'Yancin Jima'i

Hakkin Yin Jima'i
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Hakkokin Yan-adam

'Yancin jima'i ya ƙunshi 'yancin bayyana yanayin sha'awar mutum da kuma barranta daga duk wani tozarci dangane da yanayin sha'awar mutum na jima'i. A taƙaice dai, ya ta'allaƙa ne akan mutanen da ke da halin sha'awar jima'i daban daban, wanda suka haɗa da 'yan maɗigo, 'yan luwaɗi, masu sha'awar duka jinsi biyu (maza da mata) da kuma masu sauya halitta (LGBT), da kuma kare waɗannan haƙƙoƙi duk da cewa sun haɗa da 'yancin jima'i tsakanin namji da kuma mace. 'Yancin jima'i da kuma barranta daga tozarci ta fuskar yanayin sha'awa na daga cikin wanzuwar ɗan-Adam da kuma haƙƙoƙin da duk wani mutum yake da ita ta fuskar halittar ɗan-Adam.

Babu 'yancin yin jima'i a bayyane a cikin dokar haƙƙin ɗan Adam na duniya ; sannan a maimakon haka, ana samunsa a cikin wasu kayan kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa da suka hada da Sanarwar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Siyasa da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu .

Ma'ana

Batun 'yancin yin jima'i yana da wahalar bayyanawa, domin kuwa ya kunshi hakkoki da dama daga cikin dokokin kare hakkin dan Adam na duniya.

An bayyana muhimmancin yanayin jima'i a cikin Preamble na Yogyakarta Principles a matsayin " kowane mutum don zurfin motsin rai, so da sha'awa na jima'i ga da kuma kusanci da alaƙar jima'i da, mutane na jinsi daban-daban ko jinsi ɗaya ko fiye da jinsi ɗaya".

'Yanci daga nuna wariya saboda dalilin jima'i ana samunsa ne a cikin Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR).

UDHR ta tanadi rashin nuna wariya a cikin Matakinta na biyu (2), wanda ke cewa: ^[1]

Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya sami ‘yanci da haƙƙin da aka bayyana a cikin wannan sanarwar, ba tare da wani bambanci ba, kamar dai launin fata, jinsi, yare, addini, siyasa ko wani ra’ayi, asalin ƙasa ko na zaman jama'a, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani matsayi. Bugu da kari haka, ba za a nuna bambanci ba dangane da siyasa, hurda ko matsayin kasa da kasa da yankin da mutum yake, walau mai zaman kansa, mai dogaro da kai, mara mulkin kansa ko karkashin wani iyakancin ikon mallaka.

Za a iya fahimtar yanayin jima'i a cikin Mataki na biyu (2) a matsayin "wani matsayi" ko kuma a matsayin faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin "jima'i". A cikin ICCPR, Mataki na biyu ya bayyana irin wannan tanadin don rashin nuna bambanci:

Kowace Jiha na toungiyar na wakilta a halin yanzu da ta ɗauki alƙawarin girmamawa da tabbatar wa duk mutane a cikin ƙasarta kuma suna ƙarƙashin ikonta haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su a cikin Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu, ba tare da banbancin kowane nau'i ba, kamar launin fata, launi, jinsi, yare, addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, asalin ƙasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani matsayi.

A cikin Toonen v Ostiraliya Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHRC) ta gano cewa batun "jima'i" a cikin Mataki na biyu na (ICCPR) ya hada da tsarin jima'i, don haka sanya nuna jinsi ya zama dalilan banbanci game da jin dadin 'yancin a karkashin (ICCPR). ^[2].

'Yancin samun' yanci daga nuna bambanci shi ne tushen 'yancin yin jima'i, amma yana da nasaba ta kusa da motsa jiki da kuma kare wasu hakkokin dan adam.

Bayan Fage

Mutanen da ke da bambancin yanayin jima'i an nuna musu wariya a tarihi kuma suna cigaba da kasancewa "rukuni" cikin al'umma a yau. Nau'ikan nuna wariyar da mutane masu bambancin ra'ayi ke fuskanta sun hada da hana ' yancin rayuwa, da ' yancin yin aiki da hakkin kare sirri, rashin sanin alakar mutum da dangi, kutse da mutuncin mutum, tsangwama da tsaron mutum, keta haƙƙin 'yanci daga azabtarwa, nuna bambanci a cikin damar samun haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, gami da gidaje, kiwon lafiya da ilimi, da matsin lamba don yin shiru da ganuwa. ^[3]

Kasashe saba'in da takwas suna kiyaye dokokin da ke sanya jinsi tsakanin jima'i tsakanin manya aikata laifi, kuma ƙasashe bakwai (ko ɓangarorinta) ke zartar da hukuncin kisa kan jima'i tsakanin jima'i. Su ne Iran, Saudi Arabiya, Yemen, Mauritania, Sudan, jihohin arewacin Najeriya goma sha biyu, da yankunan kudancin Somaliya.

'Yancin yin jima'i bai daɗe da zama abin damuwa ba na duniya, tare da ƙa'idodin jima'i a al'adance suna faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin ikon ƙasar . ^[4] A yau kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa da yawa sun tsunduma cikin kare hakkin mutane na bambancin jinsi kamar yadda ake kara fahimtar cewa nuna banbanci game da tsarin jima'i ya yadu kuma keta hakkokin bil' adama ne da ba za a amince da shi ba.

Ayyukan tashin hankali

Ayyukan tashin hankali akan mutanen (LGBT) galibi suna da ban tsoro musamman idan aka kwatanta da sauran laifuka masu haifar da son zuciya ^[5] kuma sun haɗa da kashe-kashe, sace-sace, duka, fyade, da tashin hankali na hankali, gami da barazanar, tilastawa da lalata aibata mutum. ^[6]

Misalan ayyukan tashin hankali akan mutane masu bambancin ra'ayi game da jima'i suna da yawa a lissafa a nan, kuma suna faruwa a duk sassan duniya. Misali mai matukar damuwa shine cin zarafin mata da kisan yan madigo goma sha biyar a cikin Thailand a cikin Maris alib na 2012. A cikin wannan misalin, wasu maza da suka yi adawa da alaƙar su sun kashe ma'aurata biyu 'yan madigo kuma suka ji kunya lokacin da suka kasa shawo kan matan zuwa ga alaƙar maza da kansu. ^[7]

Yawancin lokuta ayyukan tashin hankali ga mutanen da ke bambancin ra'ayi na jima'i ana yin su ne daga dangin wanda aka cutar. A wani yanayi a Zimbabwe, dangin ta ne suka shirya fyaden da ake yi wa ‘yar madigo da yawa a kokarin“ warkar da ita ”daga yin luwadi. ^[8]

A wa annan shari'o'in, kamar sauran lamura da yawa na cin zarafin mutane game da bambancin jinsi, hukumomin zartar da doka na jihar suna da hannu dumu-dumu a take hakkin dan adam saboda gazawa wajen musguna wa masu take hakki.

Keta haƙƙin sirri

'Yancin sirri shine' yanci da aka kiyaye a karkashin offishin (UDHR), ^[9] da (ICCPR) wanda ke nuni da "yaduwar, idan ba gama gari ba, bukatar bil'adama ta bin wasu ayyukanta a cikin kusanci, ba tare da tsangwama daga waje ba. Yiwuwar yin hakan asasi ne ga mutum. ” ^[10] Abota ta kut da kut, ko tsakanin mutane biyu na jinsi ko na jinsi daban, suna cikin waɗannan ayyukan waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin haƙƙin sirri.

An yi nasara cikin jayayya da yawa a cikin shari'oi da dama na cewa dangantakar liwadi da madigo tsangwama ne ga haƙƙin sirri, gami da yanke hukunci a Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam da (UNHRC). ^[11]

Yancin yanke hukunci kan alaƙar mutum ta yarda da kansa, gami da jinsin wannan mutumin, ba tare da tsangwama na Gwamnati ba haƙƙin ɗan adam ne. Haramta dangantakar mutane masu bambancin ra'ayi game da jima'i tauye haƙƙin jima'i ne da haƙƙin sirri.

'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, tare da haɗuwa

Kowane mutum, ta hanyar ikon cin gashin kansa, yana da 'yanci ya bayyana kansa, ya tara kuma ya kasance tare da wasu. 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki haƙƙin ɗan Adam ne wanda aka kiyaye a karkashin doka ta 19 na (UDHR) da kuma sashi na 19 na (ICCPR) haka nan haƙƙin haɗuwa ne a ƙarƙashin doka ta 20 ta (UDHR) da kuma doka ta 21 ta (ICCPR)

Mutanen (LGBT) ana nuna musu wariya dangane da ikonsu na karewa da inganta haƙƙoƙinsu. Jerin fahariyar 'yan luwadi, zanga-zangar lumana da sauran abubuwan da ke inganta haƙƙoƙin (LGBT) galibi ana hana gwamnatocin Jiha. ^[12]

A shekarar 2011 an hana yin zanga-zangar nuna jinsi a Serbia ^[13] sannan 'yan sanda suka fasa wata zanga-zangar a Moscow, wadanda suka kame manyan masu rajin kare hakkin' yan luwadi talatin. ^[14]

Ka'idodin Yogyakarta

A shekarar 2005, kwararru ashirin da tara suka dauki nauyin kirkirar Ka'idojin Yogyakarta kan Aikace-aikacen Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya dangane da Fahimtar Jima'i da Shaidar Jinsi. An yi niyyar gabatar da daftarin ne don fitar da gogewa game da take hakkokin bil Adama a kan mutane masu bambancin jinsi da kuma wadanda suka sauya jinsi,da aiwatar da dokar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa ga wadancan abubuwan da kuma irin nauyin da ke kan Amurka game da wadancan abubuwan. ^[15]

Ka'idodin za a iya rarraba su zuwa cikin masu zuwa:

Ka'idoji na daya zuwa na 3 sun bayyana yadda kowa yake da hakkin ɗan adam da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi ga dukkan mutane.
Ka'idoji na 4 zuwa 11 suna magana ne kan hakkokin rayuwa, 'yanci daga tashin hankali da azabtarwa, sirri, samun adalci da' yanci daga tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Ka'idodin 12 zuwa 18 sun bayyana rashin nuna bambanci dangane da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, gami da aikin yi, masauki, tsaro na zamantakewar al'umma, ilimi da kiwon lafiya.
Ka'idodin 19 zuwa 21 sun jaddada mahimmancin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ainihi da kuma jima'i, ba tare da tsangwama na Jiha ba, gami da taron lumana.
Ka'idodin 22 da 23 sun bayyana haƙƙin neman mafaka daga zalunci dangane da yanayin jima'i.
Ka'idodin 24 zuwa 26 sun bayyana haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar iyali da al'adu da al'amuran jama'a.
Ka'idar ta 27 ta tsara haƙƙin ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ba tare da nuna bambanci ba dangane da yanayin jima'i.
Ka'idoji 28 da 29 sun jaddada mahimmancin yiwa wadanda suka keta hakkin dan adam hisabi, da kuma tabbatar da hakkin wadanda ke fuskantar take hakkin.

Ka'idojin dangarkatar kayan aiki ne na doka mai taushi kuma saboda haka baya ɗauka. Amma yana ba da muhimmiyar ƙa'ida ga isashshen a cikin wajibcinsu na kare haƙƙin mutane masu bambancin ra'ayin jima'i.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya

A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2011 Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin wani kuduri kan Hakkin Dan-Adam, Neman Jima'i da kuma Shaidar Jinsi, wanda kuri'un mutane 23 suka amince da shi, 19 suka nuna adawa, da kuma wadanda ba su amince da shi ba 3, sun bukaci kwamitin da ya gudanar da bincike don rubuta dokokin nuna wariya. da ayyukan tashin hankali ga mutane dangane da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi.

Kudurin na 2011 an yi shi ne don ya ba da haske kan yadda za a iya amfani da haƙƙin ɗan Adam na ƙasa da ƙasa don hana ayyukan tashin hankali da nuna wariya ga mutanen da ke da bambancin yanayin jima'i.

A ranar 15 ga Disambar 2011 ne Ofishin Babban Kwamishina na Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya fitar da rahoto na farko game da hakkin dan adam na mutanen (LGBT). ^[16]

Rahoton ya ba da shawarwari masu zuwa. Don hana afkuwar irin wannan tashin hankalin, ana ba da shawarar Kasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ^[17]

Gaggauta binciko duk rahotannin kashe-kashe da munanan tashe-tashen hankula da aka yi wa mutanen (LGBT), ba tare da la’akari da ko ana aiwatar da su a asirce ko a bayyane ba, daga oran Jiha ko waɗanda ba Statean Jiha ba, tabbatar da tabbatar da bin diddigin irin wannan take hakkin da kafa hanyoyin bayar da rahoto game da irin wannan.
An dauki matakai don hana azabtarwa da sauran nau'ikan zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanta mutane, tabbatar da tabbatar da bin doka game da irin waɗannan take hakkokin da kafa hanyoyin ba da rahoto.
Soke dokokin da suka haramta luwadi, da yin jima'i tsakanin mata da miji, da sauran dokokin aikata laifi wadanda suke tsare mutane dangane da jima'i da kuma soke hukuncin kisa kan laifukan da suka hada da yin jima'i tsakanin maza da mata.
Kafa cikakkiyar doka ta yaki da nuna wariya, tabbatar da cewa yaki da nuna wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i yana cikin ayyukan kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa.
Tabbatar cewa ana iya aiwatar da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiya da taron lumana cikin aminci ba tare da nuna banbanci ba game da yanayin jima'i ko asalin jinsi.
Aiwatar da shirye-shiryen horarwa masu dacewa ga jami'an tilasta bin doka, da tallafawa yakin neman labarai na jama'a don magance luwadi da madigo tsakanin jama'a da makarantu.
Sauƙaƙe amincewa da doka game da fifikon jinsi na mutane masu canza jinsi.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta kara daukar wani mataki ba, duk da cewa an gabatar da kudirin da aka gabatar game da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2008. Koyaya, wannan sanarwar ba ta sami karɓa a hukumance ta Babban taron Majalisar kuma yana buɗe wa masu sa hannu.

Duba wasu abubuwan

Hakkokin (LGBT) ta ƙasa ko ƙasa
Luwadi
Addini da liwadi
(LGBT) ƙungiyoyin jama'a
'Yan adawa na haƙƙin (LGBT).

Manazarta

↑ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 2.
↑ (488/1992), CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 (1994); 1-3 IHRR 97 (1994).
↑ M O'Flaherty and J Fisher Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and International Human Rights Law: Contextualising the Yogyakarta Principles (2008) 8 HRLR 207 at 208.
↑ International Council on Human Rights Archived 2021-03-01 at the Wayback Machine Sexuality and Human Rights (2009) at 21.
↑ Report on Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, UN Human Rights Council, ranar 17 ga watan November shekarar 2011, at [22].
↑ Report on Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, UN Human Rights Council, 17 November 2011, at [20].
↑ Thai police ignore fifteen killings of lesbians and toms Archived 2013-03-06 at the Wayback Machine (27 March 2012) International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, press release.
↑ Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences Archived 2014-09-19 at the Wayback Machine Commission on Human Rights, 31 January 2002, E/CN.4/2002/83 at [102].
↑ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 12.
↑ E Heinze Sexual Orientation: A Human Right (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1995) at 172.
↑ Dudgeon v UK A 45 (1981); (1982) 4 EHRR 149; Norris v Ireland A 142 (1988); (1988) 13 EHRR 186; Toonen v Australia (488/1992), CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 (1994); 1-3 IHRR 97 (1994).
↑ Report by the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance^{[permanent dead link]} (2006) Commission of Human Rights E/CN.4/2006/16/Add.1 at [72].
↑ Serbia bans gay pride march citing violence fears, (2011) BBC.
↑ Moscow police will break up banned gay pride march, (2011) Pink News.
↑ M O'Flaherty and J Fisher Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and International Human Rights Law: Contextualising the Yogyakarta Principles (2008) 8 HRLR 207 at 233.
↑ Report on Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, UN Human Rights Council, 17 November 2011.
↑ Report on Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, UN Human Rights Council, 17 November 2011, at [84].

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

Amnesty International Amurka: Matsayin doka na LGBT a duk duniya
Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan-Adam
Fahimtar Jima'i da Shaida a cikin Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Kasa da Kasa ta Hukumar Shari'a.

[1] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 2.

[2] (488/1992), CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 (1994); 1-3 IHRR 97 (1994).

[3] M O'Flaherty and J Fisher Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and International Human Rights Law: Contextualising the Yogyakarta Principles (2008) 8 HRLR 207 at 208.

[4] International Council on Human Rights Archived 2021-03-01 at the Wayback Machine Sexuality and Human Rights (2009) at 21.

[5] Report on Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, UN Human Rights Council, ranar 17 ga watan November shekarar 2011, at [22].

[6] Report on Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, UN Human Rights Council, 17 November 2011, at [20].

[7] Thai police ignore fifteen killings of lesbians and toms Archived 2013-03-06 at the Wayback Machine (27 March 2012) International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, press release.

[8] Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences Archived 2014-09-19 at the Wayback Machine Commission on Human Rights, 31 January 2002, E/CN.4/2002/83 at [102].

[9] Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 12.

[10] E Heinze Sexual Orientation: A Human Right (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht, 1995) at 172.

[11] Dudgeon v UK A 45 (1981); (1982) 4 EHRR 149; Norris v Ireland A 142 (1988); (1988) 13 EHRR 186; Toonen v Australia (488/1992), CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 (1994); 1-3 IHRR 97 (1994).

[12] Report by the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance^{[permanent dead link]} (2006) Commission of Human Rights E/CN.4/2006/16/Add.1 at [72].

[13] Serbia bans gay pride march citing violence fears, (2011) BBC.

[14] Moscow police will break up banned gay pride march, (2011) Pink News.

[15] M O'Flaherty and J Fisher Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and International Human Rights Law: Contextualising the Yogyakarta Principles (2008) 8 HRLR 207 at 233.

[16] Report on Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, UN Human Rights Council, 17 November 2011.

[17] Report on Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity, UN Human Rights Council, 17 November 2011, at [84].

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