Kariyar mabuƙaci
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Kariyar mabuƙaci al'ada ce ta kiyaye masu siyan kaya da ayyuka, da jama'a, daga ayyukan rashin adalci a kasuwa. Sau da yawa ana kafa matakan kariya ga masu amfani da doka. Irin waɗannan dokokin an yi niyya ne dan hana kasuwancin yin zamba ko ƙayyadaddun ayyuka marasa adalci dan samun fa'ida akan masu fafatawa ko kuma yaudarar masu siye. Hakanan suna iya ba da ƙarin kariya ga jama'a wanda samfur (ko samarwa) zai iya tasiri ko da ba su ne masu siye kai tsaye ko mabuƙatan wannan samfurin ba. Misali, dokokin gwamnati na iya buƙatar 'yan kasuwa su bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da samfuransu-musamman a wuraren da matsalar lafiyar jama'a ko aminci ta kasance, kamar abinci ko motoci.
Kariyar mabuƙaci tana da alaƙa da ra'ayin haƙƙin mabukaci da kuma kafa ƙungiyoyin mabuƙaci, waɗanda ke taimaka wa masu amfani yin zaɓi mafi kyau a cikin kasuwa da kuma bin koke-koke kan kasuwanci. Ƙungiyoyin da ke inganta kariyar mabuƙaci sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin gwamnati (kamar Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya a Amurka), ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci masu sarrafa kansu (kamar Bunkunan Kasuwanci mafi kyau a Amurka, Kanada, Ingila, da dai sauransu), da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. waɗanda ke ba da shawarar dokokin kariyar mabuƙaci da kuma taimakawa wajen tabbatar da aiwatar da su (kamar hukumomin kare mabuƙaci da ƙungiyoyin sa ido).
An ayyana mabuƙaci a matsayin wanda ya sayi kaya ko ayyuka don amfani kai tsaye ko mallaka maimakon sake siyarwa ko amfani da shi wajen samarwa da masana'antu. Har ila yau, sha'awar mabuƙaci na iya bauta wa masu amfani, daidai da ingancin tattalin arziki, amma ana kula da wannan batu a cikin dokar gasa. Hakanan za'a iya tabbatar da kariyar mabuƙaci ta ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na gwamnati da ɗaiɗaikun mutane a matsayin gwagwarmayar mabuƙaci.
Ƙoƙarin da aka yi don kare haƙƙoƙin mabuƙaci da bukatunsu sune:
- Haƙƙin biyan buƙatun yau da kullun
- Haƙƙin aminci
- Hakkin a sanar
- Haƙƙin zaɓi
- Hakkin a ji
- Haƙƙin gyarawa
- Haƙƙin ilimin mabuƙaci
- Haƙƙin samun muhalli mai lafiya
Dokar mabukaci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ana ɗaukar dokar kariyar mabuƙaci ko dokar mabuƙaci a matsayin yanki na doka wanda ke daidaita dangantakar doka ta sirri tsakanin masu amfani da ɗaiɗaikun masu siyar da kasuwancin da ke siyar da waɗannan kayayyaki da sabis. Kariyar mabuƙaci ta ƙunshi batutuwa da dama, gami da amma ba lallai ba ne iyakance ga abin alhaki na samfur, haƙƙoƙin sirri, ayyukan kasuwanci mara adalci, zamba, ɓarna, da sauran hulɗar mabuƙaci/kasuwanci. Hanya ce ta hana zamba da zamba daga kwangilar sabis da tallace-tallace, zamba mai cancanta, ka'idojin masu tattara lissafin, farashi, kashe kayan aiki, ƙarfafawa, lamuni na sirri wanda zai iya haifar da fatara. An sami wasu muhawarar cewa dokar mabuƙaci ita ma hanya ce mafi kyau ta shiga cikin babban rabo fiye da dokar haraji saboda ba ta buƙatar doka kuma tana iya zama mafi inganci, idan aka yi la'akari da rikitattun dokar haraji. [1]
Ostiraliya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Ostiraliya, hukumar da ta dace ita ce Hukumar Gasar Australiya da Abokin Ciniki ko kuma hukumomin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Jiha. Hukumar Tsaro da Zuba Jari ta Australiya tana da alhakin ka'idojin kariya ga masu amfani da ayyukan kuɗi da samfuran. Koyaya, a aikace, yana yin hakan ta hanyar tsare-tsaren EDR masu zaman kansu kamar Australian Financial Complaints Authority.
Brazil
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Brazil, ana tsara kariyar mabuƙaci ta Code of Defesa do Consumidor (Código de Defesa do Consumidor), [2] kamar yadda Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1988 na Brazil ya umarta. Dokokin Brazil sun ba da umurni "Taron da gabatarwar samfurori ko ayyuka dole ne su tabbatar da daidaito, bayyananne, daidaitaccen bayani a cikin harshen Portuguese game da halayensu, halayensu, adadi, abun da ke ciki, farashi, garanti, inganci da asali, a tsakanin sauran bayanai, da sauransu. kamar yadda hadarin da suke haifarwa ga lafiya da amincin masu amfani da shi." [3] A Brazil, mabukaci ba dole ba ne ya gabatar da shaidar cewa mai kare yana da laifi. Maimakon haka, dole ne masu tsaro su gabatar da shaidar cewa ba su da laifi. [2] A cikin yanayin Brazil, a takaice sunyi define what a consumer, supplier, product, and services su ne, don su iya kare masu amfani daga dokokin kasuwanci na tashoshi na duniya da kuma kare su daga sakaci da rashin ɗa'a daga masu samar da kayayyaki na duniya.
Jamus
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Jamus, a matsayinta na memba na Tarayyar Turai, tana da alaƙa da umarnin kariya na mabuƙaci na Tarayyar Turai; Mazauna na iya zama masu ɗaure kai tsaye da dokokin EU. Ministan majalisar tarayya yana da alhakin haƙƙin mabuƙaci da kariya (Verbraucherschutzminister). A cikin majalisar ministocin Olaf Scholz na yanzu, wannan shine Steffi Lemke.
Lokacin bayar da gargaɗin jama'a game da samfura da ayyuka, dole ne hukumar da ke ba da izini ta yi la'akari da cewa wannan yana shafar 'yancin tattalin arziƙin da tsarin mulki ya kare, duba Bundesverwaltungsgericht (Kotun Gudanarwa na Tarayya) Case 3 C 34.84, 71 BVerwGE 183. [4]
Indiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Sign_showing_Code_of_Buyers._Fuel_outlet%2C_Jaipur.jpg/220px-Sign_showing_Code_of_Buyers._Fuel_outlet%2C_Jaipur.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Code_of_Seller._Fuel_outlet%2C_Jaipur.jpg/220px-Code_of_Seller._Fuel_outlet%2C_Jaipur.jpg)
A Indiya, an ƙayyade kariyar mabuƙaci a cikin Dokar Kariyar Abokan ciniki, 2019. A ƙarƙashin wannan doka, an kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na magance rikicin abokan ciniki a duk ƙasar Indiya a kowace gunduma inda mabukaci zai iya shigar da kokensa a kan takarda mai sauƙi tare da kuɗaɗen kotu na ƙididdiga kuma jami'in kula da matakin gunduma zai yanke shawarar kokensu. Duk masu amfani da kaya da na sabis na iya shigar da ƙarar. Za a iya shigar da ƙara zuwa ga Hukumar Kula da Rikicin Masu Amfani na Jiha sannan kuma zuwa ga National Consumer Disputes RedresaRedressalsion (NCDRC) ta ƙasa. [5] Hanyoyin da ke cikin waɗannan kotuna ba su da ƙarancin tsari kuma sun fi abokantaka kuma suna ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan don yanke shawara kan takaddamar mabuƙaci idan aka kwatanta da tsawon shekarun da shari'ar Indiya ta gargajiya ta ɗauka. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an zartar da hukunce-hukunce masu inganci da yawa daga wasu kungiyoyi na jihohi da na ƙasa baki ɗaya.
Dokar Kwangilar Indiya, ta 1872 tanada sharuɗɗan da alkawuran da ɓangarorin suka yi na kwangila za su kasance da doka a kan juna. Har ila yau, ya tanadi hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su ga jimlar jam'iyyar idan ɗayan ya ƙasa cika alkawarin da suka yi.
Dokar Siyar da Kaya ta 1930 tana ba da wasu kariya ga masu siyan kaya idan kayan da aka saya ba su cika ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗa da garanti ba.
Dokar Samar da Noma ta Dokar 1937 ta ba da ma'auni don kayan amfanin gona da kayayyakin kiwo. Yana ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗan da ke tafiyar da amfani da ma'auni kuma ya tsara tsarin ƙididdigewa, yin alama, da tattara kayan amfanin gona. Alamar ingancin da aka bayar a ƙarƙashin dokar ana kiranta da AGMARK-Agriculture Marketing.
Najeriya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dole ne gwamnatin Najeriya ta kare al'ummarta daga duk wani nau'i na cutar da lafiyar bil'adama ta hanyar amfani da siyan kayayyaki don biyan buƙatun yau da kullun. Dangane da haka, Hukumar Kula da Gasar Cin Hanci da Cin Hanci da Rashawa ta Tarayya (FCCPC), wacce manufarta ita ce kare da haɓaka sha'awar masu amfani ta hanyar ba da bayanai, ilimi, da kuma tabbatar da haƙƙin masu amfani da su, an kafa wata doka ta Majalisar Dokoki don haɓakawa da kare lafiyar masu amfani sha'awar masu amfani akan duk samfuran da sabis. A taƙaice, an ba shi ikon kawar da haɗari da kayayyaki marasa inganci daga kasuwa. Bayar da gyara cikin gaggawa ga koke-koken mabuƙaci da koke da suka taso daga zamba, rashin adalci, da cin zarafin mabuƙaci.
A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairu, 2019, Shugaban Najeriya, Muhammadu Buhari, ya rattaba hannu a kan sabon kudurin dokar hukumar kula da gasa da masarufi ta tarayya, 2018. Don haka, kudurin ya zama wata doka ta Tarayyar Najeriya kuma tana aiki da hukumomi da kungiyoyi waɗanda dokar ta bayyana.
Dogon taken dokar yana cewa: “Wannan dokar ta kafa hukumar kula da gasa da masu sayayya ta tarayya da kotun kare gasa da masu sayayya don inganta gasa a kasuwannin Najeriya a dukkan matakai ta hanyar kawar da ‘yan mulkin mallaka, da haramta cin zarafin manyan kasuwanni da kuma hukunta masu hannu a ciki. sauran hanyoyin hana kasuwanci da ayyukan kasuwanci." Dokar ta kara da soke dokar hukumar kare hakkin masu amfani da kayayyaki ta Najeriya zuwa yanzu tare da mika aikinta ga sabuwar hukumar.
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Van Loo, Rory (2019-11-01). "Broadening Consumer Law: Competition, Protection, and Distribution". Notre Dame Law Review. 95 (1): 211.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "L8078". www.planalto.gov.br. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
- ↑ "L8078". www.planalto.gov.br. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
- ↑ "DFR - BVerwGE 71, 183 - Transparenzliste". Archived from the original on 19 February 2007. Retrieved 11 July 2006.
- ↑ "National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission". ncdrc.nic.in.