Bambanci tsakanin canje-canjen "Namiji"
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[[File:Sikh man, Agra 10.jpg|thumb|namiji mai saje]]
[[File:Man biking on Recife city.jpg|thumb|namiji na tuƙa keke]]
'''''Duk da cewa yaren''''' Amurka ne na Turanci don mutum, galibi namiji.<ref name="webster">{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dude|title=''Dude'', Def. 2 – The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary|access-date=8 May 2007|publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]]}}</ref> Daga shekarar ta alif 1870 zuwa shekara ta alif 1960, duk da farko ana nufin mutumin da ya yi ado irin na zamani (dandy ) ko kuma wani fitaccen mutum da ya ziyarci ƙauye, "mai birge gari ". A cikin shekara ta 1960, "dude" ta samo asali zuwa ma’anar kowane namiji, ma’anar da ta shigo cikin yaren Amurkawa a cikin shekara alif 1970s. Kalaman yanzu suna riƙe da aƙalla amfani da dukkan waɗannan ma'anoni guda uku.<ref name="unisex1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/1914-/language/slang.htm|title=Slang|author1=Winona Bullard|author2=Shirley Johnson|author3=Jerkeshea Morris|author4=Kelly Fox|author5=Cassie Howell|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204062100/http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/1914-/language/slang.htm|archive-date=February 4, 2013|df=mdy}}</ref>
== Tarihi ==
[[File:Berry-wall-king-dudes.jpg|right|thumb| Evander Berry Wall, wani ɗan kishin zamantakewar New York, an yi masa laƙabi da "Sarkin Dudes". An ɗauke shi hoto (1888) a cikin ''jaridar New York ta Amurka'' a lokacin "yaƙin Dude"..<ref name="Bryk">{{cite news|url=http://www.nysun.com/on-the-town/king-of-the-dudes/15834/|title=King of the Dudes|last=Bryk|first=William|date=June 22, 2005|work=[[The New York Sun]]|access-date=2008-11-11}}</ref><ref>Jeffers, Harry Paul (2005). ''Diamond Jim Brady: Prince of the Gilded Age'', p.45. John Wiley and Sons. {{ISBN|0-471-39102-6}}</ref> ]]
Kalmar "dude" wataƙila ma ya samo asali ne daga kalmar ƙarni na 18 "doodle", kamar yadda yake a "Yankee Doodle Dandy".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2013/11/05/dude_etymology_of_the_word_is_traced_to_doodle_as_in_yankee_doodle_dandy.html|title=Mystery Solved: The Etymology of Dude|last=Okrent|first=Arika|date=2013-11-05|work=Slate|access-date=2017-10-24|language=en-US|issn=1091-2339}}</ref>
A cikin sanannun latsawa na 1880s da 1890s, "dude" sabuwar kalma ce ta " dandy " - wani "maɗaukakiyar sutturar namiji", mutum ne wanda ya ba da mahimmanci ga yadda ya bayyana. Theungiyar cafe da Abubuwan Youngaramar Matasa na ƙarshen 1800s da farkon 1900s an mamaye su tare da lalata. Samari na lokacin hutu don nuna kayan tufafin su. Mafi shaharar wannan nau'in shine watakila Evander Berry Wall, wanda aka yiwa laƙabi da "Sarki na Dude" a cikin 1880s New York kuma ya ci gaba da zama sanannen mai [[wiktionary:sartorial|martaba a]] duk rayuwarsa. Wannan sigar kalmar har yanzu ana amfani da ita a wasu lokutan a cikin yaren Amurka, kamar a cikin kalmar "duk an lalata" don sanya tufafi masu kyau.<ref>{{citation|contribution=duded up|title=McGraw-Hill Dictionary of American Idioms and Phrasal Verbs|year=2002|publisher=The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.|url=http://idioms.thefreedictionary.com/duded+up|access-date=10 October 2012}}</ref>
[[File:1883_-_origin_of_dude_-_Chicago_Tribune_-_25_Feb_1883.jpg|left|thumb| Daga cikin kwatancen farko da aka buga masu ma'anar "mutum"; ''Chicago Tribune'', 25 Fabrairu 1883]]
An yi amfani da kalmar don yin nuni ga mutanen Gabas kuma an ambaci wani mutum da "tufafin da aka sayi kantin sayar da". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xah2CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT103|title=Eagle County Characters: Historic Tales of a Colorado Mountain Valley|first=Kathy|last=Heicher|date=June 4, 2013|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|via=Google Books}}</ref> Maza da mata sun yi amfani da kalmar don amfani da ita don ma'anar mazauna birni.<ref>{{cite web|title=h2g2 - The Word 'Dude' - Edited Entry|url=http://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A193853|website=h2g2.com|access-date=2015-07-26|first=Not Panicking|last=Ltd}}</ref>
[[File:Old man, Bihar, India, 04-2012.jpg|thumb|Tsohon namiji kenan]]
Bambancin wannan shine "mutumin da ke sanye da suttura wanda bai san rayuwa a wajen babban birni ba". A cikin ''The Home da Farm Manual'' (1883), marubucin Jonathan Periam ya yi amfani da kalmar "dude" sau da yawa don nuna rashin ɗabi'a da jahilci, amma mai son birni, mutumin birni.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2015}}
Ma'anar mutumin da bai san bukatun rayuwa ba a wajen biranen birni ya haifar da ma'anar dude a matsayin "mai birge birni ", ko kuma "ɗan Gabas a Yammacin [Amurka]". Don haka "dude" aka yi amfani da shi don bayyana mawadata na faɗaɗa Amurka a cikin ƙarni na 19 ta hanyar baƙi-da-gida-gida-gida na Westasar Amurka ta Yamma . Ana amfani da wannan amfani a cikin ''randa'', gidan baƙunci wanda ke ba da abinci ga mazauna birane don neman ƙwarewar ƙauyuka. Dude ranches sun fara bayyana a Yammacin Amurka a farkon ƙarni na 20, don wadatattun Easternan Gabas waɗanda suka zo don fuskantar " rayuwar kaboyi ". Bambancin bayyananne yana tare da waɗancan mutanen da suka saba da iyakar da aka ba su, aikin gona, hakar ma'adanai, ko wasu wuraren karkara. Wannan amfani da "dude" har yanzu ana amfani dashi a cikin shekarun 1950 a Amurka, a matsayin kalma ga masu yawon buɗe ido-na kowane jinsi-waɗanda ke ƙoƙari su sanya tufafi irin na al'ada amma suka kasa.<ref name="oldunisex">{{cite journal|jstor=453362|title=The meanings and etymologies of dude|journal=American Speech|author=Robert Knoll|year=1952|volume=27|issue=1|pages=20–22|doi=10.2307/453362}}</ref> Sabanin waɗannan amfani da "dude" zai zama kalmar " redneck ," haɗin kai na Amurka wanda yake magana akan manoma matalauta da marasa ilimi, wanda shi kansa ya zama mai farin jini, kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi. <ref>Harold Wentworth, and Stuart Berg Flexner, ''Dictionary of American Slang'' (1975) p. 424.</ref> <ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/redneck "Redneck"]. ''Dictionary.com''.</ref> <ref>Barbara Ann Kipfer and Robert L. Chapman, ''American Slang'' (2008), p. 404.</ref>
Yayin da kalmar ta sami karbuwa har ta kai ga gabar Amurka kuma tayi tafiya tsakanin kan iyaka, sai bambancin ''lafazin ya fara fitowa'' kamar na mace na dudette da ''dudines'' ; duk da haka, sun daɗe da rayuwa saboda dude kuma suna samun mahimmancin ma'anar jinsi kuma wasu masana ilimin harshe suna ganin sigogin mata sun fi ƙanƙantar da hankali. Slaarfafawa a ƙarshe ya ragu da amfani har zuwa farkon zuwa tsakiyar karni na 20 lokacin da wasu ƙananan al'adun Amurka suka fara amfani da shi akai-akai yayin da suke sake samu daga nau'in suturar kuma daga karshe ta yi amfani da shi azaman mai bayyanawa ga maza na gama gari kuma wani lokacin mata mata. Daga karshe, daganan makarantu masu haɗuwa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi sun ba da izinin yada kalmar zuwa kusan dukkanin al'adu kuma daga ƙarshe ya hau kan tsani ya zama ya zama ruwan dare a Amurka Daga ƙarshen 20 zuwa farkon karni na 21, dude ya sami ikon amfani dashi ta hanyar magana, ko hakan ya kasance abin cizon yatsa, farin ciki, ko soyayya kuma hakan ya faɗaɗa don iya komawa zuwa kowane mutum na gaba ba tare da jinsi, jinsi, ko [[Al'ada|al'ada ba]] .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hill|first=Richard A.|date=1994|title=You've Come a Long Way, Dude: A History|jstor=455525|journal=American Speech|volume=69|issue=3|pages=321–327|doi=10.2307/455525}}</ref>
Hakanan an yi amfani da kalmar azaman "bayanin aiki", kamar "bush hook dude" a matsayin matsayi a kan hanyar jirgin ƙasa a cikin 1880s. Misali, duba Ramin Stampede .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2015}}
A farkon 1960s, dude ya zama sananne a cikin al'adun surfer a matsayin ma'anar ''mutum'' ko ''fella'' . Mace daidai take "dudette" ko "dudess". amma waɗannan duka sun faɗo cikin rashin amfani kuma "dude" yanzu ana amfani dashi azaman kalmar unisex. Wannan mahimmancin ma'anar "dude" ya fara rarrafe zuwa cikin al'ada a tsakiyar shekarun 1970s. "Dude", musamman a cikin surfer da al'adun "bro ",{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2015}} is{{When|date=December 2015}} gabaɗaya an yi amfani da shi ba da izini ba don magance wani ("Dude, Na yi farin ciki da a ƙarshe kuka kira") ko koma zuwa ga wani mutum ("Na taɓa ganin irin wannan mutumin a nan").<ref>{{cite web|title=Examples of Slang|first=Cassie|last=Howell|url=http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/1914-/language/slang.htm|access-date=10 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130204062100/http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/allam/1914-/language/slang.htm|archive-date=February 4, 2013}}</ref>
Daya daga cikin farkon ambaton kalmar a fim din Amurka shine a cikin fim din 1969 mai suna ''Easy Rider'' inda Wyatt (wanda Peter Fonda ya zana) ya bayyana wa lauyan da ke tare da shi (wanda Jack Nicholson ya nuna ) ma'anar "dude": "Dude na nufin mutumin kirki ; Dude na nufin mutum na yau da kullun. " Amfani da kalmar da ma'anar " mutum mai sanyi " ya kara yaduwa a cikin fina-finan Amurka na shekarun 1980 da 1990 kamar ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'', ''Fast Times a Ridgemont High'', ''Bill da Ted's Excellent Adventure'', ''Wayne's World'', and ''Clerks'' .<ref name="good">{{cite news|last1=Peters|first1=Mark|title=The History of the "Dude"|url=https://www.good.is/articles/the-history-of-the-dude|access-date=27 January 2017|publisher=GOOD Worldwide, Inc.|date=25 April 2010}}</ref>
Fim din ''The Big Lebowski na'' 1998 ya fito da Jeff Bridges a matsayin "The Dude", wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "malalacin mutuwa". Yanayin ya sami karbuwa sosai daga mai fafutuka da furodusa Jeff Dowd wanda ake kira "Dude" tun suna yara.<ref name="npr">{{cite news|last1=Raz|first1=Guy|title=The Dude: A Little Lebowski, Alive in All of Us|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=90725993|access-date=27 January 2017|work=All Things Considered|publisher=National Public Radio|date=25 May 2008}}</ref> Matsayi na tsakiya na fim ɗin ya haifar da ƙirƙirar Dudeism, sabon addini .<ref name="cnn">{{cite news|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Richard|title=The man who founded a religion based on 'The Big Lebowski'|url=http://travel.cnn.com/bangkok/life/doctrine-chiang-mais-church-latter-day-dude-explained-206793/|access-date=27 January 2017|work=CNN Travel|publisher=CNN|date=20 March 2013}}</ref>
Fim na 2000 na ''Dude, Ina Mota Ta?'' yayi amfani da kalmar a taken.
A cikin 2008, Bud Light ya nuna wani kamfen na talla wanda tattaunawar ta ƙunshi gaba ɗaya na maganganun "Dude!" kuma baya ambaci samfurin da suna. Bi ne ga kamfen ɗin su na kusa-kusa kuma mafi sanannun kamfen ɗin "Whassup?"<ref>{{cite web|last=Swansburg|first=John|title=Dude! How great are those new Bud Light ads?|work=Slate|date=28 January 2008|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2182846/pagenum/all/#page_start|access-date=10 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="good2">{{cite news|last1=Peters|first1=Mark|title=The History of the "Dude"|url=https://www.good.is/articles/the-history-of-the-dude|access-date=27 January 2017|publisher=GOOD Worldwide, Inc.|date=25 April 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Boris Johnson MP.jpg|thumb|Boris Johnson kenan]]
A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin, 2019 [[Boris Johnson|Boris Johnson ya]] yadu da kalmar "dude" azaman gajeriyar kalma ta kamfen din shugabancin jam'iyyar Conservative . A cikin jawabinsa na jagoranci ya bayyana shi kamar yadda yake magana game da Isar da Brexit - Haɗa kan ƙasar - Kayar da Jeremy Corbyn - Enarfafa ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-49084446/boris-johnson-dude-we-are-going-to-energise-the-country|title=Dude! We are going to energise the country|website=BBC News|access-date=2019-12-12}}</ref>
== Kara karantawa ==
* [http://www.pitt.edu/~kiesling/dude/dude.html Dude] – By [[:en:Scott_Kiesling|Kiesling, Scott F.]], Published in ''American Speech'', Vol. 79, No. 3, Fall 2004, pp. 281–305
* [http://observer.com/2003/07/dude-wheres-my-dude-dudelicious-dissection-from-sontag-to-spicoli/ Dude, Where's My Dude?] – Dudelicious Dissection, From Sontag to Spicoli, ''[[:en:The_New_York_Observer|The New York Observer]]''
* [http://www.randomhouse.com/wotd/index.pperl?date=20010621 Words@random:] "dude"
* [http://dudespaper.com/dude-university/material-for-the-study-of-dude-part-1 Material for the Study of Dude] – The etymological origin of the word "dude" by Barry Popik, David Shulman, and Gerald Cohen. Originally published in ''Comments on Etymology'', October 1993, Vol. 23, No. 1
* {{cite journal|title=You've Come a Long Way, Dude: A History|last=Hill|first=Richard A.|journal=[[American Speech]]|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|volume=69|issue=3|date=Autumn 1994|pages=321–327|doi=10.2307/455525|jstor=455525}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/11/dude-transcends/309528/|title=A Brief History of ''Dude''|last=Gould|first=J. J.|work=[[The Atlantic]]|date=November 2013|access-date=May 21, 2017}}
== Manazarta ==
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[[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]]
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