews are at the forefront of the growing number of anti-Israel or anti-Zionist groups. So, perceived manifestations of the 'new anti-Semitism' increasingly result in Jews attacking other Jews for their alleged anti-Semitic anti-Zionism."</ref>

Nicholas Saphir, Ketua Dewan Pembina New Israel Fund di Britania Raya menerbitkan surat terbuka yang membela [[lembaga swadaya masyarakat]] (LSM) yang beroperasi di Israel untuk mempromosikan hak-hak sipil. Dia mengatakan bahwa beberapa organisasi seperti NGO Monitor, Israel Resource News Agency, WorldNetDaily, dan Near and Middle East Policy Review "menghubungkan kritik moral dan etika terhadap aktivitas apa pun yang dilakukan Israel atau kebijakan pemerintahnya sebagai anti-Israel, antisemit. dan bila dilakukan oleh orang Yahudi, sebagai bukti kebencian terhadap diri sendiri".<ref>{{cite web|author=Ellen Goldberg|date=7 August 2009|title=The New Israel Fund says It's Time to Nail the Lies|url=http://jfjfp.com/?p=4115}}:

: "Several organisations such as the self-styled NGO Monitor, Israel Resource News Agency, WorldNetDaily and the Near and Middle East Policy Review are promoting the view that the work of Human Rights NGOs working in Israel is, by its very nature, anti-Israel. Their charge is to associate moral and ethical criticism of any activity by Israel or the policies of its Government as being anti-Israel, anti-Semitic and when conducted by Jews, as evidence of self-hatred."</ref>

==== Taktik menakut-nakuti ====
Jaringan Antizionis Yahudi Internasional juga menentang penggunaan cap antisemitisme untuk menekan kritik, dan berkeberatan dengan "taktik ketakutan" yang digunakan ketika cap antisemit diterapkan kepada para pendukung [[Pekan Apartheid Israel]], dengan alasan bahwa hal itu mengingatkan [[Ketakutan Merah|taktik menakut-nakuti anti-Komunis pada tahun 1950-an]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=ISJN: Abigail Bakan, Adam Balsam, Sharon Baltman|date=22 March 2009|title=Jewish Canadians Concerned about Suppression of Criticism of Israel|url=http://www.ijsn.net/321/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302123739/http://www.ijsn.net/321|archive-date=2 March 2011|access-date=20 January 2011|display-authors=etal|url-status=dead}}:
</ref>

[[Michael Lerner (rabi)|Michael Lerner]] berpendapat bahwa beberapa politisi Amerika Serikat enggan mengkritik Israel karena takut dicap antisemit.<ref>
Lerner, referring to the [[American Israel Public Affairs Committee]] (AIPAC):
</ref> Lerner juga menyatakan bahwa kelompok-kelompok yang mempromosikan perdamaian di Timur Tengah takut untuk membentuk koalisi, karena takut mereka akan dihujat oleh apa yang disebutnya sebagai "Pembentukan Yahudi".<ref>Lerner: "Even better if we could succeed in creating a powerful alternative to AIPAC. Unfortunately, that path is not so easy. When we approached some of the Israel peace groups to form an alliance with us to build the alternative to AIPAC we found that the hold of the Jewish Establishment was so powerful that it had managed to seep into the brains of people in organizations like Americans for Peace Now (not the Israeli group Peace Now which has been very courageous), Brit Tzedeck ve'Shalom and the Israel Policy Forum or the Religious Action Center of the Reform movement. As a result these peace voices are continually fearful that they will be "discredited" if they align with each other and with us to create this alternative to AIPAC. Meanwhile, while they look over their right shoulders fearfully, the very people that they fear will "discredit" them for aligning with each other and with us are already discrediting them as much as they possibly can."</ref>

==== Mengalihkan perhatian dari antisemitisme sejati ====
Brian Klug menegaskan bahwa para pendukung Antisemitisme Baru memaknai antisemitisme secara luas sehingga mereka menghilangkan makna sesungguhnya dari "antisemitisme". Klug menulis, "Ketika antisemitisme ada di mana-mana, orang tidak bisa bebas. Sementara ketika setiap antizionis adalah seorang antisemit, kita tidak lagi tahu bagaimana mengenali makna sebenarnya-—konsep antisemitisme kehilangan maknanya."<ref>Klug:

: "In defense of her [Chesler's] assertion that there is a global "war against the Jews," Chesler wields the ultimate weapon. "In my opinion," she says, "anyone who denies that this is so or who blames the Jews for provoking the attacks is an anti-Semite." Since I deny that there is such a war, this makes me an anti-Semite. But since her argument empties the word of all meaning, I do not feel maligned. In his contribution to A New Antisemitism?, historian Peter Pulzer, faulting the way "the liberal press" sometimes reports the activities of the Israel Defense Forces in the occupied territories, makes a telling point about the misuse of words. He says: "When every civilian death is a war crime, that concept loses its significance. When every expulsion from a village is genocide, we no longer know how to recognize genocide. When Auschwitz is everywhere, it is nowhere." Point taken. But equally, when anti-Semitism is everywhere, it is nowhere. And when every anti-Zionist is an anti-Semite, we no longer know how to recognize the real thing--the concept of anti-Semitism loses its significance."</ref>

Dalam buku ''The Politics of Anti-Semitism'' Scott Handleman menulis: "Partisan Israel sering membuat tuduhan palsu antisemitisme untuk membungkam para pengkritik Israel. Pencemaran nama baik 'antisemit' berbahaya bukan hanya karena menyensor perdebatan tentang rasisme dan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia Israel. tapi karena hal ini meremehkan sejarah buruk kebencian terhadap Yahudi."<ref>Handleman, Scott, "Trivializing Jew-Hatred," in ''[[The Politics of Anti-Semitism]]'', ed. [[Alexander Cockburn]]. AK Press, 2003, p. 13.</ref>

==== Tuduhan antisemitisme yang berlebihan dapat menimbulkan reaksi balik ====
Brian Klug berpendapat bahwa klaim antisemitisme yang berlebihan (yang ditujukan pada pengkritik Israel) dapat menjadi bumerang dan berkontribusi terhadap antisemitisme, dan dia menulis, "Kecenderungan [[McCarthyisme|McCarthy-isme]] yang bisa melirik antisemit bahkan sampai ke kolong ranjang sekali pun, bisa dibilang berkontribusi pada iklim permusuhan terhadap Yahudi."<ref>Klug:

: "a McCarthyite tendency to see anti-Semites under every bed, arguably contributes to the climate of hostility toward Jews. The result is to make matters worse for the very people these authors mean to defend."</ref>

[[Tony Judt]] juga berpendapat bahwa pengkritik Israel yang terus-menerus dicap antisemit oleh Pemerintah Israel kini menjadi sumber utama sentimen anti-Yahudi di dunia.<ref>* Judt:

: "In many parts of the world this is in danger of becoming a self-fulfilling assertion: Israel's reckless behavior and insistent identification of all criticism with anti-Semitism is now the leading source of anti-Jewish sentiment in Western Europe and much of Asia. But the traditional corollary - if anti-Jewish feeling is linked to dislike of Israel then right-thinking people should rush to Israel's defense - no longer applies. Instead, the ironies of the Zionist dream have come full circle: For tens of millions of people in the world today, Israel is indeed the state of all the Jews. And thus, reasonably enough, many observers believe that one way to take the sting out of rising anti-Semitism in the suburbs of Paris or the streets of Jakarta would be for Israel to give the Palestinians back their land."

* See also Finkelstein, p xxxv:

: "In a feature ''Haaretz'' article marking the fifty-eighth anniversary of Israel's founding, a leading American-Jewish academic now gives expression to the identical analysis: 'Israel's reckless behavior and insistent identification of all criticism with anti-Semitism' Tony Judt writes, 'is now the leading source of anti-Jewish sentiment in Western Europe and much of Asia. … One way to take the sting out of rising anti-Semitism in the suburbs of Paris or the streets of Jakarta would be force Israel to give the Palestinians back their land'." [Finkelstein is citing Judt]</ref>

[[Michael Lerner (rabi)|Michael Lerner]] menganut pemikiran serupa dan berpendapat bahwa “penindasan” yang terus berlanjut terhadap pengkritik Israel dapat berpotensi menjadi ledakan antisemitisme yang sejati.<ref>Lerner:

: "When this bubble of repression of dialogue explodes into open resentment at the way Jewish Political correctness has been imposed, it may really yield a "new" anti-Semitism. To prevent that, the voices of dissent on Israeli policy must be given the same national exposure in the media and American politics that the voices of the Jewish establishment have been given.... We hope that the creation of our interfaith Network of Spiritual Progressives (NSP at spiritualprogressives.org) can provide a safe context for this kind of discussion among the many Christians, Muslims, Unitarians, Hindus, Buddhists and secular-but-not-religious people who share some of the criticisms of Israel and who will eventually try to challenge the kind of anti-Semitism that might be released against Jews once the resentment about Jewish Political Correctness on Israel does explode."</ref>

==== Menyerang pengkritik, bukan pesannya ====
[[Michael Lerner (rabi)|Michael Lerner]] mengeklaim bahwa beberapa pendukung Israel menolak untuk membahas kritik yang sah terhadap Israel (seperti membandingkan dengan [[apartheid]]) dan malah menyerang pengkritiknya, sehingga dengan sengaja "mengalihkan wacana ke legitimasi pengkritik dan dengan demikian menghindari esensi dan substansi dari kritik tersebut".<ref>Lerner:

: "The Anti-Defamation League sponsored a conference on this same topic in San Francisco on January 28, conspicuously failing to invite Tikkun, Jewish Voices for Peace and Brit Tzedeck ve Shalom, the three major Jewish voices critiquing Israeli policy, yet also strong supporters of Israel's security. Meanwhile, the media has been abuzz with stories of Jews denouncing former President Jimmy Carter for his book Palestine: Peace or Apartheid. The same charges of anti-Semitism that have consistently been launched against anyone who criticizes Israeli policy is now being launched against the one American leader who managed to create a lasting (albeit cold) peace between Israel and a major Arab state (Egypt). Instead of seriously engaging with the issues raised (e.g. to what extent are Israel's current policies similar to those of apartheid and to what extent are they not?), the Jewish establishment and media responds by attacking the people who raise these or any other critiques--shifting the discourse to the legitimacy of the messenger and thus avoiding the substance of the criticisms. Knowing this, many people become fearful that they too will be labeled "anti-Semitic" if they question the wisdom of Israeli policies or if they seek to organize politically to challenge those policies."</ref>

==== Membesar-besarkan persamaan untuk menarik simpati ====
[[Alan Dershowitz]] membedakan kritik yang sah terhadap Israel dan antisemitisme, tetapi ia mengeklaim bahwa beberapa "musuh Israel" mendorong persamaan keduanya, karena hal itu membuat musuh tampak seperti korban tuduhan palsu antisemitisme, yang musuh-musuhnya menggunakan tuduhan tersebut untuk mendapatkan simpati atas tujuan mereka.<ref>
Dershowitz: ''The Case Against Israel's Enemies'', pp 3–4:
</ref>

== Tekanan terhadap kritik ==
Sejumlah komentator memperdebatkan apakah kritik publik terhadap Israel ditekan di luar Israel, khususnya di Amerika Serikat. Stephen Zunes menulis, "Serangan terhadap para pengkritik kebijakan Israel berhasil dalam mengatasi perdebatan terbuka, tetapi efek penyensoran yang sangat menekan ini disebabkan oleh ketidaktahuan dan kebersalahan liberal dibandingkan oleh lobi Israel yang sangat berkuasa."<ref name="StephenZunesFPIC">[[Stephen Zunes]], [http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/3270 The Israel Lobby: How Powerful is it Really?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060516223818/http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/3270|date=May 16, 2006}}, Foreign Policy in Focus, May 16, 2006. Retrieved August 27, 2006.</ref> Ia selanjutnya menjelaskan bahwa meskipun "beberapa kritik terhadap Israel sebenarnya berakar pada [[antisemitisme]]", ia berpendapat bahwa beberapa anggota lobi Israel melampaui batas dengan menyebut kritikus Israel yang cerdas dan jujur sekali pun sebagai antisemit.<ref name="StephenZunesFPIC" /> Zunes berpendapat bahwa organisasi-organisasi Yahudi arus utama dan konservatif telah "menciptakan iklim intimidasi terhadap banyak orang yang menyuarakan perdamaian dan hak asasi manusia atau yang mendukung hak [[Hak menentukan nasib sendiri|penentuan nasib sendiri]] [[Orang Palestina|rakyat Palestina]]".<ref name="StephenZunesFPIC" /> Ia menambahkan, "Sebagai akibat dari penolakan saya terhadap dukungan Amerika Serikat terhadap kebijakan pendudukan, kolonisasi, dan penindasan pemerintah Israel, saya dengan sengaja salah mengutip, menjadi sasaran fitnah dan pencemaran nama baik, dan dituduh "antisemit" dan "mendukung terorisme"; anak-anak saya dilecehkan, dan administrasi universitas saya dibombardir dengan seruan agar saya dipecat."<ref name="StephenZunesFPIC" /> Dalam sebuah opini untuk ''[[The Guardian]]'', [[Jimmy Carter]] menulis bahwa politik arus utama Amerika tidak memberikan waktu yang sama bagi pihak Palestina dalam konflik Israel-Palestina dan hal ini setidaknya sebagian disebabkan oleh AIPAC.<ref>Jimmy Carter, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/story/0,,1970058,00.html Israel, Palestine, peace and apartheid], ''The Guardian''</ref> [[George Soros]] mengeklaim bahwa terdapat risiko terkait dengan apa yang menurutnya merupakan penindasan terhadap perdebatan:<blockquote>"Saya tidak menganut mitos yang disebarkan oleh musuh Israel dan saya tidak menyalahkan orang-orang Yahudi atas sikap antisemitisme. Antisemitisme sudah muncul sebelum lahirnya Israel. Baik kebijakan Israel maupun para pengkritik kebijakan-kebijakan tersebut tidak boleh dianggap bertanggung jawab atas antisemitisme. Pada saat yang sama, saya yakin bahwa sikap terhadap Israel dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan Israel, dan sikap terhadap komunitas Yahudi dipengaruhi oleh keberhasilan lobi pro-Israel dalam menekan pandangan yang berbeda.”<ref>Soros, George. [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/20030 "On Israel, America and AIPAC."] ''New York Review of Books'', April 12, 2007.</ref></blockquote>Di sisi lain, dalam bukunya, ''The Deadliest Lies'', Abraham Foxman menyebut anggapan bahwa lobi pro-Israel yang sedang mencoba menyensor kritik Israel sebagai sebuah "[[Berita bohong|kabar burung]]".<ref name="books.google.com">[[Abraham Foxman|Foxman, Abraham]]. [[iarchive:deadliestliesisr0000foxm| “The deadliest lies: the Israel lobby ....”]] [[Google Books]]. 20 July 2009.</ref>{{Halaman dibutuhkan|date=July 2018}} Foxman menulis bahwa komunitas Yahudi mampu membedakan antara kritik yang sah terhadap Israel "dan demonisasi, delegitimasi, dan [[standar ganda]] yang diterapkan terhadap Israel yang secara inheren bersifat antisemit atau menciptakan lingkungan antisemit."<ref name="books.google.com" />{{Halaman dibutuhkan|date=July 2018}} Jonathan Rosenblum mengungkapkan pemikiran serupa, "Memang benar, jika ada lobi Israel, dan mengecap semua kritik terhadap Israel sebagai antisemit adalah taktiknya, maka pukulan keras terhadap kritik terhadap Israel di kampus-kampus elite dan pers elite akan menjadi hal yang paling penting. bukti paling jelas akan ketidakefektifannya."<ref>[[Jonathan Rosenblum|Rosenblum, Jonathan]]. [http://www.jewishjournal.com/opinion/article/paper_on_israel_lobby_poses_threat_20060428/ "Paper on ‘Israel Lobby’ Poses Threat."] ''[[The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles|Jewish Journal]]''. 27 April 2006. 20 July 2009.</ref> [[Alan Dershowitz]] menulis bahwa dia menyambut baik "kritik yang masuk akal, kontekstual, dan komparatif terhadap kebijakan dan tindakan Israel".<ref name="DershowitzBigNewLie">[[Alan Dershowitz|Dershowitz, Alan]].  [http://www.alandershowitz.com/publications/docs/bignewlie.html "The Big New Lie."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224162758/http://www.alandershowitz.com/publications/docs/bignewlie.html |date=2007-12-24}} Alan M. Dershowitz. 20 July 2009.</ref> Jika salah satu tujuan lobi pro-Israel adalah untuk menyensor kritik terhadap Israel, Dershowitz menulis, "Hal ini akan membuktikan bahwa 'lobi' tidak sekuat yang penulis ingin kita percayai."<ref name="DershowitzBigNewLie" />

=== Peredaman kritik dengan tuduhan antisemitisme ===
Beberapa komentator memandang bahwa para pendukung Israel berupaya meredam kritik yang sah terhadap Israel dengan secara tidak adil mengecap para kritikus sebagai [[Antisemitisme|antisemit]].
[[Berkas:Norman_finkelstein_suffolk.jpg|kiri|jmpl| [[Norman Finkelstein]] penulis ''Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History'']]
Salah satu tema utama buku ''[[Beyond Chutzpah|Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History]]'' karya [[Norman Finkelstein]] adalah bahwa beberapa pendukung Israel menggunakan tuduhan antisemitisme untuk menyerang para kritikus Israel, dengan tujuan menghujat dan membungkam kritik tersebut.<ref>Finkelstein. This is a major theme of the book, but is especially discussed in the Introduction and chapter 1.</ref>{{Halaman dibutuhkan|date=July 2018}} Guru Besar Judy Rebick dan Alan Sears, sebagai tanggapan terhadap kegiatan [[Pekan Apartheid Israel]] di [[Universitas Carleton]], menulis surat terbuka kepada rektor Universitas yang menyatakan bahwa tuduhan antisemitisme terkadang dibuat dengan tujuan untuk "membungkam" kritik terhadap Israel.<ref>Sears, Alan and Rebick, Judy, "Memo to Minister Kenney: Criticism of Israel is not anti-Semitism", [http://www.rabble.ca/news/memo-minister-kenney-criticism-israel-not-anti-semitism online]: "Defenders of Israeli policy routinely attempt to direct our attention to abuses happening in other places and insist that a hidden agenda must underlie any focus on Israeli brutality in this unjust world. This argument would lead to paralysis in human rights activism by claiming that one must address all cases at once, or only the "worst" cases. Should we have told Rosa Parks, who refused to go the back of a segregated bus in Alabama in 1955, to quit whining as conditions were even worse in South Africa, or colonized Kenya, or for that matter for Palestinians in refugee camps? The deployment of anti-Semitism as an accusation to silence criticism of Israel is also a serious setback in genuine struggles against anti-Semitism and other forms of discrimination. It is based on a claim that the State of Israel is the single outcome of the history of the Jewish people, the final end of generations of diasporic existence. It attempts to make the Zionist project of a Jewish nation the only legitimate project for all Jews." They were writing regarding Israel Apartheid Week controversy described [http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1067277.html in ''Haaretz''].</ref>

Jurnalis Peter Beaumont juga mengeklaim bahwa beberapa pendukung konsep Antisemitisme Baru menyamakan kritik terhadap Israel dengan antisemitisme.<ref>Beaumont, Peter, [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/worldview/story/0,11581,651685,00.html "The new anti-semitism?"], ''The Observer'', February 17, 2002: "But the problem with all this talk of a 'new anti-Semitism' is that those who argue hardest for its inexorable rise are dangerously conflating two connected but critically separate phenomena. The monster that they have conjured from these parts is not only something that does not yet exist – and I say 'yet' with caution – but whose purported existence is being cynically manipulated by some in the Israeli government to try to silence debate about the policies of the Sharon government. … As data collected by the Stephen Roth Institute at Tel Aviv University, and other research, makes clear, the rise in anti-Semitism in Europe coincided with the beginning of al-Aqsa intifada – and Israel's heavy-handed response. … What they are talking about is the criticism in the media and political classes of Europe of the policies of Sharon. Israel's brutal response to the often equally reprehensible anti-Israeli Palestinian violence of the intifada has produced one of the most vigorous media critiques of Israel's policies in the European media in a generation. The reply to this criticism, say those most vocal in reporting the existence of the new anti-Semitism, particularly in the Israeli press, is devastating in its simplicity: criticise Israel, and you are an anti-Semite just as surely as if you were throwing paint at a synagogue in Paris."</ref> [[Tariq Ali]], seorang sejarawan dan aktivis politik Britania-Pakistan, memandang bahwa konsep antisemitisme baru merupakan upaya subversi demi kepentingan Negara Israel. Ia menulis bahwa kampanye melawan “antisemitisme” yang dianggap baru di Eropa modern adalah “taktik sinis dari Pemerintah Israel untuk menutup negara Zionis dari kritik apa pun atas kebrutalan mereka yang terus-menerus dan konsisten terhadap orang-orang Palestina ... Kritik terhadap Israel tidak dapat dan tidak boleh disamakan dengan antisemitisme." Ia berpendapat bahwa sebagian besar kelompok pro-Palestina dan anti-Zionis yang muncul setelah [[Perang Enam Hari]] berhati-hati dalam membedakan antara antizionisme dan antisemitisme.<ref name="Ali">[[Tariq Ali|Ali, Tariq]]. [http://www.counterpunch.org/ali03042004.html "Notes on Anti-Semitism, Zionism and Palestine"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207122412/http://www.counterpunch.org/ali03042004.html|date=December 7, 2010}}, ''Counterpunch'', March 4, 2004, first published in ''il manifesto'', February 26, 2004.</ref>

Suara Yahudi untuk Perdamaian menentang apa yang mereka lihat sebagai penyalahgunaan cap antisemit. Misalnya, dalam sebuah opini, mereka menulis, "Selama beberapa dekade, beberapa pemimpin komunitas Yahudi telah membuat klaim yang tidak masuk akal bahwa ada kesatuan keyakinan dan kepentingan antara semua orang Yahudi dan pemerintah Israel, apa pun kebijakannya. Mereka harus percaya pada propaganda mereka sendiri, karena mereka tidak melihat perbedaan antara kritik terhadap pemerintah Israel dan antisemitisme, dan mereka melakukan apa saja untuk membungkam suara-suara kritis, kampanye terorganisasi, boikot, ancaman, dan penarikan nyata dukungan dana dari lembaga dan individu yang 'melanggar'."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Henri Picciotto|title=On Criticism of Israel and Anti-Semitism|url=http://www.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/content/criticism-israel-and-anti-semitism|publisher=Jewish Voice for Peace|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807085218/http://jewishvoiceforpeace.org/content/criticism-israel-and-anti-semitism|archive-date=2011-08-07|access-date=2011-01-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Tuduhan adalah upaya kehumasan ====
[[John Mearsheimer]] dan [[Stephen Walt]] menyatakan bahwa tuduhan antisemitisme yang ditujukan kepada pengkritik Israel sengaja dilakukan untuk meredakan dampak dari kritik tersebut. Mereka menunjukkan adanya pola ketika tuduhan antisemitisme muncul segera setelah tindakan agresif Israel: setelah [[Perang Enam Hari]], setelah [[Perang Lebanon 1982|Perang Lebanon tahun 1982]], dan setelah terungkapnya "perilaku brutal di Wilayah Pendudukan" pada tahun 2002.<ref>Mearsheimer and Walt, p 190: "Supporters of Israel have a history of using fears of a "new antiSemitism" to shield Israel from criticism. In 1974, when Israel was under increasing pressure to withdraw from the lands it had conquered in 1967, Arnold Forster and Benjamin Epstein of the ADL published ''The New Anti-Semitism'', which argued that anti-Semitism was on the rise and exemplified by the growing unwillingness of other societies to support Israel's actions. In the early 1980s, when the invasion of Lebanon and Israel's expanding settlements triggered additional criticisms, and when U.S. arms sales to its Arab allies were hotly contested, then ADL head Nathan Perlmutter and his wife, Ruth Ann Perlmutter, released ''The Real Anti-Semitism in America'', which argued that anti-Semitism was on its way back, as shown by the pressure on Israel to make peace with the Arabs and by events like the sale of AWACS aircraft to Saudi Arabia. The Perlmutters also suggested that many "anti-Semitic" actions, which they define as acts not motivated by hostility to Jews, may nonetheless harm Jewish interests (and especially Israel's well-being), and could easily bring back genuine anti-Semitism. The troubling logic of this argument is revealed by the fact that there was little mention of anti-Semitism during the 1990s, when Israel was involved in the Oslo peace process. Indeed, one Israeli scholar wrote in 1995 that 'never before, at least since the time Christianity seized power over the Roman Empire, has anti-Semitism been less significant than at present'. Charges of anti-Semitism became widespread only in the spring of 2002, when Israel came under severe criticism around the world for its brutal behavior in the Occupied Territories. … Natan Sharansky, the former Soviet dissident who is now a prominent Israeli author and politician, declares, 'The new anti-Semitism appears in the guise of 'political criticism of Israel', consisting of a discriminating approach and double standard towards the state of the Jews, while questioning its right to exist.' The implication is that any one who criticizes Israel's actions … is opposed to its existence and is therefore hostile to Jews. But this is a bogus charge, because it conflates criticism of Israel's actions with the rejection of Israel's legitimacy."</ref>

[[Norman Finkelstein]] mengatakan bahwa untuk melanjutkan kampanye kehumasan, para pembela Israel melontarkan tuduhan atas apa yang mereka sebut sebagai "antisemitisme baru" terhadap orang-orang yang mereka lawan, dan bahwa mereka sengaja melakukannya untuk melemahkan kritik dan memperkuat citra bangsa.<ref>Finkelstein:

* page xxxiii:

: "The 'new anti-Semitism' is a spin-off of the Holocaust industry. Whenever Israel comes under international pressure to resolve its conflict with the Palestinians diplomatically or faces a public relations debacle, its apologists mount a campaign alleging that the world is awash in a new anti-Semitism. … the purpose of these periodic extravaganzas is not hard to find: on the one hand, the perpetrators are turned into the victims, putting the spotlight on the alleged suffering of Jews today and diverting it from the real suffering of Palestinians; on the other hand, they discredit all criticism of Israeli policy as motived by an irrational loathing of Jews."

* page 16:

: "To evade the obvious, another stratagem of the Israel's lobby is playing The Holocaust and 'new anti-Semitism' cards. In a previous study, I examined how the Nazi holocaust had been fashioned into an ideological weapon to immunize Israel from legitimate criticism. In this book I look at a variant of this Holocaust card, namely, the 'new anti-Semitism'. In fact, the allegation of a new anti-Semitism is neither new nor about anti-Semitism. Whenever Israel comes under renewed international pressure to withdraw from occupied territories, its apologists mount yet another meticulously orchestrated media extravaganza alleging that the world is awash in anti-Semitism. This shameless exploitation of anti-Semitism delegitimizes criticism of Israel, makes Jews rather than Palestinians the victims, and puts the onus on the Arab world to rid itself of anti-Semitism rather than on Israel to rid itself of the Occupied Territories. A close examination of what the Israel lobby tallies as anti-Semitism reveals three components: exaggeration and fabrication; mislabeling legitimate criticism of Israeli policy; and the unjustified yet predictable 'spillover' from criticism of Israel to Jews generally."</ref> Finkelstein juga menegaskan bahwa "organisasi Yahudi Amerika" dengan sengaja meningkatkan tuduhan vokal antisemitisme selama Israel semakin mendapat kritik (seperti selama Intifada), dengan tujuan mendiskreditkan para pengkritik Israel.<ref>Finkelstein: {{cite web|title=ZNet - Beyond Chutzpah|url=http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/5104|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625165331/http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/5104|archive-date=June 25, 2009|access-date=June 25, 2009|url-status=dead}}

: "Whenever Israel faces a public relations debacle such as the Intifada or international pressure to resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict, American Jewish organizations orchestrate this extravaganza called the 'new anti-Semitism.' The purpose is several-fold. First, it is to discredit any charges by claiming the person is an anti-Semite. It's to turn Jews into the victims, so that the victims are not the Palestinians any longer. As people like Abraham Foxman of the ADL put it, the Jews are being threatened by a new holocaust. It's a role reversal – the Jews are now the victims, not the Palestinians. So it serves the function of discrediting the people leveling the charge. It's no longer Israel that needs to leave the Occupied Territories; it's the Arabs who need to free themselves of the anti-Semitism."</ref>

==== Kritik terhadap Israel yang dituduh antisemitisme ====
Pengkritik Israel yang dituduh antisemit tetapi membantahnya, misalnya [[Ralph Nader]], [[John Mearsheimer]], Cindy Sheehan, [[Jenny Tonge, Baroness Tonge|Jenny Tonge]], [[Ken Livingstone]], [[Desmond Tutu]], dan [[Helen Thomas]].

Profesor J. Lorand Matory adalah seorang kritikus vokal terhadap Israel yang mendukung disinvestasi dari Israel. [[Lawrence Summers|Larry Summers]], presiden Harvard, menyebut upaya Matory dan pihak lain untuk melakukan divestasi dari Israel "berefek [[Antisemitisme|antisemit]], jika tak disengaja."<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 August 2009|title=Divestment forum held at Harvard - News|url=http://media.www.thejusticeonline.com/media/storage/paper573/news/2002/10/29/News/Divestment.Forum.Held.At.Harvard-309328.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20090822231930/http://media.www.thejusticeonline.com/media/storage/paper573/news/2002/10/29/News/Divestment.Forum.Held.At.Harvard-309328.shtml|archive-date=22 August 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Menurut Matory, "tuduhan spontan yang menargetkan kritik terhadap Israel sama tidak masuk akalnya dengan menyatakan bahwa gerakan anti-apartheid masih ada di Afrika Selatan."<ref name="Crimson2006">{{Cite web|title=Summers Says British Boycott of Israeli Academics Is Intentionally 'Anti-Semitic'|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=513616}}</ref>

Guru besar [[Noam Chomsky]] berpendapat bahwa menteri luar negeri Israel [[Abba Eban]] menyamakan antizionisme dengan antisemitisme dalam upaya untuk "mengeksploitasi sentimen antirasis untuk tujuan politik", Ia mengutip pernyataan Eban pada 1973, "Salah satu tugas utama dari setiap dialog dengan dunia non-Yahudi harus menegaskan bahwa antisemitisme dan antizionisme bukanlah sebuah perbedaan sama sekali." Mengomentari pernyataan Eban, Chomsky menjawab, "Itu adalah pendirian yang memuaskan. Ini hanya menghilangkan 100 persen komentar kritis!"<ref>Quoted by Menachem Wecker, "In Defense of Self-Hating Jews", May 2007, ''Jewish Currents'', online at [http://www.jewishcurrents.org/2007-may-wecker.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312021135/http://jewishcurrents.org/2007-may-wecker.htm|date=2017-03-12}}.</ref> Pada tahun 2002, Chomsky menulis bahwa persamaan antizionisme dan antisemitisme diperluas ke kritik terhadap kebijakan Israel, bukan hanya kritik terhadap Zionisme. Chomsky juga menulis bahwa, jika pengkritik Israel adalah orang Yahudi, tuduhan antisemitisme dianggap menyatakan [[Yahudi pembenci diri|kebencian terhadap diri sendiri]].<ref>* Chomsky, ''Necessary Illusions'', p 316:

: "There have long been efforts to identify anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism in an effort to exploit anti-racist sentiment for political ends; 'one of the chief tasks of any dialogue with the Gentile world is to prove that the distinction between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism is not a distinction at all,' Israeli diplomat Abba Eban argued, in a typical expression of this intellectually and morally disreputable position (Eban, Congress Bi-Weekly, March 30, 1973). But that no longer suffices. It is now necessary to identify criticism of Israeli policies as anti-Semitism -- or in the case of Jews, as 'self-hatred,' so that all possible cases are covered."</ref> Pada tahun 2004, Chomsky berkata, "Jika Anda menyamakan negara, rakyat, budaya dengan penguasa, menerima doktrin totaliter, maka ya, mengkritik kebijakan Israel adalah antisemit, dan mengkritik kebijakan Amerika adalah anti-Amerika, dan itu anti-Soviet ketika para pembelotnya mengkritik kebijakan Rusia. Anda harus menerima asumsi yang sangat totaliter agar tidak menertawakan hal ini."<ref>{{cite web|author=Amy Goodman|date=21 October 2004|title=On the State of the Nation, Iraq and the Election, Noam Chomsky|url=http://www.chomsky.info/interviews/20041021.htm}}</ref> Namun, Oliver Kamm berpendapat bahwa Chomsky salah menafsirkan komentar Eban.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chomsky, antisemitism and intellectual standards|url=https://oliverkamm.typepad.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018221721/http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2005/02/chomsky_antisem.html|archive-date=2018-10-18|access-date=2021-05-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Pemusik [[Roger Waters]] adalah kritikus perlakuan Israel terhadap warga Palestina, dan dituduh oleh [[Liga Anti-Fitnah|Liga Antifitnah]] mempergunakan citra antisemit dalam salah satu produksi musiknya baru-baru ini. Waters menanggapinya dengan menyatakan bahwa liga tersebut secara teratur menggambarkan para pengkritik Israel sebagai antisemit, dan bahwa itu ibarat "layar yang disembunyikan".<ref>* Smith, Lewis, "Anti-Semitic? Not me, says Roger Waters", ''The Independent'', 4 October 2010, [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/antisemitic-not-me-says-roger-waters-2096790.html online]:

: "Abraham Foxman, the director of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), said using the dollar sign and the Star of David in sequence [during Water's performance] echoed the stereotype that Jews were avaricious. Referring to criticism Waters has previously made of Israel for its treatment of the Palestinians, Mr. Foxman said the musician should have 'chosen some other way to convey his political views without playing into and dredging up the worst age-old anti-Semitic stereotype about Jews and their supposed obsession with making money'. … [Waters replied:] 'If I don't respond [to the suggestion of antisemitism] people will see the story and will come to believe I'm anti-Semitic, and I'm not. Nothing could be further from the truth.' Waters has spoken against Israeli policies and accused the ADL of painting critics as anti-Semitic. 'It's a screen that they hide behind. I don't think they should be taken seriously on that. You can attack Israeli policy without being anti-Jewish,' he [Waters] said."</ref>
[[Berkas:Archbishop-Tutu-medium.jpg|ka|jmpl|225x225px| [[Desmond Tutu]]]]
Pada tahun 2002, Desmond Tutu, seorang kritikus Israel, membandingkan kebijakan Israel dengan apartheid Afrika Selatan. Tutu menulis bahwa kritik terhadap Israel ditindas di Amerika Serikat, dan kritik terhadap Israel "segera dijuluki antisemit".<ref>* Tutu, Desmond, "Apartheid in the Holy Land," ''The Guardian'' (Britain), April 29, 2002. [https://www.theguardian.com/israel/comment/0,10551,706911,00.html online]

: " I've been very deeply distressed in my visit to the Holy Land; it reminded me so much of what happened to us black people in South Africa. I have seen the humiliation of the Palestinians at checkpoints and roadblocks, suffering like us when young white police officers prevented us from moving about. ... But you know as well as I do that, somehow, the Israeli government is placed on a pedestal [in the US], and to criticise it is to be immediately dubbed anti-semitic, as if the Palestinians were not semitic. I am not even anti-white, despite the madness of that group. And how did it come about that Israel was collaborating with the apartheid government on security measures? People are scared in this country [the US], to say wrong is wrong because the Jewish lobby is powerful – very powerful."</ref>

Michael Prior adalah seorang kritikus yang cukup vokal terhadap perlakuan Israel terhadap warga Palestina, dan sering dituduh antisemit, tetapi ia berhati-hati dalam membedakan antara antizionisme dan antisemitisme.<ref>* "Father Michael Prior: Roman Catholic priest and scholar who campaigned for the rights of Palestinians", in ''The Times'', 21 August 2004, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article472227.ece online]:

: "In an interview in Witness in 2003, Father Prior said: "The God they portray looks to me to be a militaristic and xenophobic genocide who would not be even sufficiently moral to conform to the Fourth Geneva Convention. How, I constantly ask myself, are such people so unconcerned about others being kicked out of their homes, children being shot, people struggling for survival against very oppressive forces of occupation?" Needless to say, he was sometimes accused of being anti-Semitic. But he was careful to distinguish between anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism. He believed that Muslims, Jews and Christians could and should live in equality and harmony. In his last article, published in The Tablet shortly before his death, he warned that the Catholic-Jewish liaison committee's decision to equate antiZionism with anti-Semitism was a grave mistake. He was convinced that Zionism flew in the face of the Hebrew Scriptures."

* See also: "Professor Michael Prior: Controversial priest and theologian who was an outspoken supporter of Palestinian rights" in ''The Independent'', [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-michael-prior-550327.html online]</ref>

[[Ken Livingstone]], mantan [[Daftar Wali Kota London|Wali Kota London]], dituduh antisemit karena berbagai komentarnya, termasuk pernyataan yang mengkritik perlakuan Israel terhadap warga Palestina. Sebagai tanggapan, Livingstone menulis, "Selama 20 tahun pemerintah Israel telah berusaha untuk menggambarkan siapa saja yang dengan lantang mengkritik kebijakan Israel sebagai antisemit. Kenyataannya adalah sebaliknya: nilai-nilai kemanusiaan universal yang mengakui Holocaust sebagai kejahatan rasis terbesar di dunia abad ke-20, juga menjadi landasan kecaman terhadap kebijakan pemerintahan Israel—bukan karena alasan yang tidak masuk akal bahwa kebijakan tersebut menyerupai Nazi atau Holocaust, melainkan karena pembersihan etnis, diskriminasi, dan teror adalah perbuatan tidak bermoral.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Livingstone|first=Ken|date=4 March 2005|title=The Guardian, "This is about Israel, not anti-semitism"|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2005/mar/04/society.london|location=London}}</ref>

Aktivis perdamaian Cindy Sheehan mengeklaim bahwa ia telah dituduh antisemit secara tidak pantas karena posisinya yang antiperang, khususnya kritiknya terhadap lobi Israel dan tindakan Israel terhadap warga Palestina. Sheehan menekankan bahwa kritiknya terhadap Israel "tidak boleh ditafsirkan sebagai kebencian terhadap semua orang Yahudi".<ref>Sheehan, Cindy, [http://cindysheehanssoapbox.blogspot.com/2010/06/audacity-of-israel-by-cindy-sheehan.html "The Audacity of Israel"] on [[Cindy Sheehan's Soapbox]] online blog, June 4, 2010.</ref>

=== Kritikus yang menyorot penyensoran atau penindasan ===
Pakar politik [[John Mearsheimer]] dan [[Stephen Walt]] menulis artikel yang mengkritik lobi Israel di Amerika Serikat, yang menegaskan bahwa lobi Israel menggunakan tuduhan antisemit sebagai bagian dari strategi yang disengaja untuk menekan kritik terhadap Israel. Mearsheimer dan Walt sendiri dituduh antisemit akibat artikel tersebut dan buku yang ditulis berdasarkan artikel tersebut.<ref>* Harrison, pp 194–195:

: "… Mearsheimer and Walt were widely accused of anti-Semitism and responded forcefully that, in their opinion, such accusations were baseless and were being leveled purely in order to suppress legitimate criticism of Israel and its supporters…. [their] thesis includes as a subordinate contention the claim that the Israel lobby uses the accusation of anti-Semitism purely as a tool to suppress criticism of Israel. All talk of a 'new anti-Semitism' is asserted to be part of a deliberate strategy: 'Israel's advocates, when pressed to go beyond mere assertion, claim that there is a new anti-Semitism which they equate with criticism of Israel. In other words, criticise Israeli policy, and you are by definition an anti-semite'."

* Harrison is quoting from Mearsheimer and Walt's 2006 article "The Israel Lobby" published in ''London Review of Books'', vol 28, no. 6, 23 March 2006.</ref>

[[Jenny Tonge, Baroness Tonge|Jenny Tonge]], anggota [[Dewan Bangsawan Britania Raya]], sering mengkritik kebijakan Israel, dan dicap antisemit.<ref>{{cite news|author=BBC News|date=13 October 2006|title=Rebuke for peer's Israel remarks|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/6049386.stm}}</ref> Sebagai tanggapannya, ia berpidato di Parlemen, "Saya mulai paham ... tindakan balas dendam yang dilakukan lobi Israel [dan] AIPAC ... terhadap orang-orang yang menentang dan mengkritik lobi tersebut. ... [Saya mengerti] ... tuduhan antisemit yang terus-menerus—padahal tak ada sentimen semacam itu—untuk membungkam para pengkritik Israel."<ref>* {{cite web|title=Video of Speech by Jenny Tonge in Parliament|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JTEFUIZ4FcI|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}
* {{cite web|author=Dana Gloger|date=11 July 2008|title=Board attacks Tonge's Israel lobby criticism|url=http://www.thejc.com/news/uk-news/board-attacks-tonge%E2%80%99s-israel-lobby-criticism}}</ref>
[[Berkas:Naderspeak.JPG|jmpl| [[Ralph Nader]]]]
[[Ralph Nader]], politikus Amerika Serikat dan pembela konsumen, mengkritik kebijakan Israel serta mendukung perjuangan Palestina, serta mengkritik pengaruh berlebihan [[Lobi Israel di Amerika Serikat|lobi Israel]] terhadap pemerintah Amerika Serikat. Sebagai tanggapan, Nader menulis surat kepada direktur [[Liga Anti-Fitnah|Liga Antifitnah]] berjudul "''Criticizing Israel Is Not Anti-Semitism''", yang berbunyi, "Modus operasi Anda selama bertahun-tahun adalah membuat tuduhan atau sindiran rasisme yang dirancang untuk memfitnah dan menghindar. Karena pola Anda dalam melontarkan tuduhan seperti itu, yang telah disesuaikan secara hati-hati untuk situasi saat ini tetapi dengan tujuan menstigmatisasi yang sama, telah menghalangi kebebasan berpendapat yang kritis. ... Liga Antifitnah harus berupaya mencapai tujuan ini [perdamaian] dan bukan berusaha untuk menekan wacana realistis mengenai subjek tersebut dengan julukan dan sindiran."<ref>[[Ralph Nader|Nader, Ralph]], "A Letter to Abraham Foxman: Criticizing Israel is Not Anti-Semitism", in ''Counterpunch'', 16 October 2004, [http://www.counterpunch.org/nader10162004.html online] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707020003/http://www.counterpunch.org/nader10162004.html|date=2009-07-07}}</ref>

William I. Robinson, guru besar [[Universitas California, Santa Barbara]], dituduh antisemit karena tugas kelas yang berkisar pada serangan Israel di [[Jalur Gaza]], dan ia menjawab dengan menyatakan bahwa [[Lobi Israel di Amerika Serikat|lobi Israel]] mengecap "setiap kritik" terhadap Israel sebagai antisemit.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ADL commentary on Robinson|url=http://www.adl.org/PresRele/IslME_62/5556_62.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107163835/http://www.adl.org/PresRele/IslME_62/5556_62.htm|archive-date=2011-01-07|access-date=2011-01-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sebagai tanggapan, Robinson berkata, "Fakta bahwa saya menyertakan penafsiran saya mengenai konflik Israel–Palestina sepenuhnya berada dalam batas normal dan diharapkan. ... Salah satu urusan paling mendesak di Januari adalah serangan Israel di Jalur Gaza—tidak ada yang lebih relevan dengan mata kuliah ini pada saat itu. Ketika Anda mengemukakan materi yang sensitif, menghasut, dan kontroversial di kelas, kami sebagai profesor menjalankan misi kami untuk mengejutkan siswa guna menantang mereka untuk berpikir kritis terhadap isu-isu dunia.... Lobi Israel kemungkinan adalah lobi terkuat di Amerika Serikat, dan apa yang mereka lakukan adalah mengecap setiap kritik terhadap perilaku anti-Israel sebagai antisemit."  Ia menambahkan, “Kampanye ini bukan sekadar upaya untuk menghukum saya. [[Lobi Israel di Amerika Serikat|Lobi Israel]] terus menambah serangan kejamnya terhadap siapa saja yang melawan kebijakan Israel.”<ref>Rosenfeld, Elliot, "Investigation of Professor Forges Ahead", ''Daily Nexus'', [http://www.dailynexus.com/2009-06-04/investigation-of-professor-forges-ahead/ online]</ref>

Pakar sastra komparatif dan studi pascakolonialisme Amerika Serikat, Dr. Steven Salaita, terlibat dalam kontroversi mengenai kebebasan berpendapat bagi staf pengajar universitas-universitas Amerika Serikat saat tawaran pekerjaannya ditarik dari [[Universitas Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] oleh Rektor Dr. Phyllis Wise. Tindakan itu dianggap banyak pihak sebagai pelanggaran terhadap kebebasan berpendapat Salaita. Selama konflik tahun 2014 antara Israel dan Gaza, ia menulis kicauan di Twitter yang dianggap sebagai kritik terhadap pemerintah Israel,<ref>[http://open.salon.com/blog/designanator/2015/01/31/prof_fired_for_criticism_of_israel_files_federal_lawsuit Prof. Fired for Criticism of Israel Files Federal Lawsuit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313143655/http://www.open.salon.com/blog/designanator/2015/01/31/prof_fired_for_criticism_of_israel_files_federal_lawsuit|date=2015-03-13}} Salon, 31 Jan 2015</ref> dan Salaita mengeklaim bahwa sebagai akibatnya, pendukung pro-Israel yang terkait dengan universitas tersebut menuduhnya antisemit dan menekannya, sampai universitas membatalkan tawaran pekerjaan kepadanya. Sebagai hasil dari kritiknya yang blak-blakan terhadap cara universitas menangani situasi tersebut, ''[[Haaretz]]'' mencatat bahwa Salaita telah menetapkan "status selebritas di lingkungan perkuliahan."<ref name="haaretz.com2">{{Cite news|title='I am no anti-Semite' says Steven Salaita, lecturer-cum celeb who was fired for tweeting|url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-i-am-no-anti-semite-says-lecturer-fired-for-tweeting-1.5340942|work=Haaretz|language=en|access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref> Pada bulan November 2015, masalah Salaita dan UIUC rampung dengan pembayaran sebesar US$600.000 kepada Salaita dan menutupi biaya pengacaranya; dan universitas tidak mengakui kesalahan apa pun.<ref name="SalaitaSettlement">{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=Jodi S.|date=2015-11-12|title=University of Illinois OKs $875,000 settlement to end Steven Salaita dispute|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-steven-salaita-settlement-met-20151112-story.html|website=chicagotribune.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-16}}</ref>

== Tanggapan terhadap kritik ==

=== Klaim bias media ===
Mudar Zahran, warga Yordania keturunan Palestina, menulis bahwa "kecenderungan menyalahkan Israel atas segalanya" telah memberikan alasan bagi para pemimpin Arab untuk mengabaikan HAM Palestina di negara mereka. Sebagai contoh, ia mengatakan bahwa saat dunia marah atas blokade Jalur Gaza, media “memilih untuk dengan sengaja mengabaikan” keadaan warga Palestina yang bertahan di kamp-kamp pengungsi Lebanon dan negara-negara Arab lainnya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zahran|first=Mudar|date=2010-08-01|title=Demonizing Israel is bad for the Palestinians|url=http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=183252|website=The Jerusalem Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808062154/http://www.jpost.com/LandedPages/PrintArticle.aspx?id=183252|archive-date=2010-08-08|access-date=2021-10-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[George Will]] mengeklaim bahwa "pasukan pertama (dan terakhir, dan di antara) yang menyalahkan Israel" semakin "besar dan terus berkembang".<ref>''The Leveling Wind: Politics, the Culture, and Other News, 1990–1994''. George Will. Viking, 1994. p. 336</ref>

=== Klaim bias PBB ===
[[Alan Dershowitz]], seorang pengacara Amerika Serikat, mengeklaim bahwa PBB saat ini bersikap munafik, serta menulis bahwa PBB tidak mengutuk [[Aneksasi Tibet oleh Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|aneksasi]] [[Tibet]] oleh Tiongkok atau mengakui hak orang Tibet untuk menentukan nasibnya sendiri, dan juga mencatat bahwa pendudukan Tiongkok di Tibet sudah lebih lama, lebih brutal, lebih mematikan dan kurang dapat dibenarkan dibandingkan pendudukan Israel di Tepi Barat dan Gaza.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dershowitz|first=Alan|date=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/caseforisrael000ders|title=The case for Israel|location=Hoboken, N.J.|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0471679523|edition=Paperback}}</ref>{{Page needed}}

=== Kementerian Luar Negeri ===
[[Daftar Menteri Luar Negeri Israel|Kementerian Luar Negeri Israel]] telah mendorong penggunaan media sosial untuk melawan kritik terhadap kebijakan Israel.{{Butuh rujukan}}Salah satu anggota korps diplomatik mengajukan tindakan yang lebih agresif terhadap kritikus Israel. Pada bulan Juni 2012, Channel 10 Israel menerbitkan sebuah surel yang berisi usulan [[Nurit Tinari-Modai]], wakil kepala misi Israel di [[Republik Irlandia|Irlandia]] dan istri duta besar, Boaz Moda'i, untuk melakukan pelecehan terhadap ekspatriat Israel yang mengkritik kebijakan Israel, dengan mengirim foto mereka dan menerbitkan disinformasi yang akan mempermalukan mereka. Ia menyatakan bahwa mereka kritis terhadap Israel karena identitas seksual mereka. Menyusul publisitas taktik Tinari-Modai, Kementerian Luar Negeri segera menjauh dari suratnya. Rekomendasinya mencakup hal berikut, "Anda harus mengadili dan memukul mereka, serta mempublikasikan foto-foto mereka, sehingga akan mempermalukan teman-teman mereka di Israel dan keluarga mereka, dengan harapan para aktivis lokal akan mengerti bahwa mereka sebenarnya bekerja atas nama Mossad."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Israeli envoy: activists have 'sexual identity problems'|url=https://www.thejc.com/news/world/israeli-envoy-activists-have-sexual-identity-problems-1.33860|website=www.thejc.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518145806/https://www.thejc.com/news/world/israeli-envoy-activists-have-sexual-identity-problems-1.33860|archive-date=2021-05-18|access-date=2021-05-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Israel's Irish embassy: UN would have made Hitler happy|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/un-made-hitler-happy-israels-irish-embassy-says/|website=[[The Times of Israel]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Israel's Ireland embassy: Hitler would have liked the UN|url=https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-gaffe-prone-envoy-hitler-would-love-un-1.5317622|work=Haaretz|language=en|access-date=2021-05-18}}</ref>

=== Opini publik Israel ===
Kritik internasional menjadi fokus utama di Israel. Menurut survei Universitas Tel Aviv pada Agustus 2010, lebih dari separuh warga Israel percaya bahwa "seluruh dunia menentang kami", dan tiga perempat warga Israel percaya "bahwa apa pun yang dilakukan Israel atau seberapa jauh upaya mereka untuk menyelesaikan konflik dengan Palestina, dunia akan terus mengkritik Israel”.<ref name="peace index">{{Cite web|title=Tel Aviv University, Israel Democracy Institute, Peace Index August 2010|url=http://peaceindex.org/indexMonthEng.aspx?num=56|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018221231/http://peaceindex.org/indexMonthEng.aspx?num=56|archive-date=2018-10-18|access-date=2010-12-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> Akibatnya, diplomasi publik telah menjadi fokus penting pemerintah Israel setelah Kemerdekaan. Kementerian Diplomasi Publik dan Urusan Diaspora Israel berupaya menjelaskan kebijakan pemerintah dan memperkenalkan Israel dalam menghadapi apa yang mereka anggap pemberitaan negatif tentang Israel di seluruh dunia.

=== Kriminalisasi perbandingan Israel dengan Nazi ===
Laporan EISCA merekomendasikan agar pemerintah Britania Raya mengkriminalisasi antisemitisme tertentu, khususnya penggunaan [[analogi Nazi]] untuk mengkritik Israel, serta bentuk-bentuk kritik lainnya terhadap Israel.<ref>Igansky, EISCA Report, pp 28–30</ref>

Paul Craig Roberts dan Antony Lerman mempertanyakan rekomendasi laporan EISCA, serta khawatir bahwa rekomendasi laporan tersebut dapat disahkan menjadi undang-undang perlindungan ujaran kebencian di Eropa, yang dapat melanggar kebebasan berpendapat, dan dapat mengkriminalisasi kritik yang sah terhadap Israel.

Penulis Paul Craig Roberts menentang undang-undang di Amerika yang hendak memidana pengkritik Israel, dan sebagai contoh ia mengutip Undang-Undang Antisemitisme Global tahun 2004 dan Undang-Undang Pemberantasan Ujaran Kebencian tahun 2009. Roberts menegaskan bahwa para pelobi Israel mendesak dibuatnya undang-undang yang menetapkan bahwa orang dapat dipidana jika meyakini bahwa Israel melakukan kejahatan perang.<ref>Roberts, Paul Craig, "Criminalizing Criticism of Israel", ''Counterpunch'' 7 May 2009, [https://www.counterpunch.org/2009/05/07/criminalizing-criticism-of-israel/ online]:

: "On October 16, 2004, President George W. Bush signed the Israel Lobby's bill, the Global Anti-Semitism Review Act. This legislation requires the US Department of State to monitor anti-semitism world wide. To monitor anti-semitism, it has to be defined. What is the definition? Basically, as defined by the Israel Lobby and Abe Foxman, it boils down to any criticism of Israel or Jews. Rahm Israel Emanuel hasn't been mopping floors at the White House. As soon as he gets the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 passed, it will become a crime for any American to tell the truth about Israel’s treatment of Palestinians and theft of their lands. It will be a crime for Christians to acknowledge the New Testament's account of Jews demanding the crucifixion of Jesus. It will be a crime to report the extraordinary influence of the Israel Lobby on the White House and Congress, such as the AIPAC-written resolutions praising Israel for its war crimes against the Palestinians in Gaza that were endorsed by 100 per cent of the US Senate and 99 per cent of the House of Representatives, while the rest of the world condemned Israel for its barbarity. It will be a crime to doubt the Holocaust. It will become a crime to note the disproportionate representation of Jews in the media, finance, and foreign policy. In other words, it means the end of free speech, free inquiry, and the First Amendment to the Constitution. Any facts or truths that cast aspersion upon Israel will simply be banned. ... Criminalizing criticism of Israel destroys any hope of America having an independent foreign policy in the Middle East that serves American rather than Israeli interests. It eliminates any prospect of Americans escaping from their enculturation with Israeli propaganda. To keep American minds captive, the Lobby is working to ban as anti-semitic any truth or disagreeable fact that pertains to Israel. It is permissible to criticize every other country in the world, but it is anti-semitic to criticize Israel, and anti-semitism will soon be a universal hate-crime in the Western world. Most of Europe has already criminalized doubting the Holocaust. It is a crime even to confirm that it happened but to conclude that less than 6 million Jews were murdered."</ref>

Antony Lerman mengkritik laporan EISCA tahun 2009, dan mengeklaim bahwa memidana para kritikus Israel (khususnya, menyamakan tindakan Israel dengan Nazi) merupakan pelanggaran berlebihan terhadap kebebasan berpendapat di Inggris. Misalnya, ia berdalil, "Jika Anda mengatakan 'pergerakan IDF di Gaza sama seperti tindakan SS di Polandia, dan jika seorang Yahudi menganggap tindakan ini ofensif, menyakitkan, atau berbahaya,' secara teori, Anda bisa dipenjara."<ref>Lerman, "Should We Ban..":

: "Using Nazi analogies to criticise Israel and Zionism is offensive, but should it be banned, criminalized or branded as antisemitic? … The authors of a new report, Understanding and Addressing the "Nazi Card": Intervening Against Antisemitic Discourse, from the European Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism (EISCA), take a different line. ... While the principle that freedom of speech is not absolute is accepted in English law, not all offensive speech is criminalized. So, merely showing that comparing Israeli behaviour to the Nazis is offensive is no reason to outlaw such discourse. The authors try to get round this by arguing that such comparisons are especially offensive to Jews, because of their history. They say: "Most people would accept that it's completely unacceptable to call a Jewish person a Nazi." The implication here – that it may, therefore, be acceptable in some circumstances to call a non-Jew a Nazi – is unfortunate to say the least. If one is against the use of Nazi comparisons in public debate, it's unacceptable to call anyone a Nazi. In which case, the argument of exceptional offensiveness for Jews doesn't hold. ... The authors write: 'although the playing of the Nazi card is not always antisemitic, it unquestionably always harms'. As a result, where this occurs, it could already be defined as a criminal act, and if not, Iganski and Sweiry say, consideration should be given to changing the law so that it would be. In other words, if you said 'the way the IDF operated in Gaza was like the way the SS acted in Poland', and a Jew found this offensive, hurtful or harmful, you could, in theory, go to jail."</ref>

=== Boikot dan divestasi dari Israel ===
Pemboikotan Israel adalah kampanye [[ekonomi]], [[politik]], dan kebudayaan yang bertujuan untuk memutuskan hubungan secara selektif atau total dengan [[Israel|Negara Israel]]. Kampanye semacam ini dilakukan oleh mereka yang menentang legitimasi Israel, kebijakan atau tindakan Israel terhadap [[Orang Palestina|Palestina]] selama konflik [[Konflik Arab-Israel|Arab–Israel]] dan [[Konflik Israel–Palestina|Israel–Palestina]], menentang klaim teritorial Israel di [[Tepi Barat]] atau [[Yerusalem]], atau bahkan menentang hak Israel untuk memiliki hak atas wilayah Palestina. [[Boikot]] Arab terhadap institusi [[Zionisme|Zionis]] dan bisnis [[Orang Yahudi|Yahudi]] dimulai sebelum Israel berdiri sebagai sebuah negara. Boikot resmi diadopsi oleh [[Liga Arab]] segera setelah pembentukan negara Israel pada tahun 1948, namun tidak sepenuhnya diterapkan dalam praktiknya.

Pemboikotan ini telah dilaksanakan di [[dunia Arab]] dan [[Dunia Islam|dunia Muslim]]. Boikot ini mencakup tindakan ekonomi seperti [[divestasi]]; boikot konsumen terhadap produk atau bisnis Israel yang beroperasi di Israel; usulan boikot akademis terhadap [[Daftar perguruan tinggi di Israel|universitas dan sarjana Israel]]; dan usulan boikot terhadap [[Budaya Israel|institusi kebudayaan Israel]] atau olahraga Israel. Banyak pendukung kampanye [[Boikot, Divestasi dan Sanksi|Boikot, Divestasi, dan Sanksi]], seperti Uskup Agung [[Desmond Tutu]] menggunakan [[Perlawanan dalam negeri terhadap apartheid di Afrika Selatan|gerakan melawan apartheid Afrika Selatan]] pada tahun 1980-an sebagai model.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 July 2005|title=Palestinian Civil Society Calls for Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions against Israel Until it Complies with International Law and Universal Principles of Human Rights|url=https://bdsmovement.net/call|publisher=Palestine BDS Campaign}}</ref>

Disinvestasi Israel adalah kampanye yang dilakukan oleh entitas agama dan politik yang bertujuan menggunakan pencabutan investasi untuk menekan pemerintah Israel agar "mengakhiri pendudukan Israel atas wilayah Palestina yang direbut selama kampanye militer tahun 1967".<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Kampanye disinvestasi terkait dengan [[Pemboikotan Israel|boikot ekonomi dan politik lainnya terhadap Israel]]. Sebuah kampanye penting dimulai pada tahun 2002 dan didukung oleh uskup [[Afrika Selatan]] [[Desmond Tutu]].<ref name="autogenerated1">[http://newint.org/columns/viewfrom/2003/01/01/israel/ Israel: Time to Divest]. Desmond Tutu, ''[[New Internationalist (magazine)|New Internationalist]]'', January / February 2003</ref><ref name="Tutu-2002-09-02">[http://www.counterpunch.org/tutu1017.html Of Occupation and Apartheid Do I Divest?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724065207/http://www.counterpunch.org/tutu1017.html|date=2008-07-24}}, [[Desmond Tutu]], ''[[CounterPunch]]'', October 17, 2002</ref><ref name="tutuNation">{{cite journal |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/against-israeli-apartheid/ |title=Against Israel and apartheid |date=2002-06-27 |author=Desmond Tutu |author2=Ian Urbina |issue=275 |pages=4–5 |journal=The Nation |access-date=2006-11-28 |archive-date=2012-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017132707/http://www.thenation.com/article/against-israeli-apartheid |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tutu mengatakan bahwa kampanye melawan [[Wilayah pendudukan Israel|pendudukan Israel]] di wilayah Palestina dan [[Permukiman Israel|perluasan permukiman]] harus dicontoh dari kampanye disinvestasi yang sukses tetapi kontroversial yang sebelumnya dilakukan terhadap sistem apartheid di Afrika Selatan.<ref name="tutuNation" />

== Lihat pula ==
{{Portal|History|Politics}}

* [[Antizionisme|Anti-Zionisme]]
* [[Kejahatan perang Israel|Tuduhan kejahatan perang terhadap Israel]]

== Referensi ==

=== Kutipan ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Daftar pustaka ===
 {{Refbegin|2}}
*[[Per Ahlmark|Ahlmark, Per]], "Human Rights, Anti-Semitism, and The Wallenberg Legacy", in ''Nuremberg forty years later: the struggle against injustice in our time (International Human Rights Conference, November 1987 papers and proceedings)'', Irwin Cotler (Editor), McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP, 1995
*[[Pascal Bruckner|Bruckner, Pascal]], ''The tyranny of guilt: an essay on Western masochism'', Princeton University Press, 2010
*[[William F. Buckley, Jr.|Buckley, William]], ''In search of anti-Semitism'', Continuum, 1992
*[[Phyllis Chesler|Chesler, Phyllis]], ''The new anti-semitism: the current crisis and what we must do about it'', Jossey-Bass, 2003
*[[Noam Chomsky|Chomsky, Noam]], ''Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies'',  House of Anansi, 2003
* {{cite book|last=Cockburn|first=Alexander|year=2003|title=The Politics of Anti-Semitism|title-link=The Politics of Anti-Semitism|publisher=AK Press|isbn=1-902593-77-4|author-link=Alexander Cockburn}}
* Cohen, Patricia, "Essay Linking Liberal Jews and Anti_Semitism Sparks a Furor", ''The New York Times'',  January 31, 2007, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/31/arts/31jews.html online]
* Cotler, Irwin, "Human Rights and the new anti-jewishness", in ''Jerusalem Post'', Feb 5, 2004
*[[Alan Dershowitz|Dershowitz, Alan]], ''The Case for Israel'', John Wiley and Sons, 2003
*[[Alan Dershowitz|Dershowitz, Alan]], ''The Case Against Israel's Enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace'', John Wiley and Sons, 2009
*[[Leonidas Donskis|Donskis, Leonidas]], ''Troubled identity and the modern world'', Macmillan, 2009
*''EISCA Report'' - by Igansky, Paul, and Sweiry, Abe, ''Understanding and Addressing the ‘Nazi Card' – Intervening Against Antisemitic Discourse'', published by [[European Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism]] (EISCA), 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720160249/http://www.eisca.eu/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/nazicard.pdf online].
*[[Marc H. Ellis|Ellis, Marc]], ''Judaism Does Not Equal Israel'', The New Press, 2009
*EUMC report – ''Antisemitism – Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2001–2005 – Working Paper'', Beate Winkler, European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC),  May 2006,  [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717203338/http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/material/pub/AS/AntisemitismOverview_May.pdf online].
* {{cite book|last=Finkelstein|first=Norman G.|year=2005|title=Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History|title-link=Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-24598-9|author-link=Norman Finkelstein}}
*{{cite book|last1=Forster|first1=Arnold|last2=Benjamin|first2=Epstein|date=1974|title=The new anti-Semitism|url=https://archive.org/details/newantisemitism0000fors|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0070216150|author-link1=Arnold Forster (ADL)|author-link2=Benjamin Epstein}}
*[[Abraham Foxman|Foxman, Abraham]], '' Never Again?'', HarperCollins, 2004
*Harrison, Bernard, ''The Resurgence of Anti-Semitism: Jews, Israel, and Liberal Opinion'',  Rowman & Littlefield, 2006
*Igansky, Paul, and Sweiry, Abe, ''Understanding and Addressing the ‘Nazi Card' – Intervening Against Antisemitic Discourse'', published by [[European Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism]] (EISCA), 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720160249/http://www.eisca.eu/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/nazicard.pdf online].  Cited as "EISCA  Report" (see above).
*Igansky, Paul, and Kosmin, Barry (Eds), ''The New Antisemitism?: Debating Judeophobia in 21st-century Britain'', Profile, 2003
*[[Tony Judt|Judt, Tony]], "The Country That Wouldn't Grow Up", int ''Haaretz'', 2 May 2006, [http://www.haaretz.com/general/the-country-that-wouldn-t-grow-up-1.186721 online].
*[[Brian Klug|Klug, Brian]], "The Myth of the New Anti-Semitism", in ''[[The Nation (U.S. periodical)|The Nation]]'', posted January 15, 2004 (February 2, 2004 issue),  [http://www.thenation.com/article/myth-new-anti-semitism  online],  accessed January 9, 2006.
*{{cite journal|last=Klug|first=Brian|author-link=Brian Klug|date=March 2005|title=Is Europe a lost cause? The European debate on antisemitism and the Middle East conflict|journal=[[Patterns of Prejudice]]|volume=39|issue=1|pages=46–59|doi=10.1080/00313220500045253|s2cid=144601300}}
*[[Antony Lerman|Lerman, Antony]], "Jews attacking Jews" in ''Haaretz'', September 12, 2008,   [http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/opinion/jews-attacking-jews-1.253684 online]
*[[Antony Lerman|Lerman, Antony]] "Should we ban 'Nazi analogies'? Using Nazi analogies to criticise Israel or Zionism may be offensive, but should it be against the law?", in ''Guardian'', 24 July 2009, [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/jul/24/israel-nazi-analogies-ban online]
*[[Michael Lerner (rabbi)|Lerner, Michael]]. [http://baltimorechronicle.com/2007/020207LERNER.shtml There Is No New Anti-Semitism], posted February 5, 2007, accessed February 6, 2007.
*[[Antony Loewenstein|Lowenstein, Antony]], ''My Israel question'', Melbourne Univ. Publishing, 2007
*[[Perlmutter, Nathan]],  ''The Real Anti-Semitism in America'', Arbor House, 1982
*Picciotto, Henri, ''On Criticism of Israel and Anti-Semitism'', published by [[Jewish Voice for Peace]], date unknown, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110807085218/http://jewishvoiceforpeace.org/content/criticism-israel-and-anti-semitism online]
*[[Michael Prior (theologian)|Prior, Michael]] ''Speaking the Truth about Zionism and Israel'', Melisende, 2004
*[[Ron Rosenbaum|Rosenbaum, Ron]], ''Those who forget the past: the question of anti-Semitism'', Random House, Inc., 2004
* [[Alvin H. Rosenfeld]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100312025251/http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/PROGRESSIVE_JEWISH_THOUGHT.PDF 'Progressive' Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism].  [[American Jewish Committee]].  2006.
*[[Gabriel Schoenfeld|Schoenfeld, Gabriel]], ''The Return of Anti-Semitism'', Encounter Books, 2004
*Sharan, Shlomo, and Bukay, David, ''Crossovers: Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism'', Transaction Publishers, 2010
*{{Cite journal|last=Wistrich|first=Robert S.|author-link=Robert S. Wistrich|date=Fall 2004|title=Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism|url=http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=254&PID=0&IID=1064|journal=Jewish Political Studies Review|volume=16|issue=3–4|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090349/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=254&PID=0&IID=1064|archive-date=2007-09-29|access-date=2007-02-26|url-status=dead}}
*Zipperstein, Steven. "Historical Reflections of Contemporary Antisemitism" in Derek J. Penslar et al., ed., ''Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World'', Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005
*[[Mortimer Zuckerman|Zuckerman, Mortimer]], "The New Anti-Semitism", in ''U.S. News & World Report'', 3 November 2003;
{{Refend}}
[[Kategori:Sentimen anti-Israel]]
[[Kategori:Kritik terhadap filosofi politik]]
[[Kategori:Hak asasi manusia di Israel]]
[[Kategori:Konflik Arab–Israel]]